Communicative portrait of a specialist. Communicative portrait of a sensitive person Communicative portrait of a personality
To be successful in professional activities, a modern sociologist needs to be fluent in the skills of speech culture, to have linguistic, communicative and behavioral competence in professional communication.
This requires the following qualities:
knowledge of the norms of the literary language and stable skills of their application in speech;
the ability to monitor the accuracy, logic and expressiveness of speech;
· possession of professional terminology, knowledge of correspondences between terms and concepts;
Possession of the style of professional speech;
the ability to determine the goal and understand the situation of communication;
the ability to take into account the social and individual personality traits of the interlocutor;
skills of predicting the development of the dialogue, the reactions of the interlocutor;
The ability to create and maintain a favorable atmosphere of communication;
· high degree control of the emotional state and expression of emotions;
the ability to direct the dialogue in accordance with the goals of professional activity.
Conclusion
Communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activities; includes the exchange of information, the development of a unified interaction strategy, the perception and understanding of the partner.
Professional communication is the verbal interaction of a sociologist, like any other specialist, with other specialists and clients of the organization in the course of professional activities.
The professional culture of a sociologist includes the possession of special skills and abilities of professional activity, a culture of behavior, an emotional culture, a general culture of speech and a culture of professional communication.
The culture of oral and written speech is often the core professional ethics. Important indicators her is the style of communication, functional literacy.
The ethical requirements for language and speech in professional communication are simple, but their implementation is not easy. This is the responsibility for every word spoken. It is the correctness of speech and language. This is brevity, expressiveness and compliance with the norms of speech etiquette.
The ability to control emotions, direct the dialogue in accordance with the needs of professional activity is an integral part of professional communication of a sociologist.
In the professional culture of communication, the role of socio-psychological characteristics of speech becomes especially high, such as the correspondence of speech to the emotional state of the interlocutor, the business orientation of speech, the correspondence of speech to social roles.
Bibliography
1. Borozdina G.V. Psychology business communication: Uch. allowance.-M.: INFRA-M, 1998
2. Gusev Yu.V. Culture of communication. Moscow: Unity-Dana, 2004
3. Markicheva T.B. Business communication .. - M .: From the RAGS, 1997
4. Nozhin E.A. Business communication: practical recommendations. - M. Publishing House of the RAGS, 1997
5. Communication as an activity // Portal for supporting Russian as a foreign language, http://www.langrus.ru/content/view/30/
6. Professional Code sociologist // http://www.eso-online.ru/bank_informacii/professionalnye_kodeksy/professionalnyj_kodeks_sociologa/
7. Psychology and ethics of business communication: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.N. Lavrinenko. - 3rd ed. rev. per. and additional - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2001
48. Human factor in language: Language mechanisms of expressiveness / Ed. V. N. Teliya. - M., 1991.
49. Cherednichenko T. Russia of the 90s in slogans, images, ratings. - M., 2000.
Chapter V
Communication and speech portrait of a business person (head, manager, entrepreneur)
§ 1. Professional communicative behavior and professional communicative personality
Communicative behavior- this is the verbal and accompanying non-verbal behavior of a people, an individual or a group of people in the process of communication, regulated by the norms and traditions of communication of a given society. A special case of communicative behavior is professional communicative behavior. Professional communication behavior is a kind of group communicative behavior, regulated by the norms and traditions of communication of a certain society. The professional communicative behavior of an individual differs in a number of ways. characteristic features: speech, communicative and behavioral, which together constitute a stereotypical sensual image of a representative of a certain profession in the mind of a native speaker.
Communicative personality can be defined as the communicative individuality of a person or the average communicative individuality of a certain society, which is a set of linguistic characteristics and features of the communicative behavior of a person or society that are perceived by members of this society as characteristic of a given type of personality. Under professional communicative personality one should understand the professionally conditioned component of the national communicative personality.
Among professional communicative personalities, of particular interest is communicative personality of a business person . Business people traditionally attract general attention, the speech and behavior of business people are often the subject of close attention of others, since a business person, usually a leader, is always distinguished by a higher role status and material support.
Business people are bosses, managers, production organizers, businessmen, entrepreneurs, managers. What unites people of these professions? First of all, the field of activity, namely control various processes, resources, people.
Entrepreneurs, businessmen, managers are not only relatively new professions for Russia, but also a new social group, whose representatives are united by high incomes, more or less the same lifestyle, special morals and psychology, and special speech behavior. Since this group is still in the formative stage, it is rather difficult to outline its boundaries. So, for example, it is clear that businessmen are people who have their own business, their own business. However, this "own business" can be very different if it is run by bankers, builders, lawyers or doctors. But, despite professional differences, they are all united by a common business goal - profit making . And this latter largely affects the stereotypical idea of a business person.
T. A. Milekhina in the book " Russian entrepreneurs and their speech" writes that in the stereotypical image of a business person, the attitude of Russians to wealth plays an important role. In the Russian national way of perceiving and understanding reality, a person's attitude to money has always been complex and ambiguous. The stable belief "rich means a thief" can called one of the specific for Russia, while in other countries, for example in America, on the contrary, "rich means smart."
In Russian communicative culture, there is a very restrained, cool attitude towards wealth, which, according to a number of researchers, has developed under the influence of Orthodox ethics, which proceeded from the Christian dogma about the sinfulness of the flesh. Money And business- words of non-Russian origin. Word money could appear in the speech circulation of the Russian language not earlier than the 13th century, when the Russian lexicon was replenished with many Turkic borrowings. Another key word is business- in its original internal form, it is not the name of any specific type of activity, but simply means employment, as it were, the absence of free time, leisure. At the same time, the modern Russian concept of "business" is originally an idea of professional mediation, which does not have a tradition of naming, since in the Russian ethnic consciousness trade has always been perceived as an unproductive craft. name dealer in Russian tradition, the word was preferred merchant, internal form which it is no coincidence that the act of purchase, and not sale, highlights. Even in a seemingly neutral word own some evaluative connotation is hidden. Thus, we can say that in the national Russian tradition, an ideological antinomy of the market, built on the laws of buying and selling in monetary terms, and the spiritual and value attitude to life, disregard for the material world of wealth, has historically formed. Researchers of the Russian national character note in this regard the typified mental attitude of Russians towards wealth: "Our people have a trait that baffles many economists and sociologists - the spirit of non-acquisitiveness, expressed in the absence of striving for material wealth, hoarding."
Thus, in the ordinary consciousness of native speakers of the Russian language, a critical perception of entrepreneurship, calculation, and commercial acumen has developed. This is obviously the main reason why business people in Russia they are either wary or hostile.
Another one characteristic modernity - the emergence communication professions which is impossible to master without the necessary skill in the field of communication. In the face of growing competition, the success of any enterprise, any business largely depends on the communication skills of professionals. Professions of the "person-to-person" type require professional communicators, which include specialists who have diverse skills in speech behavior and consciously select options for such behavior depending on the personality of the partner (partners) and the situation in order to achieve maximum efficiency business interaction.
Leader, entrepreneur, manager, businessman are typical communicative professions. Conscious management of communication, forecasting the results of contact, creating conditions for optimal interaction are not just an urgent need in communicative professions, but a quality by which they evaluate the level of not only a particular specialist, but the entire organization (firm, plant, holding), which he represents, generally.
For executives, managers, entrepreneurs, businessmen, production organizers, the most important part of their professional appearance is communicative competence - the ability to communicate in any situation. Moreover, these professions belong to areas of increased speech responsibility, in which the ability to communicate is assumed to be the main and necessary condition success of professional activity. "Business is the ability to talk to people," say enterprising Americans. One of the outstanding managers of the United States, the president of the world's largest auto giant, Ford and Chrysler, Lee Iacocca writes in his book "Career of a Manager": "Management is nothing more than setting people up for work. activity is to communicate with them."
^
K.F. Sedov (Saratov) Theoretical model of psycholinguopersonology
The current stage of development of domestic psycholinguistics marks the transition from studying the general properties of communication, consciousness, speech behavior to attempts to determine the originality of communicative manifestations that are inherent either social group, or are the characteristics of a single individual. In other words, scientists are increasingly interested in how people and in communication and speech thinking differ from each other.
In different cities of our country, scientists of various directions and scientific schools have accumulated a significant baggage of approaches and methods for modeling individual-personal features of communicative competence (idiostyle, speech portrait, communicative personality) of a person [see, for example: Axiological linguistics ...
2006; Erofeeva 1991, 1996; Karasik 2007; Linguistic
Personology. 2006; Naumov 2006 and others]. And now, finally, the moment is coming when the critical mass has exceeded the threshold when the quantity should turn into quality: disparate research is being integrated into an independent direction of C "L-science. Two competing terms are used to designate this direction - psycholinguistics individual differences And psycholinguopersonology.
Before proposing the principles of possible modeling of idiostyle, it is necessary to determine the main categories of the intended scientific field. What, in fact, acts as the subject of research?
As partial synonyms, scientists use the following designations: linguistic (speech, communicative) personality; language (speech, communicative) consciousness; language (speech, communicative) behavior; language (speech) activity; as well as communicative competence (individual, personality, person); idiostyle; speech (linguistic, communicative) portrait and many others. others
Let's start with personality.
The term linguistic personality became very widespread in Russian linguistics in the 1990s. G.I. introduced him into the horizons of science. Bogin, after which he picked up and canonized in his book Yu.N. Karaulov. The authority (scientific and administrative) of a scientist has led to the fact that any communicative characteristic that is a distinctive ability of a text, profession, age, literary work, style, etc. has been called a linguistic personality. and so on. The author of this article did not escape the impact of such a trend and for twenty years actively used the term in his works. However, over time, the meaning of the terminological phrase "linguistic personality" lost its clarity, became more and more vague. As a result
The term has ceased to "work". To improve the situation, linguists, who have a penchant for terminological creativity, introduced similar designations as a speech personality, a communicative personality as synonyms [see, for example: Krasnykh 2003; Sternin 2001]. However, the increase in the number of synonymous terms does not clarify, but confuses the essence of the problem even more.
In psychology, where, in fact, this term came from, there are a significant number of concepts that represent the rationale for this concept. The vast majority of psychologists believe that personality is the result of the socialization of the individual, during which he is introduced to the cultural values developed by mankind over the millennia of its formation. The term personality is usually interpreted in connection with the closely related concepts of individual and individuality: a person is born into the world as an individual, becomes a personality, and defends his individuality. So, a personality is a relatively stable set of psychological properties, which is formed as a result of the inclusion of an individual in the space of interindividual connections. This is a holistic multilevel and multifaceted semiotic formation, which is a model that reflects and expresses the system of cultural and psychological characteristics of a person. Ability to communicate
One of the most important facets of personality; it can be measured, have an individually expressed character. As well as the personality as a whole, this property can become an object of modeling.
The tradition of using terminological combinations, where the word personality comes after the adjective-definition, usually forces the designated concept to be included in the system of binary oppositions: strong-willed, emotional, aggressive, cooperative, elitist personality / weak-willed, non-emotional, non-aggressive , non-cooperative, non-elitist personality. The law of structural-semantic analogy makes one look for an element of binary opposition in terms of a linguistic, speech, communicative personality. Therefore, with an abundance of synonymous designations, in my opinion, it would be better to sacrifice the indicated terms and refuse to use them. The nominations “speech portrait of a personality” are much more consistent with the Russian language; communicative (genre, text, status-role, orthological, etc.) competence of the individual; communicative behavior of the individual, etc. Perhaps I'm wrong.
In order for the psycholinguistics of individual differences to fit into the general space of *RL-science, it is necessary to correlate the subject of this scientific branch with the general subject of psycholinguistics. Such a subject, in our opinion, should be considered communicative competence, which is considered in the individual psychological aspect [see: Gorelov, Sedov 2005: 5-10]. The subject of psycholinguopersonology, in line with the stated approach, will be a model of the communicative competence of the individual. It includes aspects (facets) that show the communicative component of different levels of personality. The communicative individuality of a person is made up of a combination of typological features communicative competence, which belong to different typologies that differentiate personalities on the basis of various grounds (more on that below).
What should be considered the object and (which is no less significant) the material of research? The main object of psycholinguistics of individual differences is communicative (verbal) behavior, discourse, revealed to the scientist in the form of a process and product - specific speech works, be it coherent and solid texts or the results of associative or any other experiments. IN modern science there is no unity in the interpretation of the meaning of the term "discourse". However, nowadays in most works of domestic and foreign scientists [see, for example: Arutyunova 1999; Karasik 2002; Krasnykh 2003; Makarov 2003 and more. etc.] there is a tradition in which under the word discourse a holistic speech work is understood in the variety of its cognitive and communicative functions. We do not set ourselves the task of a detailed review and critical analysis of all points of view on the phenomenon under consideration that have accumulated to date in science. Let us place only some of the accents necessary to clarify the methodological foundation of the proposed model. From our point of view, the most convenient working definition of discourse may be the definition from the standpoint of the phenomenological approach. DISCURSION - OBJECTIVELY EXISTING VERBAL-SIGITIC CONSTRUCTION which accompanies the process of social interaction of people. Let us emphasize the interactive nature of discourse: it captures interaction, dialogue. In its objectivity, it resembles a multifaceted crystal, the sides of which are capable of reflecting various features this interaction: national-ethnic, socio-typical (genre), specific situational, speech-thinking, formal-structural, and many others. etc. Each of the facets of the phenomenon under consideration can become the basis for highlighting a special aspect of discourse consideration, which, in turn, can form an independent section in the general theory of discourse.
Concrete discourses are the material of analysis, which must be dissected with the help of research tools.
Communicative behavior is only the visible part of the iceberg, under which hidden mechanisms are hidden that determine the implementation of communicative competence in the socially significant interaction of people. These are phenomena of consciousness (linguistic, communicative, cognitive), which creates the prerequisites for the flow of verbal thinking.
Thus, the system of categories of psycholinguo-personology takes the following form:
the communicative competence of the individual, concretized in its various aspects and levels, is the subject of research;
communicative behavior in the variety of forms of its discursive existence (from tests, speech fragments, to one-word reactions of associative experiments) is the object of study;
the speech works themselves are the material of the study;
latent mechanisms of consciousness and the processes of speech thinking implemented on their basis - a motor hidden for external observation, in which the drive belts from communicative competence to real discourses work - the subject of independent research.
The level of innate prerequisites for the formation of communicative competence.
The level of formation of communicative character traits.
The level of formation of speech thinking.
The level of genre-role-playing competence.
The level of cultural and speech competence.
This aspect of the analysis of communicative behavior should take into account the psychophysiological properties that are transmitted to a person genetically. They constitute an innate set of inclinations that create the prerequisites for success in certain types of communication, and constitute the base layer for the development of communicative competence. Temperament, the profile of the functional asymmetry of the brain and the features of the constitution (physique) should be attributed to the number of such inclinations.
As you know, temperament is a stable system of psychophysiological traits of a person's personality, which is predetermined by the peculiarities of the course of his higher nervous activity. Since the time of Hippocrates from the island of Kos, who in the 5th century BC was one of the first to describe the types of temperament and their main behavioral manifestations, and the Greek Galen, who at the beginning of the century proposed terms for their designation, we continue to divide people into these four types : sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic. Later, our compatriot I.P. Pavlov gave their justification from psycho-physiological positions.
No one has any doubts that temperament affects the nature of the flow of speech behavior, how a person behaves in a communicative conflict, etc. And when compiling a speech portrait, the researcher must take into account this personality trait of a person. However, a direct connection between the characteristics of communicative behavior and temperament can not always be established [see, for example: Erofeeva 1991; Alekseev 1996]. Most often, temperament in speech manifests itself indirectly and most of all affects the formation of communicative character traits.
Another psychophysiological personality trait that affects speech behavior and acts as a component in the model of communicative competence is the profile of functional asymmetry of the brain.
In neuropsychology, the asymmetry profile is expressed by the ratio of the dominance of one of the arms, legs, vision or hearing [for more details, see: Bragina, Dobrokhotova 1981; Sedov 2007 b]. The most important role is played by the selection of motor (here the hand plays the main role) factors. The definition of such profiles provides a basis for diagnostics and self-diagnosis in order to identify innate inclinations that create the prerequisites for the success or failure of a person in various types of activity and, above all, in speech activity. At the same time, it must be said right away that this problem, due to its extraordinary complexity, is very far from a final solution. Very often, the statement of motor and sensory dominance does not correspond to the types of left or right hemisphere thinking.
One thing is certain: according to the type of their thinking, people are divided into left-brained and right-brained. And, as is usually the case when compiling typologies, there is a mixed, transitional type - ambihemispherics, in whom two types of thinking coexist. Very roughly distinguishing between the two types of thinking presented above, we can say that left-brainers gravitate towards verbal-logical operations. Their head is “stuffed with words” that form strong verbal networks of syntagmatic associations. It is these networks that facilitate speech production. The thinking of right hemispheres affects the emotional-figurative side of the personality more strongly. The division into left and right hemispheres is often called the division into "thinkers" and "artists". Left hemispheres for information processing resort mainly to left hemisphere strategies, right hemispheres prefer right hemisphere strategies [see, for more details: Sedov
The peculiarity of the profile of functional asymmetry, or rather, the dominance of left- or right-hemispheric thinking in a person, is an important feature of the speech portrait. Like temperament, this characteristic does not appear directly in speech; most of all, it affects the formation of other levels of communicative competence: genre-role and, especially, the level of formation of speech thinking.
Finally, the third innate prerequisite for the formation of a communicative uniqueness of a person is, however strange it may seem, the peculiar image of his body, the constitution. The most consistent correlation between the constitution and the psychological properties of a person is demonstrated by the concept of the German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer. Conducting clinical observations of patients suffering from various forms of mental disorders, the scientist drew attention to the fact that there is a relationship between the type of constitution of a person and his inclination to one or another type of disease. This allowed him to assert that body type correlates in a certain way with the mental characteristics of ordinary healthy people. Based on many years of research, Kretschmer identified four constitutional types.
Leptosomatic (from the Greek leptos - fragile, soma - body) - (Don Quixote type) tall, fragile physique, cylindrical body, elongated face, flat chest, narrow shoulders, lower limbs long, thin bones. Face: elongated thin nose, underdeveloped lower jaw. The extreme form of this type is characterized by asthenicity - from the Greek. asntenos - weak.
Picnic (from the Greek pyknos - dense) - (type of Sancho Panza) - small or medium stature, roundness of the body (narrow shoulders with a full body - barrel-shaped), obesity, protruding belly, round head on a short neck.
Athletic (from the Greek athlon - wrestling) - a strong physique, high or medium height, well-developed muscles, broad shoulders with narrow hips. Face: oval, lower jaw well developed.
Dysplastic (from the Greek dys - poorly, plastos - formed) - a kind of "off-grade product", a type characterized by various kinds of body deformities.
According to Kretschmer's observations, healthy people with a certain type of constitution have in their psyche properties characteristic of various diseases: a leptosomatic tends to schizophrenia, a picnic tends to manic-depressive psychosis, an athletic person to epilepsy. The most obvious here is the opposition between the leptosomatic and the pycnic type.
The constitutional type of leptosomatics corresponds to the psychological type - sh and o t and m and k. Its features: isolation, isolation from reality, perseverance, a tendency to daydreaming, abstract thinking. In communication, these people demonstrate a penchant for logical reasoning, purposefulness in comprehending new knowledge, a penchant for sciences that are not directly related to reality (mathematics, philosophy). However, their intuition is poorly developed, they demonstrate self-centeredness, inability to emotionally switch to the point of view of the interlocutor.
The constitutional type of a picnic corresponds to the psychological type - c and k l o t i m and k. Its characteristics are somewhat diametrically opposed: they are sociable realists, gravitating towards everyday comfort. Cyclothymics are easy to build interpersonal communication, adjusting to the interlocutor on an emotional level, demonstrating a high level of empathy (empathy). Despite the fact that they are well versed in the motives of people's behavior, they find it difficult to build generalizations, logical conclusions that are not related to a specific reality.
As an intermediate, Kretschmer identified the so-called viscose type, which corresponds to the alytic body type. The main psychological features of this type is the perception of the surrounding world as an arena of struggle. Athletes are people who go through life like a hurdler. In building relationships with other people, they are prone to communicative conflicts, verbal aggression. Possessing very large energy, people of this type often do not know how to use it wisely, demonstrating a lack of flexibility and tolerance in relations with partners in social interaction.
It is very difficult to single out clearly identifiable psychological characteristics in dysplastics.
As temperament and features of the profile structure of the brain, body type indirectly affects the process of formation of a person's communicative individuality, creating a certain set of inclinations for success / failure in a particular area of speech activity.
In modern psychology of individual differences, other innate personality traits are also distinguished. For a more detailed acquaintance with other points of view, we refer the reader to the specialized literature [see, for example: Ilyin 2004].
2. Level formation of communicative character traits.
In psychology, character is usually defined as a set of relatively stable socio-psychological personality traits that manifest themselves in its interaction with other people. It is believed that the character is formed by the age of seven and changes very little throughout a person's life. Despite the fact that the relationship between the character of a person and his discursive behavior is obvious from the standpoint of common sense, a consistent and systematic study of such a relationship in linguistics has not yet been carried out. This is due to the fact that character and language ability are not directly related to each other. Therefore, the search for a manifestation of character (as well as temperament) at the level of language does not make sense. In communication, character finds expression in the strategic and tactical preferences of the speaker, in which way he chooses to achieve a particular communicative goal.
The following oppositions can be distinguished as parameters that serve as criteria for highlighting communicative character traits:
D o m i n a n t n o s t / non-d o m i n a n t n o st ;
Mobility/rigidity;
Extraversion / introversion;
Conflict / non-conflict;
C e n t r a t i o n / co operativ ity. Dominance, as well as non-dominance
Mobility / rigidity - communicative qualities of character associated with plasticity, the ability to rebuild in the course of interaction unfolding. A mobile linguistic personality easily and quickly changes speech means depending on the situation, the nature of the interlocutor, the topic of communication. A rigid communicator demonstrates an inability to instantly switch from one speech tactics to another; he enters the topic of conversation for a long time and thoroughly and cannot quickly change its course.
Isolation of extraversion / introversion as a feature of the speech portrait of a personality goes back to the concept of the classic of psychoanalysis K.-G. Cabin boy. Ex-travert - a person who is burdened by loneliness; as a rule, he has a lot of friends, relations with which are rather superficial. In his speech behavior, an extravert demonstrates aspiration to the outside: he strives for communication with any interlocutor and prefers the fact of communication to the fact of its absence. An introvert, on the contrary, is burdened by large companies; he has few friends, but relations with them have the character of a strong and deep affection. In communication, an introvert prefers a heart-to-heart talk to an external dialogue in the genre of everyday chatter; he needs not just communication, but communication, which implies understanding.
The character of a person is most clearly manifested in interaction by how a person builds relationships with a communication partner. Therefore, it is appropriate to subdivide the communicative traits of character according to the ability to cooperate in everyday speech behavior. The classification is based on a single criterion: the dominant attitude towards the participants in communication. Three types of linguistic personalities can be distinguished here: conflict; centered; cooperative. Each of the indicated types is represented by two subtypes.
Conflict type demonstrates setting against communication partner. This type of character is based on aggressiveness, which manifests itself in various speech forms in communicative behavior [for more details, see: Sedov 2007]. It is represented by two varieties: conflict-aggressive and conflict-manipulatory.
Conflict Aggressive The subtype is characterized by the fact that one of the participants demonstrates a negatively charged emotional attitude to the communicative partner (direct aggression), which is expressed in obvious hostility. The aggressor is a person who is flawed in the socio-psychological sense.
Conflict-manipulative a variety of character manifests itself in the form of indirect (hidden) aggression. Here we also encounter psychological inferiority, which is overcome at the expense of a communicative partner. The manipulator asserts itself by placing the interlocutor in a specific communication situation in a lower status position compared to himself. In order to achieve a sense of social usefulness, a communicant of this kind must cause moral discomfort to the interlocutor. ("to say nasty things"). Communicative sadism becomes an extreme form of verbal aggression, when a communication partner becomes the object of verbal bullying.
Centered character type finds expression setting to ignore communication partner. Here, too, two varieties are possible: active-centered and passive-centered.
^ Active-centered subtype (active egocentric) sometimes, in its speech manifestations, resembles a conflict-manipulatory discourse: it also contains interruptions of the interlocutor, arbitrary changes in the topic of conversation, etc. However, here it is necessary to state the difference: if the conflict manipulator does not respect the communicative partner, wanting to impose his point of view on him, then the active egocentric is simply not able to take the point of view of another participant in communication.
passive centered a kind of communication is characterized by the withdrawal of one of the communicative partners into oneself. Such a passive egocentric usually looks like a harmless absent-minded (sometimes downtrodden) "hedgehog in the fog." He is hardly able to go beyond his own inner world. Such a feature of speech behavior, as a rule, becomes the result of the work of psychological defense mechanisms, which usually reflect some features of the upbringing of an individual. Usually, the speech behavior of such a linguistic personality contains a discrepancy between the tactics chosen by the speaker of the communication situation and the intention of the interlocutor, which indicates the inability to switch to the listener's point of view. The same is expressed in the mention of names unknown to the interlocutor, as well-known; in fundamentally banal reactions to information concerning a communicative partner; in inadequate reactions (replicas out of place); in transferring the conversation to topics that concern only the speaker, and a complete lack of interest in topics that interest the listener, etc.
The cooperative type of speech behavior is distinguished by the dominant attitude in communication for a partner communications. At the level of communicative behavior, they manifest themselves in two subtypes: cooperative-conformal and cooperative-actualizing.
Cooperative-conformal a kind of discourse is characterized by the fact that one of the participants in the communication demonstrates agreement with the point of view of the interlocutor, even if he does not fully share this point of view, which, as a rule, is a consequence of the fear of conflict, confrontation. Such a mood is manifested in demonstrating interest in another participant in communication in the form of clarifying questions, assent, showing sympathy, consolation, compliments, etc. In real communication, this usually looks like an imitation (in varying degrees of persuasiveness) of being tuned in to a communicative partner.
Cooperative-actualizing subtype of speech behavior reflects highest level communicative competence of a person in terms of the ability to verbal cooperation. In this case, the speaker is guided by a basic principle, which can be defined as the desire to put yourself on the point of view of the interlocutor, look at the situation depicted in the speech through his eyes. The fundamental difference between the behavior of an actualizer and a conformist is a double perspective in communication: an orientation not only towards a communicative partner, but also towards oneself. More precisely, the desire arouse an informal interest in the interlocutor, the ability to tune in to his “wave” [for more details, see:
Sedov 2004, 2007].
The formation of character is also influenced by the features of the emotional-volitional sphere of the personality. For example, according to the predominance of positive or negative emotions, people are divided into optimists and pessimists. Influence emotional sphere the formation of communicative competence is a subject of special consideration [see, for example: Shakhovsky 1987; 1996].
According to the presence / absence of volitional properties, people can be roughly divided into purposeful and non-purposeful, etc.
Let us recall once again that character is manifested in communicative behavior at the level of pragmatic strategies and tactics that determine the structure of the interactive interaction of communicants.
Features of the communicative behavior of a personality at the level of character are well defined by accentuation, i.e. slight deviation from the average norm (within the norm of psychological health). In the psychology of individual differences, there are different typologies of character accentuation. They belong to psychiatric practitioners and are the result of empirical observations. Not being able to describe in detail the types of character accentuations, we refer the reader to
Book A.E. Lichko.
^ 3. Level formation of speech thinking.
A hidden, latent mechanism for the implementation of communicative behavior and its variety - speech activity is speech thinking, which includes the operations of generating a discourse and the operations of decoding a speech message. In modern psycholinguistics, there are rich traditions in the study of the formation and understanding of statements [see, for example: Gorelov, Sedov 2005; Winter 1985; The human factor in language ... 1991 and others]). With minor differences, most models of speech generation are a system of stages, stages, the passage of which leads to the unfolding of thoughts into discourse. Summarizing the views existing in modern science on the problem of the relationship between speech and thinking, I.A. Zimnyaya distinguishes three main stages in the process of the transition of a thought into a statement: motivational-inciting, shaping and realizing.
The first level of the process of formation of a statement - motivational-inciting, according to the scientist, "is a" alloy "of motive and communicative intention. At the same time, the motive is the motivating beginning of this speech action, while the communicative intention expresses what communicative goal the speaker pursues, planning this or that form of influence on the listener" [Zimnyaya 1985: 90-91]. The second level of speech production - forming - “this is the level of the actual formation of thought through language.<...>This level is responsible for the logical consistency and syntactic correctness of the speech statement” [Ibid: 93]. It is represented by two sublevels - semantic and formulating. In the full division of the generation of a statement, the following stages of the transformation of thought into discourse can be distinguished:
Mo t and in this act of speech activity (Why, for what purpose am I talking?), And first, the speaker must have an attitude towards communication in general (it is not, for example, in a dream).
Communicative intention, which is realized in the form of a mood for a certain typical situation social interaction of people - on a specific speech genre, whether it be the genre of greeting, compliment, quarrel, report, chatter, etc.
The semantic content (intention) of the future statement (Not only “for what”, but also “what exactly will I say”, will I start with a question or with a statement?). Here, a holistic (perhaps, as yet indistinct, diffuse) semantic “picture” of the future statement is formed: the meaning, semantics already exist, but there are no specific words and syntactic structures yet.
The formed internal program (intention) begins to transform: the mechanism of recoding begins to work, the translation of meaning from the language of images and schemes into a specific national language - words with their meanings.
The unfolding of the nuclear meaning (theme) into a speech whole built in accordance with the psycholinguistic norm of textuality.
At the same time, a s and n a k s i -chesky scheme of the future utterance is first formed. "Inner words", i.e. the meanings of words are already becoming "prototypes" of external words and are gradually occupying "their" syntactic positions.
The next stage of speech production is grammatical structuring and morphemic selection of specific vocabulary, after which:
A syllable-by-word motor motor program of external speech, articulation is being implemented.
The allocation of levels of formation of speech thinking is most of all occupied by age-related psycholinguistics, which studies the process of formation of the communicative competence of an individual in ontogenesis. A series of works by the author of this article is devoted to the study of this problem [see, for example: Sedov 2004]. Their results clearly show that in the norm of speech development, each age stage of personality evolution corresponds to a certain level of a person's ability to implement the latent mechanisms of speech thinking. The activation of the process of formation of speech thinking is planned after the completion of the stage of self-learning of the language by the individual, which usually coincides with the beginning of school childhood. It is during this period of a person’s speech biography that the text (discourse) becomes the dominant feature of his development, and speech thinking acquires the character of discursive thinking. After the completion of the stage of self-learning of a language as a system, a linguistic personality within the framework of discursive behavior is capable of speech actions based on activities within a specific situation. By the end of junior school age the child acquires the ability to carry out the most important latent operations of folding and unfolding information, which will form the basis of his inner speech. The ability for internal planning of speech activity allows a teenager to break away from a specific situation in the construction of discourse and build holistic coherent speech works that carry complex, hierarchically organized textual meanings. However, the internalization of external speech activity into intra-speech activity in younger adolescents is not yet very deep: complex semantic constructions at the deep semantic level of generation and understanding of the utterance are not yet available to them. The discursive behavior of middle school students, despite the automation of the processes of creating texts, is not always meaningful; speech and thinking in the process of constructing texts do not yet merge completely. Such a combination, with the normal development of communicative competence, is observed only by the end of school childhood. It is at this age that the student acquires the ability to build complex verbal-logical operations in inner speech. This is due to an even greater internalization of external speech processes, which affects the most profound meaning-forming stages of speech activity - the stages of concept formation, based on subtle operations of anticipation, compression and re-coding of information from a verbal code to a code of individual personal meanings and many others. others
The path of development of human discursive thinking can be represented as a process that accompanies the socio-intellectual formation of a personality, in which, in the course of the internalization of external non-speech forms into intra-speech forms, there is an increasing convergence of textual methods of modeling reality and deep cognitive-thinking processes.
Methods for determining the levels of formation of speech thinking and the criteria for such a selection, applied to the study of the communicative competence of children, can be successfully applied to the creation of speech portraits, models of the communicative competence of adult native speakers.
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