Introduction of monthly wages in collective farms. What are workdays

Plan
Introduction
1 1930-1934
2 1935-1941
3 1941-1947
4 1948-1966
5 Late Workday Evaluation
6 China

Bibliography

Introduction

Work day - a measure of assessment and a form of accounting for the quantity and quality of labor on collective farms in the period 1930-1966. Collective farm members were not paid wages. All income after the fulfillment of obligations to the state (obligatory deliveries and payment in kind for the services of machine and tractor stations) came at the disposal of the collective farm. Each collective farmer received for his work a share of the collective farm income corresponding to the workdays worked out by him.

1. 1930-1934

For the first time, accounting and evaluation of work in workdays began to be used in individual collective farms in 1930. The “Exemplary Charter of the Agricultural Artel”, approved by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of April 13, 1930, and the resolution of the Collective Farm Center of the USSR of June 7, 1930, which introduced the workday as a single measure of accounting for the work of collective farmers and distribution of income, served as the legal basis.

The introduction of the workday was supposed to eliminate egalitarianism in the distribution of income. In fact, no such change took place on most collective farms. Thus, incorrect rationing and incorrect setting of prices for individual works led in a number of collective farms to the fact that the collective farmers directly involved in production (field cultivation, animal husbandry) worked out significantly less workdays than the collective farmers employed in administrative, managerial, economic and auxiliary work. In addition, there was a practice of arbitrary accrual of workdays without taking into account the quality of work, as well as the distribution of income "by eaters", which to some extent contributed to the crisis of collective farm production in 1931-1932, which led to the famine of 1933. In 1933, in order to increase piecework the output of field workers, a revision of prices was carried out and instead of the previously existing 5 groups, 7 groups of prices were introduced. The work of the highest 7th group - was estimated at 2 workdays. And the People's Commissariat of the USSR offered the collective farms

forbid foremen to accept and calculate workdays for work carried out of poor quality. In case of insufficiently satisfactory work, the collective farm board makes a discount from the total number of workdays worked out by the brigade, including the foreman, up to 10%.

In the conditions of agricultural production, the workday did not take into account the final results of labor. The number of accrued workdays to members of a brigade or link did not depend on the harvest or profitability of animal husbandry.

Another result of the introduction of the workday was the opportunity for women in the countryside to receive remuneration for their work.

The collective farm introduced the workday. What is a work day? Before the workday, everyone is equal - both men and women. Whoever worked more workdays earned more; Here, neither the father nor the husband can reproach the woman that he feeds her. Now a woman, if she works and has workdays, she is her own mistress. Through the workdays, the collective farm liberated the woman and made her independent. She no longer works for her father while she is in the girls, not for her husband when she is married, but first of all works for herself. This is what the emancipation of the peasant woman means, this is what the collective-farm system means, which makes a working woman equal to any working man.

- I.V. Stalin. Speech on November 10, 1935 at a meeting with the Five Hundred Women (collective farmers who achieved the collection of 500 centners of sugar beets per hectare).

2. 1935-1941

In 1935, the second section was introduced into Article 15 of the Model Rules of the Agricultural Artel, which recommended that collective farms distribute income depending on the results of their work.

On the basis of these changes in each collective farm, for all agricultural work, the board developed and the general meeting of collective farmers approved the norms for output and prices for each work in workdays, taking into account the required qualifications of the worker, the complexity, difficulty and importance of work for the collective farm. At least once a week, the number of workdays worked was recorded in work book collective farmer. The issuance of advance payments and the final distribution of income among the collective farmers is carried out exclusively according to the number of workdays worked.

In 1936, the average output per collective farm household was 393 workdays; in 1939, output increased to 488 workdays. At the same time, payment for workdays began to depend on productivity.

There is a zonal trend in the amount of payments for workdays and in the structure of such payments. In collective farms engaged in industrial crops (cotton growing), payments were higher and mostly in cash. For example, in 1935 in Tajikistan, on the Bolshevik collective farm, each family received an average of 10 thousand rubles of income, and the family of Salikhan Dadaev, who worked out 1,593 workdays, received 22,303 rubles. income (14 rubles per workday). In the collective farms of food production (in Ukraine, in the middle zone of the RSFSR), payments were much lower and mostly in kind. Cash payments did not exceed 3 rubles per workday

WORKDAY

unit of measure of labor in the collective farm. T. determines the quantity and quality of labor expended by the collective farmer, corresponding to the fulfillment of a certain standard of work. The amount of labor expended by the collective farmer in a year (or until the moment of distribution of income), expressed in tons, determines his share in the natural and cash income of the collective farm distributed among the collective farmers (see. Collective farmer's income and Distribution income collective farm).

NKZ of the USSR on the basis of studying the experience of collective farms on behalf of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in the post. from 28 Feb. 1933 established for the collective farms an approximate estimate in the workdays of various agricultural workers. works, dividing them into 7 groups. At the same time, a collective farmer who has fulfilled the output norm for work assigned to the first group is credited with 0.50 tons; to the second group - 0.75 T.; to the third-1 T.; to the fourth - 1.25 T.; to the fifth - 1.50 T.; to the sixth - 1.75 T.; to the seventh-2 T. (for the pricing of the work of tractor drivers, see. Tractor driver). Eg. for spring plowing with a 2-share plow, the daily output rate is set at 1.20 ha. This work is assigned to the 5th group, which means that for the fulfillment of the specified norm of output, the collective farmer should be. 1.5 tons were charged. If a collective farmer per day, plowing only 0.8 ha, underfulfills the norm, then, accordingly, not 1.5 T., but 1 T. will be written to him, and vice versa, if the norm is overfulfilled, say, by 1/3, he will be charged not 1.5 T., but 2 T., etc. In 1934, an approximate norm for the production and evaluation of work in T. was established for each edge and region, taking into account their characteristics.

At application in collective farms of the approximate quotation established by NKZ of the USSR in T. various page - x. works and breaking them down into groups b. the peculiarities of the given collective farm (the condition of the tax, tools, the nature of the soil, etc.) are taken into account.

When drawing up a production plan, each collective farm, on the basis of the volume of all work, the establishment of output standards and their evaluation in terms of tons, determines the total number of tons that will be required to complete production plan collective farm as a whole. Evaluation of each work in T. d. b. known to the collective farmer in advance (T. is not charged for poor-quality work). The number of T. accrued to the brigade for the performance of the production task, with insufficiently satisfactory performance of work, is reduced within the limits of up to 10% of the total number of T. developed by the brigade; if the brigade has collected a crop from the plot it cultivates above the average collective farm, then all members of the brigade are additionally credited with up to 20% of the T produced by them. This is. additional accrual of t. is carried out by reducing the number of them (also within 20%) to brigades that yielded a crop below the average collective farm. This dependence of the income of the collective farmer on the results of his labor creates the necessary conditions for the interest of each collective farmer in raising labor productivity and qualitatively better work.

Agricultural dictionary-reference book. - Moscow - Leningrad: State publishing house of collective and state farm literature "Selkhozgiz". Chief Editor: A. I. Gaister. 1934 .

Synonyms:

See what "WORKDAY" is in other dictionaries:

Workday… Spelling Dictionary

Man-day Dictionary of Russian synonyms. workday n., number of synonyms: 3 measure (250) stick ... Synonym dictionary

A measure of labor input on collective farms, used in 1930-1966; served as the basis for the distribution of income ... Law Dictionary

The measure of labor expenditure on collective farms used in 1930 66; served as the basis for the distribution of income ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

WORKDAY, workday, husband. (neol.). A unit of accounting for the labor of collective farmers, providing for both the norm of daily output and the quality of work. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

WORK DAY, day, husband. The unit of accounting for labor costs and the distribution of income according to labor in collective farms (until 1966, with the exception of individual farms in the country). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

workday- work day... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

Workday is a measure of evaluation and a form of accounting for the quantity and quality of labor on collective farms in the period from 1930 to 1966. Collective farm members were not paid wages. All income after fulfilling obligations to the state (mandatory deliveries and ... ... Wikipedia

of the day; m. In the USSR: a unit of labor accounting on a collective farm, which determines the share of each member in income. * * * workday is a measure of labor costs on collective farms, used in 1930 66. * * * WORKDAY WORKDAY, a measure of labor accounting on Soviet collective farms in 1930-1966; ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

workday- , days, m. The unit of labor accounting in collective farms, which determines the share of the collective farmer in income (used until 1966). MAC, vol. 4,418. For each able-bodied person, a mandatory minimum of workdays per year was established. IKPSS, 468. Old woman and eighteen ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies

workday- (trudodenyr, trudodenher) labor day Collective farmers Iofeu yshIerer zerallyteshtyg'e shapkh, mefapkI Collective farmers laborodeneu and Iem ellytygeu lezhapkIer ratyschtyg ... Adygabzem izekhef guschiIal

Books

• Workday. Collection of short stories, Mikhail Khaimovich. The central place in the collection is occupied by stories about the everyday life of the Soviet research institute - before perestroika and at its very beginning, on the eve of the collapse of the country. Total control, stuffy atmosphere of stagnation,…

1. Collective farms distinguish between basic and additional wages. The measure of the basic wage is the workday. Additional payment is issued for overfulfillment of the plan for the yield and productivity of animal husbandry in excess of income for workdays.

All types of collective farm labor, depending on their difficulty and complexity, are assessed according to a nine-digit grid. The first category includes the lightest and least skilled work - they are estimated at half a day's work; according to the ninth category, the most difficult and highly skilled work is evaluated - 2.5 workdays are set for them.

The value of a workday is determined after the collective farm fulfills its obligations to the state, forms public funds, and allocates products due in the form of additional wages for increased crop yields and increased livestock productivity. The output and cash income remaining after that and subject to distribution among the collective farmers determine the natural and monetary value of one workday, depending on the workdays expended by the collective farm. Thus, the value of a workday is a variable value: it is determined by the profitability of a given collective farm in a given agricultural year.

Workday is best form combining the personal interests of the collective farmer with the interests of developing the social economy of the collective farm.

The workday is not a measure of the working time spent by an individual collective farmer during the working day. The workday is a measure of the quantity and quality of labor invested by each member of the collective farm in the social production of the collective farm. A collective farmer who performs skilled work during the working day (for example, a tractor driver) can work out four or more workdays per day, while an unskilled worker (for example, a watchman) can receive only half a workday for a full day.

The workday determines the collective farmer's right to collective farm income: the more and better the collective farmer works, the more workdays he gets. The workday, being a measure of labor on the collective farm, at the same time serves as a measure of wages.

The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 approved the approximate norms for output on collective farms and the rates for work in workdays. The resolution obligated the councils of ministers of the union and autonomous republics, regional executive committees and regional executive committees to organize, on the basis of approximate production rates and uniform rates of agricultural work in workdays, a revision of the output norms and rates of work in workdays, taking into account the characteristics of individual collective farms and ensuring higher wages for the most important jobs and reducing wages. for secondary jobs.

The production rates and rates of work in workdays are approved at general meetings of collective farmers.

For those types of work for which there are no approved approximate output standards, regional executive committees are allowed to develop additional approximate output standards.

The district departments of agriculture and the MTS are obliged to assist the collective farms in developing output standards and mastering them in production.

2. Labor planning and proper accounting is one of the necessary conditions proper organization of collective farm production.

The standard form of the production plan of the collective farm establishes the procedure for planning labor and the expenditure of workdays. The production plan of the collective farm should provide how many workdays are supposed to be spent on each crop in each branch of the collective farm, and also how many workdays will be spent on paying administrative and service personnel.

The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 recommended that the boards of collective farms “simultaneously with the preparation of the annual production plan and income and expenditure estimates, draw up a plan for the expenditure of workdays by sectors of the economy, for each crop or group of homogeneous crops - for each brigade, for types of livestock - for for each livestock farm, for each auxiliary enterprise, for the construction of each facility, as well as for on-farm work and wages for administrative and maintenance personnel.

When drawing up plans for the expenditure of workdays, the collective farm management is obliged to take into account the level of mechanization of work for individual teams, the difference and weediness of soils, and the varietal characteristics of the crops sown. Brigadiers and advanced collective farmers should be involved in drawing up plans for the expenditure of workdays on collective farms.

3. All agricultural work on collective farms is carried out on a piecework basis. Time payment work is allowed only in relation to the administrative and service personnel of collective farms (chairman, accountant, cleaner, watchman, etc.).

Individual piecework and small group piecework differ.

Under individual piecework, workdays are credited to each collective farmer for the work he personally does. In small-group piece work, workdays are credited to a group of collective farmers engaged in the same work, with subsequent distribution of workdays among the individual collective farmers of this group.

In some jobs, the use of individual piece work is not caused by the conditions of production and leads to the dispersion of forces and means. So, for example, to demand the use of individual piece work in threshing bread would mean abandoning work on a complex threshing machine and switching to threshing in a primitive way - with flails.

4. Accounting for the workdays worked out by each member of the collective farm is kept by the foreman (Article 15 of the Exemplary Charter).

Each member of the collective farm is issued a work book of the established form. At least once a week, the collective farmer is obliged to present his work book to the foreman for recording in it the work performed and the number of workdays worked out.

The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, suggested that the boards of collective farms strictly observe the procedure for daily accounting by foremen of the work performed by each collective farmer, establish control over the timely entry in the collective farmer's work book of the number of workdays worked out by him.

At the end of each month, the collective farm board is obliged to post in a conspicuous place a list of members of the collective farm indicating the workdays worked by them during the month. At the end of the year, no later than two weeks before general meeting convened to discuss the results of work and the distribution of income, the annual summary of the work of each collective farmer, certified by the foreman, accountant and chairman of the artel, is posted.

Accounting for workdays and harvest for each brigade in the areas assigned to them should be carried out separately.

5. Workdays, as a rule, are credited only to members of the collective farm and only for their work in the social economy of the collective farm. The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of September 19, 1946 strongly condemned the practice of calculating workdays for work not related to collective farm production.

The charter does not provide for the accrual of workdays to members of the artel released from work on the collective farm due to illness or for other reasons (vacation work, studying at courses, etc.).
There are some exceptions to this rule. Thus, workdays are credited to collective-farm letter carriers and mail carriers; during the period of distraction of collective farmers for military training camps, they are credited with half the average number of workdays, which is credited during the same time to other collective farmers of the same specialty and qualifications; it is recommended to accrue 15-20 workdays per month to students of two-year state schools for the training of collective farm managers who have dependent family members who are unable to work; for the chairmen of collective farms, seconded to six-month courses for retraining of chairmen, workdays for their position are saved in full. As already noted above, the Rules of the agricultural artel provide that pregnant collective farmers are released from work a month before giving birth and a month after giving birth, while maintaining their maintenance for these two months in half the amount of their average workday output.

6. Along with the basic wages in workdays, since 1941, additional wages have been introduced on collective farms for overfulfillment of the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity.

For the first time, additional wages were introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of December 31, 1940 in the collective farms of the Ukrainian SSR. Subsequently, this wage system was extended to all other republics, territories and regions.

In order to increase crop yields and raise the productivity of animal husbandry, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks recommended that collective farms issue additional brigades to collective farmers, in excess of established payment workdays, in kind, or to pay in cash part of the output they received in excess of the plan. For individual republics, territories and regions, various amounts of additional payment for overfulfillment of the plan have been established. So, for example, in the Ukrainian SSR, collective farmers of a brigade that has exceeded the grain yield plan are given 25% of the grain harvested by the brigade in excess of the planned harvest; for sunflowers, a third of the seeds collected in excess of the plan are issued; for sugar beet and cotton, collective farmers in the Ukrainian SSR receive additional payment money at the rate of 50% of the average cost of one centner of beets and cotton handed over to the state in excess of the plan, etc.

The additional payment due to collective farmers for exceeding the planned yields is distributed among the members of the brigade in proportion to the workdays worked out by each of them in the work that resulted in the above-planned output.

Additional wages are issued only to those collective farmers who produce the established annual minimum workdays. Tractor drivers receive additional wages on a par with the collective farmers of the field-growing brigades on whose plots they worked. The foreman of the tractor brigade is given 50%, and his assistant 30% more than the average additional payment for one tractor driver of the brigade. The accountant-refueler of the tractor brigade receives an additional payment in the amount of the average additional payment per one tractor driver of the brigade.

Collective farmers engaged in animal husbandry receive additional payment for exceeding the planned targets for milk yield, keeping young animals, fattening livestock, shearing wool, etc. For example, milkmaids in the Chkalovsky region for exceeding the plan for milk yield when the plan for a fixed group of cows is up to 1500 liters a forage cow is given 15% of the milk milked above the plan, with a milking plan of 1500 to 2000 liters, 20% of the milk milked above the plan is given, etc.

The norms of additional wages for collective farmers for overfulfillment of assignments for rearing young stock, preserving mature livestock, and raising the productivity of animal husbandry are different in different republics, territories, and regions. The issuance of additional payment is made only after the collective farm fulfills the plan for increasing the number of livestock on the farm and in the brigade.
The Council of Ministers of the USSR, in its resolution of April 19, 1948, suggested that the regional executive committees establish strict control over the timely issuance of additional payments due to collective farmers.

By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 10, 1950, party and Soviet bodies were asked to provide proper organization and accounting for harvesting work, to establish strict control over the timely and correct calculation of workdays for collective farmers in accordance with the volume and quality of work performed, to organize separate accounting of the harvest by production teams, and by crops assigned to links - by links, in order to to ensure that the collective farmers and tractor drivers of the MTS receive additional wages for increasing the yield of agricultural crops.

7. As the practice of collective farm construction has shown, the accrual of workdays to collective farmers for the work performed without taking into account the results of work created some elements of equalization in wages and put those who worked well at a disadvantage, did not stimulate the struggle to increase labor productivity on collective farms. Therefore, the development of legislation on wages in collective farms went in the direction of increasing the material interest of collective farmers in raising labor productivity. This was expressed, on the one hand, in the introduction of the above-mentioned additional wages for overfulfillment of the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity, and on the other hand, in additional accrual of workdays for high yields and writing off workdays for low yields.

The February Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1947) recognized the need to eliminate shortcomings in the wages of collective farmers, which hindered a further rise in labor productivity. The Plenum recognized the need to work out more right ways wages and incentives for well-working collective farmers.

In accordance with the instructions of the Plenum, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted on April 19, 1948 a resolution "On measures to improve the organization, increase productivity and streamline wages in collective farms." This resolution established new provisions on the procedure for calculating workdays, taking into account the results of the work of individual teams.

By decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, the board may establish one of the three methods recommended by the Government for calculating and distributing workdays.

The first way of calculating workdays is that the collective farmers are credited with workdays in proportion to the fulfillment of the yield plan established for each brigade.

The second method differs from the first in that the accrual of workdays is based on the average yield plan for the collective farm, and not on the basis of the plan established by the brigade.

And, finally, the third way is that the accrual of workdays is allowed to be made for each centner of the crop actually harvested by the collective farmers.

The accrual and distribution of workdays by brigades, depending on the fulfillment of the harvesting plans established by them (the first method), is carried out as follows:

a) a brigade that has overfulfilled its harvest plan is charged an additional 1% of workdays for each percentage of overfulfillment of the harvest plan, based on the number of workdays spent by the brigade on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops;

b) a brigade that has not fulfilled its harvesting plan for fixed crops is deducted for each percentage of underfulfillment of the plan by 1%, but not more than 25% of the workdays of the number of workdays spent by it on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops;

c) the brigade that has fulfilled the harvesting plan established by it is credited with the entire number of workdays spent on this crop or group of homogeneous crops.

The second method of calculating workdays consists, as has already been pointed out, in the distribution of workdays among brigades depending on the average percentage of the harvesting plan for the collective farm.

With this method, the brigade receives additional accrual or write-off of workdays by as many percent as the percentage of the fulfillment of the plan for harvesting a given crop (or a group of homogeneous crops) for the brigade is more (less) than the percentage of fulfillment of the plan for harvesting this crop on average for the collective farm.

The number of workdays to be written off from the collective farmers of the brigade, with this method, should also not exceed 25% of the workdays worked out by them on fixed crops. From the brigade that has fulfilled or exceeded the plan of productivity set for it, although in a smaller percentage than the average for the collective farm, no write-off of workdays is made, and the entire number of accrued and accepted for payment of workdays is left to it after checking the fulfillment of the plan for the expenditure of workdays.

The third way of calculating workdays is as follows: by decision of the general meeting, the calculation of workdays for collective farmers of brigades and units for vegetable and row crops is allowed to be made for each centner of the harvested crop at rates in workdays. Prices for a centner of the crop are set based on the harvesting plan approved for the brigade or unit, the accepted production rates and work rates, as well as the cost of workdays required to grow the planned crop. If necessary, these rates at the end of the year are subject to clarification based on the actual work performed.

In order to apply this third method of calculating workdays, the collective farm board at the beginning of the year draws up rates in workdays per centner of the harvest of each crop. Prices for a centner of crops are set as follows: the sum of the planned costs of workdays per hectare is divided by the planned yield per hectare. In the crops for which the indicated rates are established, the workdays of the collective farmers during the year are calculated in the usual manner according to the norms of output and rates. At the end of the harvest at the end of the year, the workdays are recalculated according to the approved prices per centner of the crop. In those cases when the collective farmers of a brigade or link for a given crop are accrued less workdays during the year than are due for the harvested crop at prices per centner, they are additionally credited with workdays. If, however, the collective farmers of a brigade or unit received more workdays for a given crop during the year than are due at the rates per centner of the crop, they are written off.

The decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 stipulates that additional accrual or write-off of workdays to collective farmers for the harvest is carried out in proportion to the total number of workdays worked out by each collective farmer on a given crop or group of homogeneous crops.

Collective farmers who, without good reason, did not work out during the year mandatory minimum workdays, additional calculation of workdays for overfulfillment of the harvesting plan is not carried out, and workdays are not written off from disabled collective farmers and adolescents under 16 years of age.

By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 10, 1950 “On Harvesting and Procurement of Agricultural Products”, in order to encourage collective farmers for exceeding the plans for harvesting hay and laying silage, collective farms are recommended for the work performed by collective farmers in harvesting hay and ensiling fodder in excess of the established norms of production to accrue workdays at a double rate.

Collective farmers working on livestock farms are credited with workdays depending on the quantity and quality of the products obtained - meat, milk, etc., and also depending on the preservation of young animals.

8. The boards and audit commissions of collective farms are obliged to exercise control over the correct expenditure of workdays on brigades and farms and at least once a quarter, and also at the end of the year, before distributing income, to compare the number of accrued workdays with the number of workdays provided for by the plan for the amount of work performed and for pay for administrative staff. When checking the accrual of workdays, the board and audit committee persons must be identified. responsible for both overspending workdays and failure to fulfill the measures provided for by the plan to ensure the quality of the work performed, and report the results to the general meeting of collective farmers.

In the event that foremen and farm managers discover incorrect calculation of workdays as a result of an unauthorized reduction in production rates, overpricing, incorrect measurements and inaccurate accounting of work performed, as well as the calculation of workdays for work performed of poor quality and subject to alteration, collective farm boards are recommended to write off incorrectly calculated workdays from those collective farmers to whom they were illegally credited, and, in addition, write off, by decision of the collective farm board, up to five workdays from the foreman or farm manager who incorrectly calculated workdays.

The chairman of the collective farm has the right to authorize the performance of work not provided for by the plan for the expenditure of workdays, if these works will contribute to the increase or preservation of the harvest and the development of animal husbandry. The number of workdays spent on such additional work, subject to subsequent approval by the general meeting of collective farmers.

9. Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948 established new order wages of collective farm chairmen. Until 1948, this payment was determined depending on the size of the sown area of ​​the collective farms and their cash income. The state of animal husbandry on the collective farm was not taken into account.

According to the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, the workdays of the chairman of the collective farm should be accrued in direct proportion not only to the size of the sown area, but also to the availability of livestock on collective farms. In case of non-fulfillment by the collective farm established by the state of the new minimum number of productive livestock and poultry, the payment for the work of the chairman is reduced by 10% of the number of workdays accrued for each type of livestock and poultry.

In addition to workdays, the chairman of a collective farm is given a monthly cash bonus from the funds of the collective farm, the amount of which is determined depending on the amount of the annual cash income of the collective farm. For example, if the amount of the annual income of the collective farm is from 50 to 100 thousand rubles. the chairman is issued monthly in excess of payment for workdays 125 rubles.

Until the final amount of the annual cash income is clarified, the amount of the additional payment to the chairman is determined based on the income for the previous year, while only 70% is paid to him established surcharge, and the final payment is made at the end of the year - after the approval of the annual report by the general meeting of collective farmers and the consideration of the annual report by the district executive committee. For overfulfillment by the collective farm of the plan for harvesting and livestock productivity, the chairman of the collective farm is charged an additional 10 to 25% of workdays and in monetary terms an additional payment of 15 to 40% is issued. This additional payment is issued subject to the fulfillment of the sowing plan for all crops.

If the average harvesting plan for all grain crops or the plan for the development of social animal husbandry is not fulfilled, one percent of workdays is deducted from the chairman of the collective farm for each percent of the shortfall in the plan, but not more than 25% of the workdays accrued to him for the year on basic pay.

Collective farm chairmen are charged percentage bonuses for the length of service, namely: when working on a collective farm for the third year - 5%, for the fourth and fifth years - 10%, and for working more than five years - 15% of the number of monthly accrual of workdays.

10. Giving great importance to the selection of leading personnel for enlarged collective farms, it is recommended that persons with higher or secondary agricultural education, as well as practitioners who know Agriculture with extensive leadership and organizational experience. Specialists and other persons elected as chairmen of collective farms must become members of the artel.

The remuneration of the work of the chairman of the collective farm is made up of the actual cost of the workday and the monetary supplement to the chairman of the collective farm in accordance with the existing situation.
In the event that the collective farm fails to fulfill the production plan for both field crops and animal husbandry, obligations to the state for the delivery of agricultural products, filling seed and fodder funds, as well as the plan for issuing food and money to collective farmers for workdays and income and expenditure estimates, payment to the chairman of the collective farm, at the discretion of the general meeting of collective farmers, may be reduced, but not more than 10 percent.

In large collective farms, by decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, it is recommended to introduce the position of a released deputy chairman of the collective farm. By decision of the general meeting of collective farmers, the remuneration of the released deputy chairman of the collective farm is set at 80-90 percent of the payment accrued to the chairman in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948.

The deputy chairman of the collective farm, as well as the chairman of the collective farm, are credited with additional workdays for overfulfillment of the collective farm plan for harvesting agricultural crops and livestock productivity, or workdays are written off for failure to fulfill the plan for harvesting and developing the social livestock for each type of livestock and milk yield plan.
The deputy chairman of the collective farm is subject to the procedure for additional accrual of workdays, depending on the length of service; their length of service includes the time they worked as chairmen of collective farms prior to enlargement.

11. The payment for the work of an accountant or an accountant of a collective farm is established by the board. It is recommended to set the remuneration of the accountant in the amount of 60-80% of the remuneration of the chairman in workdays and in monetary terms. In addition, for good accounting, the accountant is given 50% of the additional payment received by the chairman of the collective farm for overfulfilling the plan for crop yields and livestock productivity.

The accountant is also credited with workdays for continuous work experience on a given collective farm - from 5 to 15% of the workdays of his basic pay. In case of unsatisfactory record keeping and for dishonest attitude to the preparation of the annual report, the general meeting of the collective farm may reduce the wages of the accountant up to 10% of the number of workdays accrued to him for the year.

12. Foremen of field-growing brigades are credited with workdays depending on the size of the sown areas assigned to them, namely: with a sown area of ​​up to 100 hectares, the foreman is monthly accrued on grain collective farms up to 30 workdays, and on collective farms with crops of grain and industrial crops- up to 35 workdays; with a sown area of ​​more than 700 hectares - respectively, up to 50 or 55 workdays per month are charged.

Brigadiers, subject to the fulfillment of the sowing plan, receive allowances in workdays for each percentage of overfulfillment of the harvest plan in the amount of one percent; in case of underfulfillment of the plan, one percent is debited from them, but not more than 25% of the workdays accrued to them for the year on basic pay.

Foremen are given bonuses for work experience from 5 to 15% of the number of monthly workdays accrued to them.

Seniority bonuses are paid to chairmen, accountants and foremen only when working in the same position on the same collective farm. When moving from one collective farm to another or when there is a break in work, the right to receive an allowance for seniority is lost.

13. Heads of specialized livestock collective farms are appointed in cases where the collective farms have a livestock population not lower than that specified in the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948.

On a collective farm, the number of livestock of which is less than the specified norms, instead of the heads of the farms, a head of animal husbandry is appointed, who is charged from 10 to 15 workdays per month for managing the work of the farms.

Collective farm managers are paid according to the size of the farm. If there are from 35 to 50 cows on the farm, the head of the dairy farm is charged up to 40 workdays per month, and if there are more than 80 cows on the farm - 50 workdays per month.

In addition, farm managers are entitled to a seniority bonus in the amount of 5 to 15% of the number of workdays accrued to them for their work.

On large dairy and pig-breeding collective farms, by decision of the general meeting, foremen can be appointed for every 100 cows and 30 sows.

Foremen of livestock farms are charged workdays at the rates established for collective farmers, and for leading a brigade they are charged an additional 5 to 10 workdays per month.
Heads of livestock farms accrue or write off workdays, depending on the implementation of the plan for the growth of the livestock population and its productivity, in the same manner as for the foremen of field-breeding brigades.

14. A special procedure for remuneration of labor has been established for collective farmers working on tractors serving collective farms and other complex agricultural machines belonging to the MTS.

Collective farmers working on MTS tractors, foremen of tractor brigades, tractor drivers, etc., are credited with workdays by the collective farms in which they worked. Tractor drivers are paid in workdays on a piece-rate basis in accordance with the quantity, quality, terms of work performed and the harvest obtained in the cultivated areas.

Tractor drivers are charged daily workdays at established rates, depending on the fulfillment of shift production norms. In addition, they receive allowances in workdays for fulfilling the established task for spring work, for inter-row cultivation of tilled crops, for lifting and processing fallows, for ploughing, if these works are completed within the time limits stipulated by MTS agreements with collective farms, and subject to agrotechnical requirements. by quality. At the end of the year, tractor drivers are additionally credited with workdays for overfulfillment of the yield plan, but not more than 100%, and if the yield plan is not met, workdays are written off within no more than 10% of the workdays accrued for work in the relevant areas.

Workdays for tractor drivers are credited only for work performed that meets the requirements of agricultural technology and accepted by the foreman of the field teams. Workdays are not accrued at all for the downtime of tractors for any reason, for moving tractors from site to site, for the delivery of machines from the MTS estate to the place of work and back, for unscheduled and emergency repairs during field work.

Common to tractor drivers general rules accrual and distribution of workdays: for overfulfillment of the harvesting plan on plots cultivated by tractors, tractor operators are given additional accrual of workdays, and if the yield plan is not met, workdays are written off.

For tractor drivers and other workers of tractor brigades (refueling accountants), a guaranteed minimum wage for a workday in kind and in money terms has been established (for more details, see Chapter IV).

15. In order to attract all able-bodied collective farmers to work directly in production and in order to avoid the need to involve an outside labor force, foremen, farm managers and other administrative and service personnel, with the exception of the collective farm chairman, accountant and specialists, are obliged to work out at least 25% of the minimum workdays established for collective farmers in general collective farm work in the field and on farms.

Collective farms are recommended to approve at general meetings of collective farmers the staffing of administrative and service personnel and the cost of workdays for their payment, and also to establish the number of workdays that each worker of administrative and service personnel must work directly in the field and on farms. For the assumption of overspending of workdays on payment of administrative and service personnel, up to 10% of the workdays accrued to them for their work during the year are written off from the chairman, accountant and each of the members of the collective farm board by decision of the general meeting of collective farmers.

Workday- a measure of evaluation and a form of accounting for the quantity and quality of labor on collective farms in the period from 1930 to 1966.

1948-1966

The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures to improve the organization, increase productivity and streamline wages on collective farms” dated April 19, 1948 recommended that collective farms distribute income taking into account the crop harvested by the brigade, and in brigades - by links, so that the collective farmers of the brigades and units that received higher yields would receive correspondingly higher pay.

The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 6, 1956 expanded the independence of collective farms in the methods of accrual and payment. With the introduction of the new "Charter of Agricultural Artel" in 1956, the collective farms received the right to independently establish a minimum of workdays. Many collective farms adopted forms of wages that differed significantly from those recommended by the decree of April 19, 1948. In 1959, a guaranteed minimum with cash wages began to be introduced, with part of the payment being issued as a monthly advance, and at the end of the year a final payment was made.

Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 18, 1966 "On increasing the material interest of collective farmers in the development social production» instead of workdays, guaranteed wages for collective farmers were introduced, including the right to additional pay and bonuses.

Late Workday Evaluation

Under N. S. Khrushchev, the expression became known that "The work day cannot be recognized as a correct, objective measure of labor costs for production." Since the mid-eighties, in a number of publications and interviews, the workday has been called exclusively a “stick” in the account book and identified with unpaid labor on collective farms.

Workday

Workday- a measure of evaluation and a form of accounting for the quantity and quality of labor on collective farms in the period from 1930 to 1966.

1948-1966

The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures to improve the organization, increase productivity and streamline wages on collective farms” dated April 19, 1948 recommended that collective farms distribute income taking into account the crop harvested by the brigade, and in brigades - by links, so that the collective farmers of the brigades and units that received higher yields would receive correspondingly higher pay.

The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 6, 1956 expanded the independence of collective farms in the methods of accrual and payment. Many collective farms adopted forms of wages that differed significantly from those recommended by the decree of April 19, 1948. In 1959, a guaranteed minimum with cash wages began to be introduced, with part of the payment being issued as a monthly advance, and at the end of the year a final payment was made.

The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 18, 1966 “On increasing the material interest of collective farmers in the development of social production” instead of workdays, guaranteed wages for collective farmers were introduced, including the right to additional pay and bonuses.

Late Workday Evaluation

China

In China, in order to fulfill the tasks of the Great Leap Forward, based on the experience of collectivization in the USSR, since 1958, "people's communes" began to be created - large self-sufficient groups that live and work together, eat in a common dining room. The instrument of exchange instead of money in these groups was workdays.

see also

• man hour
• Ithaca clock

Notes

Sources

• Agricultural Encyclopedia 1st ed. 1932-1935 M. OGIZ RSFSR
• Handbook of the Chairman of the Collective Farm, OGIZ, State Publishing House of Collective and State Farm Literature, Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1941
• Some issues of wages in collective farms / N. T. Osipov. Jurisprudence. −1959. - No. 1. - p. 55 - 67
• The state reserve of grain in the USSR and social policy VP Popov Sociological research. 1998. No. 5. S. 24-33
• Budget surveys of collective farmers of the Sverdlovsk region in 1935-1953. from the collection of documents Kolkhoz life in the Urals. 1935-1953 / Compiled by X. Kessler, G. E. Kornilov. - M.: "Russian Political Encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN), 2006
• On the organization and wages for workdays in collective farm beekeeping from the journal Beekeeping. 1950

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Man-day Dictionary of Russian synonyms. workday n., number of synonyms: 3 measure (250) stick ... Synonym dictionary