home Exchange rates The main motives for participation in entrepreneurship. Motivation in business: four main incentives for an entrepreneur

The main motives for participation in entrepreneurship. Motivation in business: four main incentives for an entrepreneur

There are several areas of motivation research in management psychology, entrepreneurial psychology, and management psychology. Historically, the first direction can be considered that section scientific management dedicated to encouraging employees to increased performance and proposed by Frederick Taylor. The second direction is to a certain extent close to Taylorism and is associated with the tradition of the behavioral approach. The third direction is based to a much greater extent on ideas about the nature of human motives, needs and values.

Based on the goals and objectives of the study, the third direction of research into the problem of motivation in management psychology is of greatest interest, which allows us to study the content side of the motivation of any successful work activity. Based on the conceptual basis of the study, let us analyze the data contained in the literature on the motives that are significant for organizational activity.

Summarizing ideas about entrepreneurial activity classics and modern specialists, it is possible to identify common features for both entrepreneurial and organizational activities. Entrepreneurial activity is:

Creative activity, which is based on a new commercial idea, concept in the field of business and services;

Exploring such profit opportunities that have not yet been noticed by other business entities;

Creation, construction of your own enterprise, with the help of which you can realize your plan;

Constant search and implementation of the new, focus on innovative development organizations, the use of inventions or various opportunities for the release of new products, the discovery of new sources of raw materials, markets, reorganization of production, etc.

So, based on the presented comparative characteristics, we can conclude that entrepreneurial activity is a kind of organizational activity. Hence, motivational analysis entrepreneurial activity will reveal some motives that are significant for organizational activity.

In the works of the classics economic theory in accordance with the concept of economic man, the dominant motive for entrepreneurship was considered to be one material motive - the desire for profit or the motivation to achieve success. Further research into the motives of entrepreneurial activity showed that the motivational sphere of the entrepreneur's personality is much more complicated and does not come down only to the desire for profit.

Striving for success;

Striving for innovation;

Willingness to take risks;

Striving for self-determination, independence;

Striving for superiority (power motive);

The need for activity (procedural motive);

The desire to build partnerships on equal positions (affiliation motive);

The tendency of a person to manipulate other people in interpersonal relationships (Machiavellianism);

Achievement motivation.

Based on the data obtained, in order to clarify the structure of the motivational sphere of motives for the activities of competitive entrepreneurs, empirical studies were given. The empirical study involved 49 people aged 27 to 39 years. 2 groups of subjects were formed. From the point of view of the competitiveness of commercial organizations, all subjects were divided into two groups based on the analysis of the questionnaire and the results of the conversation. The first group included 29 entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs have been in business for over 5 years, they have created commercial organizations which, to varying degrees of success, operate in the market.

From the analysis of the questionnaire data and the results of the conversation, it follows that these entrepreneurs, despite difficulties, sometimes failures, continue to do business, while in recent years their organizations have been successfully functioning. This group of subjects is conditionally called "competitive".

The second group included 19 people. They created commercial organizations that failed. In the future, these subjects refused to engage in business. Initially, their refusal was due to financial reasons, and later they did not want to do business, because they believe that their qualities do not correspond to this type of activity. Currently, they are hired top managers, that is, they manage commercial organizations. We conditionally designated this group as "uncompetitive".

Based on the literature data, taking into account the validity, reliability and standardization, the following methods were selected:

Diagnostics of motivation for success and avoidance of failures by Ehlers;

Methodology for diagnosing the degree of risk readiness of Schubert;

Machiavellian scale;

Affiliation study methodology.

An analysis of the results of the study made it possible to conclude that competitive entrepreneurs do not differ from non-competitive ones in terms of the level of development of motivation for success, motivation to avoid failures and risk appetite. This can be explained by the fact that these motivational characteristics are professionally significant not only for entrepreneurs, but also for top managers, whose functions are performed by non-competitive entrepreneurs.

The absence of significant differences in indicators of success motivations and risk propensity between the compared groups indicates that these motivational characteristics are common professionally important qualities for both entrepreneurs and top managers, which is in good agreement with the literature data.

To verify the few data presented in the literature on the significance of affiliation motivation for the success of entrepreneurial activity, we conducted a study of this motivational characteristic in two groups of subjects using the Mehrabian affiliation diagnostic questionnaire.

Analysis of the data obtained indicates that there was no significant difference in the indicators of the method for diagnosing affiliation in the two compared groups of subjects. The results of the study can be explained by the nature of the activities of both entrepreneurs and top managers. For entrepreneurs and managers, professionally important qualities are the well-development of the communicative properties of the individual. To assess the level of development, the "MAK-scale" was used.

It has been established that the level of development of Machiavellianism among competitive entrepreneurs differs from the level of development of this quality among non-competitive entrepreneurs. At the same time, the level of development of Machiavellianism among competitive entrepreneurs is below average. This fact can be explained on the basis of the identified features of organizational leadership, in particular, from its purpose.

Considering the purpose of the entrepreneur as a subject of organizational activity, which is focused on creating long-term successful companies, it can be noted that a talented leader has a need to establish identity with the belief system that provides meaning to human life. If the manager motivates, trains and stimulates the staff, ritualizes, reinforces stereotypes of behavior, then the entrepreneur has a deeper influence on people, because he not only and not so much does what is the responsibility of the manager, but contributes to the personal growth of the members of the organization, filling their lives with meaning.

The leader of the organization, creating a philosophy of long-term successful organizations, interacting with people in the organization, should consider them not as an object of management, but as a subject of activity. From this it follows that the organizational leader should be guided in the construction of subject-subject relations to the highest level of regulation of activity - the value-semantic sphere of the personality of subordinates. Machiavellianism is a characteristic of the personality of a manipulator who, based on disbelief in the possibility of the existence of trusting relationships between people, seeks to influence the motivational sphere of communication partners, so that with the help of false distractions to achieve their hidden goals, so that the partner, without realizing it, changes their original goals. Consequently, since the influence on the value-semantic sphere of the personality implies mutual trust and acceptance of a person, Machiavellianism acts as a personal motivational factor that impedes the successful organizational activity of the leader of the organization.

Apparently, this can explain the data obtained in our study on the low level of development of Machiavellianism among successful leaders of the organization compared to managers. So, the conducted studies of the motives of organizational activity with the help of psychodiagnostic methods made it possible to come to the following conclusions:

1. It has been established that neither the motivation for success, nor the motivation to avoid failures, nor the propensity to take risks, nor affiliations are specific motivational qualities characteristic of the activities of competitive entrepreneurs. These motivational characteristics are, apparently, common motives that determine the success of both entrepreneurial and management activities.

2. The success of competitive entrepreneurs is due not to individual independent motives, but to their structure, in particular, a combination of a developed motivation to achieve success, the need for affiliation, the pursuit of reasonable risk, and a low degree of motivation to avoid failures and the desire to manipulate. This combination of motives makes it possible to the greatest extent to unite talented people around themselves, who create the concept of long-term successful organizations, and to implement this concept, focusing on success in the face of risk and uncertainty, and, in the end, increases the level of competitiveness of commercial organizations.

3. Based on their concepts of E. Shostrom, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, the combination of motives identified in the process of empirical research, which is characteristic of successful organizational activity, allows for further constructive study of the personality of talented leaders of the organization to formulate the initial conceptual assumption that, rather First of all, the combination of motives that we have established is only one of the manifestations of the personality as a self-determining, self-developing system.

Literature

1. Belov VV Organizational giftedness. SPb., 2008.

2. Zavyalova E. K., Posokhova S. T. Psychology of entrepreneurship. SPb., 2004.

3. Brief psychological dictionary / comp. L. A. Karpenko; under total ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. M., 1985.

4. Maslow A. Self-actualization // Psychology of personality. Texts / ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, A. A. Puzyreya. M., 1982.

5. Chirikova A. E. Leaders of Russian entrepreneurship: mentality, meanings, values. M., 1997.

6. Shekshnya S. V. Leadership in modern business. M., 2003.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIOLOGY

Department of Economic Theory

COURSE WORK

on the topic: "Motivation of entrepreneurial activity"

Performed by a student of the group Sl - 063

Mazurak I. E.

Supervisor:

Kurbatova M. V., Doctor of Economics n., prof.

Kemerovo 2010

Introduction

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity

1.2 Features of entrepreneurial activity

Chapter 2

2.1 Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial motivation

2.2 Motives of entrepreneurial activity and their types

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is essential element any market economy, since it ensures economic growth, the production of an increasing mass of various goods, designed to satisfy quantitatively and, more importantly, qualitatively changing needs of society, its various strata and individuals. This is the driving force behind the development of a modern market economy, so it is important to understand the various aspects of entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon.

The main engine of development and renewal of economic life at the present stage is the initiative and creativity of entrepreneurs engaged in this or that activity. Based on this, the study and analysis of the motivation of a modern entrepreneur in particular and entrepreneurial activity in general is of particular relevance.

The market system of management, which is becoming more and more established in Russia, is based on the entrepreneurial type of economic system with the preservation of regulatory functions in the hands of the state. At present, the entrepreneurial type of the economic system has made the entrepreneur one of the most significant subjects of the economic process.

Entrepreneurship is the main pillar for the country's market economy. That is why government agencies are trying to stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses, so that in the end tax payments of these enterprises became a contribution to the state budget, and there was an increase in GDP in the country's economy.

From an economic point of view, it is assumed that the economic action is motivated economic interest.

The defining feature of sociology is the focus on the motivation of the entrepreneur to one or another economic activity. With this approach, the motivation of entrepreneurs turns into a sociological problem.

object work is an entrepreneurial activity.

Subject is the motivation of entrepreneurs in their economic activity.

Objective consists in the theoretical and methodological analysis of the motivation of entrepreneurial activity.

To achieve this goal, it is proposed to solve the following tasks:

1. Define entrepreneurial activity and business;

2. Consider the structure of entrepreneurial activity;

3. Describe the theoretical and methodological foundations of entrepreneurship motivation, the main motives for entrepreneurial activity;

4. Reveal an assessment of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.

In this paper, we will try to reveal the essence and content of the concept of entrepreneurship, highlight the features of entrepreneurial business, entrepreneurial structures. And define general position business affairs in Russia.

The work is based on the scientific works of Radaev V.V., Khalina S.M., Shevchenko I.K.

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity: concept, structure

1.1 Entrepreneurship and business

Initially, the problem of entrepreneurship was posed by political economy as the problem of explaining the sources of economic growth and the nature of profit (the term "entrepreneurship" was introduced by R. Cantillon in the 18th century). The definition of an entrepreneur as the owner of capital dominates in the works of the classics of political economy - F. Quesnay, A. Smith. At the same time, with J. Turgot, and later with German historians (W. Roscher, B. Hildebrand), he not only manages his capital, but also combines the functions of an owner with personal productive labor.

Over time, the entrepreneur is less and less identified with the capitalist. J.B. Say and J.S. Mill consider the entrepreneur as the organizer of production, which is not burdened by property rights. The functional distinction between the owner and the entrepreneur is carried out by K. Marx. Neoclassicists - A. Marshall, L. Walras, K. Menger, F. Wieser define an entrepreneur as a manager. And since then, neutrality in relation to the ownership of property has become a common element of most theories of entrepreneurship - classical (J. Cole, P. Drucker).

Entrepreneurship is the sphere of professional activity of a special group of people - entrepreneurs. The entrepreneur is an independent economic agent acting at his own risk and under his own responsibility, including material. He must have rights to the use of functioning capital, say, a "bundle" of four rights:

1) ownership rights, that is, the right of exclusive physical control over goods;

2) the right to use, that is, the right to use useful properties good for yourself;

3) management rights, that is, the right to decide who and how will ensure the use of benefits;

4) the right to income, that is, the right to enjoy the results from the use of goods.

In order to be able to use these rights, he must pay the full owner for the alienation of these rights in his favor (for example, in the form of rent). In addition, a certain amount of working capital will also be required (for example, the cost of raw materials, materials, labor, etc.). Starting entrepreneurial activity (or modifying the previous activity), the entrepreneur must solve the age-old problems of the market economy: what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce?

The most typical and capacious definition of entrepreneurship is given in the work of American scientists R. Hisrich and M. Peters: “Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new that has value; a process that absorbs time and effort, involving the assumption of financial, moral and social responsibility; a process that brings monetary income and personal satisfaction with what has been achieved.

Outstanding foreign scientists-economists: F. Hayek, J. Schumpeter and P. Drucker, as well as Russian scientists who devoted Scientific research these problems: A.I. Ageev, A.V. Busygin, V.V. Radaev, Yu.M. Osipov, M.G. Lapusta, A.G. Porshnev and others.

Of great theoretical and practical importance is the point of view of P. Drucker on the essence of the concepts of "entrepreneurial economy", "entrepreneurial society", "entrepreneurial management". He explores the problems of the formation of the business environment, the motivation of entrepreneurs, the conditions for the implementation of their business.

P. Drucker believes that entrepreneurship is based on economic and social theories according to which change is a completely normal and natural phenomenon. New ideas just form the semantic basis of the term "entrepreneurship", therefore the entrepreneurial task is "creative destruction". Entrepreneurs, emphasizes P. Drucker, are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. And further - an enterprise is entrepreneurial not because it is new, and not because it is small (small), although rapidly developing, but because its activity is based on the awareness of the fact that manufactured products have individual characteristics, demand on them has grown to such an extent that a "market niche" has formed, and new technology makes it possible to turn complex operations into a scientific process.

The definition of an entrepreneur in institutional economic theory (R. Coase, O. Williamson) is that he becomes a subject making a choice between free market contractual relations and organizing a firm in order to save transaction costs. Entrepreneurship is a special regulatory mechanism that differs from the price mechanism and the mechanism state regulation, but in some ways is an alternative to both of them.

An entrepreneur, according to Sombart, must be triune, possessing the following qualities:

Conqueror (spiritual freedom, allowing you to plan your actions; will and energy; perseverance and constancy);

Organizer (the ability to correctly assess people, make them work, coordinating their actions);

Merchant (the ability to recruit people without coercion, arouse their interest in their products, inspire confidence).

J. Schumpeter believes that two constituent factors are necessary for the development of entrepreneurship: a) organizational and economic innovation; b) economic freedom. He is an advocate for free enterprise.

J. Schumpeter opposes himself to the neoclassicists, deducing from the process of circulation of capital the fundamental need for a special entrepreneurial function, which consists in the implementation of organizational and economic innovation. Entrepreneurs, according to Schumpeter, do not form a special profession or a separate class. We are talking about a function carried out periodically by different subjects. In every economic sphere, it either appears or disappears, being replaced by more routine actions. At the same time, the entrepreneur does not necessarily invent “new combinations” himself. He carries them out practically, often imitating someone else's economic experience.

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Course work

on the topic: "Motivation of entrepreneurial activity"

Introduction

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity

2.1 Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial motivation

Conclusion

Bibliography

business motive

Introduction

Entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is the most important element of any market economy, since it ensures economic growth, the production of an increasing mass of various goods designed to satisfy quantitatively and, more importantly, qualitatively changing needs of society, its various strata and individuals. This is the driving force behind the development of a modern market economy, so it is important to understand the various aspects of entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon.

Entrepreneurship is the main pillar for the country's market economy. That is why government agencies are trying to stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses, so that as a result, the tax payments of these enterprises become a contribution to the state budget, and there is an increase in GDP in the country's economy.

From an economic point of view, it is assumed that economic action is motivated by economic interest.

The defining feature of sociology is the focus on the entrepreneur's motivation for a particular economic activity. With this approach, the motivation of entrepreneurs turns into a sociological problem.

The object of work is entrepreneurial activity.

The subject is the motivation of entrepreneurs in their economic activities.

The purpose of the work is the theoretical and methodological analysis of the motivation of entrepreneurial activity.

To achieve this goal, it is supposed to solve the following tasks:

Define entrepreneurial activity and business;

Consider the structure of entrepreneurial activity;

Describe the theoretical and methodological foundations of entrepreneurial motivation, the main motives for entrepreneurial activity;

Reveal the assessment of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.

In this paper, we will try to reveal the essence and content of the concept of entrepreneurship, highlight the features of entrepreneurial business, entrepreneurial structures. And to determine the general state of affairs of entrepreneurial activity in Russia.

The work is based on the scientific works of Radaev V.V., Khalina S.M., Shevchenko I.K.

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity: concept, structure

1.1 Entrepreneurship and business

1) ownership rights, that is, the right of exclusive physical control over goods;

2) the right to use, that is, the right to use the useful properties of goods for oneself;

3) management rights, that is, the right to decide who and how will ensure the use of benefits;

4) the right to income, that is, the right to enjoy the results from the use of goods.

Outstanding foreign scientists-economists: F. Hayek, J. Schumpeter and P. Drucker, as well as Russian scientists who have devoted scientific research to these problems: A.I. Ageev, A.V. Busygin, V.V. Radaev, Yu.M. Osipov, M.G. Lapusta, A.G. Porshnev and others.

P. Drucker believes that entrepreneurship is based on economic and social theories, according to which change is a completely normal and natural phenomenon. New ideas just form the semantic basis of the term "entrepreneurship", therefore the entrepreneurial task is "creative destruction". Entrepreneurs, emphasizes P. Drucker, are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. And further - an enterprise is entrepreneurial not because it is new, and not because it is small (small), although rapidly developing, but because its activity is based on the awareness of the fact that manufactured products have individual characteristics, demand on them has grown to such an extent that a "market niche" has formed, and new technology makes it possible to turn complex operations into a scientific process.

The definition of an entrepreneur in institutional economic theory (R. Coase, O. Williamson) is that he becomes a subject making a choice between free market contractual relations and organizing a firm in order to save transaction costs. Entrepreneurship is a special regulatory mechanism that differs from the price mechanism and the mechanism of state regulation, and in some ways is an alternative to both of them.

An entrepreneur, according to Sombart, must be triune, possessing the following qualities:

* conqueror (spiritual freedom, allowing you to plan your actions; will and energy; perseverance and constancy);

* organizer (the ability to correctly evaluate people, make them work, coordinating their actions);

* a merchant (the ability to recruit people without coercion, arouse their interest in their products, inspire confidence).

Based on the assumptions of J. Schumpeter, one can give a general definition of entrepreneurship - this is the implementation of organizational innovation in order to generate profit (another additional income). Entrepreneurship is thus constituted by three necessary elements:

* organizational action;

* initiating change;

* cash income as a goal and criterion for success.

Ultimately, in all scientific definitions of entrepreneurship by Western scientists we are talking about such a behavior (process) that requires the manifestation of initiative, organization and reorganization of the socio-economic mechanism in order to be able to profitably use the available resources and a specific situation and take responsibility for a possible failure, that is, a willingness to take risks. The definition, apparently, combines economic, social, personal and managerial approaches.

AT Western countries From a scientific and practical point of view, modern entrepreneurship is characterized as a special innovative, anti-bureaucratic type of management, which is based on the search for new opportunities, focus on innovation, the ability to attract and use resources from a wide variety of sources to solve tasks.

Entrepreneurship in our country is in its infancy along with the development of a market economy. For the development of entrepreneurship in our country, it is essential, according to Russian researchers, to understand that not every new business is entrepreneurship.

The progressive development of entrepreneurship is aimed at the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services), their delivery to specific consumers (households, other entrepreneurs, the state) at the lowest cost and is one of the determining conditions for economic growth, an increase in GDP and national income, and an increase in the efficiency of public production.

Entrepreneurship as an economic phenomenon reflects the commodity nature of relations between economic entities based on the action economic laws market economy (supply and demand, cost, competition, etc.) and all instruments of commodity production and circulation (price, money, finance, credit, etc.).

Entrepreneurship, as a social phenomenon, reflects the ability of every capable individual to be the owner of the business, to show their individual abilities and creativity with the greatest return. It manifests itself in the formation of a new layer of people - enterprising, gravitating towards independent economic activity, able to create their own business, overcome the resistance of the environment and achieve their goals. At the same time, it contributes to the increase in employees which, in turn, are economically and socially interested in the sustainability of entrepreneurial activity.

Entrepreneurship development, assuming effective use material, financial and labor resources At the same time, it also requires state regulation in the direction of creating certain favorable conditions for this.

Entrepreneurship develops successfully in the presence of certain conditions and factors that together ensure the formation of a certain business environment. The latter should be understood as an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow an entrepreneur to succeed in achieving his goals, in implementing entrepreneurial projects and contracts with sufficient profit (income).

To a certain extent, entrepreneurship also reflects the political situation in the country. On the one hand, the conditions and factors of its development depend on the political situation in the country (favorable or unfavorable), and on the other hand, business associations, associations, unions themselves influence the formation of the political situation in the country, taking part in the political activities of the state.

Entrepreneurship is, in fact, a type of management based on the innovative behavior of enterprise owners, on the ability to find and use ideas, and translate them into specific entrepreneurial projects. This, as a rule, is a risky business, and therefore should be carefully justified, relying on knowledge of the sales market and competitors, while not neglecting your own intuition and, of course, support. government agencies.

Thus, entrepreneurship in a generalized sense reflects the totality of relations (economic, social, organizational, personal, etc.) associated with the organization by entrepreneurs of their business, with the production of goods (works, services) and obtaining desired results in the form of profit (income).

Behind the concept of "entrepreneurship" is a "business", an enterprise, the production of a product (a useful thing) or a service (an intangible product). Entrepreneurship is often referred to as a business.

The term "business" in translation from English "business" means business, occupation, trade, commerce. The businessman is business man seeking to make their business profitable. In the legislation the word "business" is not used, but the term "entrepreneurship" is widely used.

Business is a broader concept than entrepreneurial activity, since business includes the commission of any single one-time commercial transactions, in any field of activity, aimed at generating income (profit).

Entrepreneurship also reflects the system of relations that arise between entrepreneurs as business entities with each other (financial, economic, social), as well as with consumers of their products (works, services), suppliers of all factors of production (raw materials, materials, equipment, fuel, electricity). etc.), with banks and other market entities, with employees (employees) and, finally, with the state represented by the relevant executive authorities and local self-government.

The concept of "entrepreneurship" in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of an Entrepreneur: "Entrepreneurship" (entrepreneurial activity) is an independent, initiative activity of citizens aimed at making a profit or personal income and carried out on their own behalf, at their own risk and under their property responsibility or on behalf of and under property liability of a legal entity (enterprise).

An entrepreneur may carry out any type of economic activity not prohibited by law, including commercial mediation, trade-purchasing, consulting and other activities, as well as operations with securities.

One of the key concepts in civil and business law is the concept of entrepreneurial activity, which is of general importance for individual entrepreneurs (individuals) and collective entrepreneurs (legal entities). Currently normative definition this concept is contained in par. 3 p. 1 art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that individuals and commercial organizations general rule, participate in entrepreneurial activities on equal legal terms.

Entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at the systematic receipt of profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.

The above definition contains a number of features that make it possible to distinguish entrepreneurship from other types of activities of citizens and legal entities. In the legal literature, the systems of these features are grouped differently, depending on the various bases of classification. At the same time, in accordance with the logic of presenting this definition in sec. 3 p. 1 art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, four signs can be consistently distinguished, which serve as initial arguments for resolving the issue of classifying a specific activity as entrepreneurial. At the same time, only those activities that are characterized by all the signs indicated below in the aggregate can be recognized as legitimate entrepreneurial activity.

The first sign is the independence of entrepreneurial activity.

The second feature is closely related to the first - the entrepreneur acts at his own risk.

The third sign - the purpose of entrepreneurial activity is to systematic obtaining income from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services.

The fourth sign of legal entrepreneurial activity characterizes its participants.

The fifth feature is innovation. Entrepreneurial activity should be understood not as any activity related to the production and sale of goods and services, but only related to the mandatory involvement in economic process an innovative, search element, which may consist in various moments - the search for and development of a new market, the production of new goods by changing the profile existing production or founding a new business; introduction of new methods of production organization, product quality control, new technology and technologies; finding and using new sources of material and financial resources.

1.2 Features of entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurial activity is carried out by individuals and legal entities.

Individuals are individual entrepreneurs, legal status which are governed by the relevant laws.

Entrepreneurial activity carried out by individuals refers to individual (private) entrepreneurial activity.

Entrepreneurial activity carried out by legal entities refers to collective entrepreneurship.

Legal entities in entrepreneurial activity - all types of enterprises: business partnerships(full and limited) economic companies (joint stock OJSC, CJSC, LLC, ALC); production cooperatives and unitary enterprises.

In modern Russia, business entities and persons who intend to become entrepreneurs can count on state protection.

In most parts of the world, entrepreneurship is a powerful engine of economic and social development. Without entrepreneurs, people's needs cannot be fully satisfied. In addition, entrepreneurship performs managerial, organizational, market functions; forms the elements of creativity in the socio-economic life of society. Through entrepreneurship, innovations in trade, management, and information technology are implemented.

The transition to market relations poses many complex tasks for society, among which the development of entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

At present, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of a set of conditions for entrepreneurial activity, the creation of a favorable business climate. An indispensable condition for the development of entrepreneurship is private property.

The process of privatization, which began in Russia in the late 1980s, contributes to the revival of private property as the basis of entrepreneurship. It should also revive competition, give freedom of action to entrepreneurs and managers - managers of enterprises. various forms property.

Other conditions are also needed for the development of entrepreneurship. They include the stability of the state economic and social policy, preferential tax treatment, a developed infrastructure to support entrepreneurship, the existence effective system protection of intellectual property, the formation of flexible market mechanisms to increase business activity entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs should be able to freely access foreign market. It is necessary to create an accessible for entrepreneurs credit system to provide an opportunity to acquire the necessary means of production, raw materials and components.

Entrepreneurship ensures the development of new promising industries, contributes to the washing out of obsolete ones.

Entrepreneurship creates mechanisms for coordination, development of a development strategy through the market and competition, links between business entities.

Thus, entrepreneurship as a business entity and a special, creative type of economic behavior is an integral property of all factors for achieving economic success.

Entrepreneur to succeed in competition, must take into account the risk factor, carefully analyze its causes, possible consequences. Here, of course, prudence is important, the ability to compare probable losses and benefits, which requires a certain amount of knowledge in the field of general economic theory, specific economics; application methods quantitative methods analysis. The entrepreneurial intuition, based on past experience and insight, cannot be discounted.

Since risk is a probabilistic category, it can be measured. In practice, statistical and expert method risk measurements.

The statistical method consists in the fact that on the basis of statistical data on the losses that have occurred in similar types of business activities, the so-called frequency of occurrence of a certain level of losses is determined, and the probability of a certain level of losses is predicted from it.

The expert method lies in the fact that by processing the opinion of a group of involved experts from among entrepreneurs or specialists about the likelihood of certain levels of losses, the frequency of assessments of certain losses is determined, which is the quotient of dividing the number of experts who speak for a particular amount of losses by the total number of experts.

Calculations of entrepreneurial risk do not yet give an answer to the question of how an entrepreneur should act, since they only give an idea of the possible risk in certain options for his actions, the extreme cases of which can be the receipt of a minimum profit in the absence of risk and a maximum profit if it is very high. .

The choice of a course of action must be carried out by the entrepreneur himself, i.e., he himself must decide how much risk he is ready to take in order to achieve an acceptable profit for him. This choice is associated with business qualities entrepreneur, the basis of which is formed by his personal characteristics, which are the result of a combination innate properties, natural dispositions, previous training and accumulated professional experience.

The listed most important signs of entrepreneurship are interrelated and operate simultaneously.

To be entrepreneurial, an enterprise must have certain properties. The entrepreneur is characterized by the fact that he is trying to create something new and different from the existing one, changes and transforms value attitudes.

A characteristic feature of entrepreneurship lies in its belonging to relatively short-term, tactical modes of action. So, for example, if a long-term project has as its main goal making a profit, is fraught with risk and responsibility, and is not based on trivial ideas, it is legitimate to consider it entrepreneurial.

Entrepreneurial activity is a set of consecutive or parallel transactions, each of which is limited to a relatively short, clearly defined time interval. The deal is the basic brick from which the entrepreneurial edifice is built.

Entrepreneurship is always about innovation. J. Schumpeter and A. Marshall paid attention to this side of economic activity. If J. Schumpeter showed the identity of entrepreneurship and innovation, then A. Marshall argued that the real role of entrepreneurs in the life of society is that with their innovation they not only create new order but also accelerate processes that are already constructively maturing in society. It seems more correct to assess the entrepreneur, given by J. Schumpeter, as a figure who decisively breaks the old forms of production and organization of society, is a revolutionary in the economy, the initiator of a social and political revolution. According to J. Schumpeter, the entrepreneur constantly carries out "creative destruction", being the main figure in the economic development of society.

From all of the above, we can conclude that entrepreneurship and innovation in modern society represent an interconnected whole.

Types of entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurship is very diverse. Since any business is to some extent connected with the main phases of the production cycle - the production of products and services, the exchange and distribution of goods, their consumption - the following types of business activities can be distinguished:

manufacturing business,

commercial,

financial.

In addition, in recent decades, in all economically developed countries of the world, such an independent type of entrepreneurship as advisory (consulting) has been singled out.

At the same time, each of these types of entrepreneurship is divided into a number of subspecies.

Industrial entrepreneurship can be called the leading type of entrepreneurship. Here the production of products, goods, works is carried out, services are provided, certain spiritual values are created. However, it was this sphere of activity that underwent the greatest negative changes during the transition to a market economy: economic ties, material and technical support was disrupted, sales of products fell sharply, worsened financial position enterprises.

The greatest development in the first years of transition to the market in Russia was commercial enterprise. It is characterized by operations and transactions for the purchase and sale of services. Here you can get a faster return. This area, largely limited earlier, began to develop rapidly, mainly as a private individual entrepreneurship. Many energetic, enterprising people directed their efforts here. Often among them there are those who were previously referred to the so-called "shadow" economy. If a production activity provides, as a rule, 10-12% of the profitability of an enterprise, firm, then commercial - 20-30%, and often even higher.

A special type of entrepreneurial activity is financial. The sphere of his activity is the circulation, the exchange of values. Financial activities penetrates both into production and commercial, but it can also be independent: banking, insurance, etc.

A financial transaction does not involve such a high rate of return as the previous types of entrepreneurial activity: this value can be 5-10%.

In recent years, such a promising form as consultative entrepreneurship has been increasingly developed in Russia. It has many directions and, comparing the level of its development in our country with other developed countries, we can conclude that in the coming years, consulting will have to develop rapidly.

Being relatively independent, the types of entrepreneurial activity are mutually intertwined and complement each other. At the same time, priority should be given to industrial entrepreneurship, which determines all types of entrepreneurial activity and is the most complex.

Under the functions of entrepreneurship is understood the implementation of activities for the production and exchange between the entrepreneur and other subjects (elements) of the economic environment.

The essence of entrepreneurial activity (the work of entrepreneurs) as a social phenomenon is expressed in its main function - the creation of special economic benefits (values) in the form of effective dynamic structures that can satisfy the various needs of people and society as a whole.

The functions include:

1) Production - the transformation of raw materials and other supplies into a type of product that is suitable for sale to customers of the enterprise.

2) Logistics - the acquisition of raw materials, machinery, equipment and other supplies necessary for economic activity.

3) Personnel - selection and hiring in accordance with the needs of the business.

4) Maintaining finance and accounting.

5) Marketing.

6) Research and design work- activities for the development and implementation of new technological processes or new products to improve entrepreneurship.

7) Public relations (public relations) - the implementation and management of relations between the enterprise and public structures or the media.

Thus, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at achieving commercial success: making a profit or entrepreneurial income.

Most of the entrepreneurial income is not directed to personal consumption, but is invested in further development most promising directions economic activity. In addition, entrepreneurship is aimed at the best use of capital: property and other property, as well as financial, material, technical and labor resources.

Thus, having considered the main provisions of entrepreneurial activity, we can conclude that from the point of view of motivation, we can consider the personality of an entrepreneur in two forms: firstly, as the owner of property and other resources, trying to extract the maximum income from his activities, and secondly , as a leader in relation to employees working for him on a contract basis. From these two provisions we will proceed further.

The needs of the individual largely determine the success of doing business or entrepreneurship. On the one hand, the very manifestation of interest in business, work in it are the response of the individual to the satisfaction of his social needs (to achieve success, succeed, engage in socially significant business, etc.).

But on the other hand, only knowing the real needs of customers, the ability to predict their development will allow this business to take place.

Chapter 2

2.1 Theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial motivation entrepreneurship business motivation

The sources of any production are resources and factors of production. Production resources are a set of those natural, social and spiritual forces that can be used in the process of creating goods, services and other values. In economic theory, resources are usually divided into four groups: natural, material, labor and financial.

In modern conditions, labor as a factor of production often becomes decisive, since it is able to bring income to the owner of production. But we are not talking about any kind of work, but about professional, efficient, organized and motivated work.

Already in the 30s of the twentieth century, during the years of transition from extensive to intensive methods of capitalist management, it became necessary to search for new forms of motivation, characterized by a more pronounced sociological and psychological content. The aim of this search was to eliminate the depersonalized relations in production inherent in management theories as well as bureaucratic models, and replace them with the concept of cooperation between workers and employers.

Process theories of motivation explore the chosen type of human behavior in the process of achieving the goals set for him.

Let's consider the entrepreneur's motivation based on two procedural theories: V. Vroom's preferences and expectations and S. Adams' fairness.

The first theory is based on the position that the presence of an active need is not the only and necessary condition motivation of a person to achieve a certain goal. A person must also hope that the type of behavior he has chosen will actually lead to the satisfaction or acquisition of the desired good. For an entrepreneur, the desired good is the successful operation of his firm and the maximization of profits.

Expectations - an assessment by a given person of the likelihood of a certain event. For example, most people expect the ending of a higher educational institution allow them to get more Good work or that if you work hard, you can make a career. Analyzing the motivation of labor activity, the expectation theory identifies three important relationships: labor costs - results; results - reward and valence (satisfaction with this reward). Expectations for the first link (3-P) is the ratio between the effort expended and the results obtained. Expectations for results - rewards (P-B) - these are expectations of a certain remuneration or encouragement in response to the achieved results of work, i.e. what is currently most valuable to the entrepreneur The third factor - valency (the value of the incentive or reward) - is the expected degree of relative satisfaction or dissatisfaction arising from the receipt of a certain reward. Since different people have different needs and desires for rewards, the specific reward offered in response to the results achieved may not be of any value to them.

The theory of justice also provides an explanation of how people distribute and direct their efforts to achieve their goals, both workers and entrepreneurs.

All of the above when considering this theory is true for employees working in the firm of an entrepreneur. As for the personality of the entrepreneur himself, his motivation is somewhat different. As we have already said, the reward for him is either internal from the results of entrepreneurial work, or the maximum possible profit. In the conditions of competition that exists in a market economy, similar entrepreneurs who produce substitute goods can earn higher profits for the same volume. products sold due to supply and demand conditions.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the motivation of an entrepreneur in his activities is as important as the motivation of an employee in the labor process and even more significant, since entrepreneurial initiative is the engine of progress and contributes to the development and establishment of perfect market forms of management.

In this regard, the study of motivating factors and the formation of a clear motivational mechanism in the activities of an entrepreneur require detailed and in-depth research and acceptance by society.

None of the existing motivational theories can comprehensively explain all the needs and motives of human behavior in the process of his activity.

Theoretical issues of "humanization" of business and production were first reflected in the teachings of the school human relations Mayo and in the so-called "industrial democracy" - a form of participation that gives employees at all levels of the organization the right to participate in decisions that affect their interests. In recent decades, the processes of movement towards a socially oriented market economy have been expressed in the concept of “development human resources". This concept formed the basis of the theory of human capital, according to which investing in education, improving the quality work force as natural as investing in machinery and technology.

The formation of a market economy in Russia is impossible without increasing the role of the human factor. Of particular importance in the present conditions are the issues of working with personnel, which constitute the human factor in the development of social production.

2.2 Motives of entrepreneurial activity and their types

For a successful entry individual in the image of an entrepreneur, the latter needs, first of all, to realize the motives that prompt him to open his own business and, thereby, become an independent subject of entrepreneurial business.

Under the motive should be understood the totality of people's motives for certain actions. Motives for entrepreneurial behavior are formed when there is a need to be entrepreneurial. A conscious, meaningful, studied need becomes a behavioral motive. Therefore, the entrepreneurial actions of people and their choice of an entrepreneurial profession are based not only on their vocation, but also on their desire.

The motive (installation) of entrepreneurial action is the state of predisposition, readiness, inclination of the entrepreneur to act in one way or another. Predisposition is the internal position of the entrepreneur in relation to various objects and situations, including other people, relating to his business area. Motives (attitudes) give the situation a personal entrepreneurial meaning.

Getting income, making profit is the main motive, but it is not an end in itself and is not final. Not all entrepreneurial activity is carried out for personal consumption, on the contrary, it is opposed to any kind of hedonism. Since entrepreneurship is inherently not only strategic, but creative activity with a high degree autonomy in decision making. In other words, the entrepreneur is fascinated by the very process of striving for independence and self-realization. And, money (as income) is a criterion of success that demonstrates how well the originally conceived entrepreneurial project is implemented. Also, this money acts as a means of ensuring social recognition from society and increasing business reputation entrepreneur.

This way you can draw a diagram:

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The concepts of “entrepreneurial activity motive” and “entrepreneurial attitude”, although close in meaning, do not completely coincide. The motive is more mobile, more subject to emotions. On the contrary, the installation is more stable.

The following groups of motives that encourage people to entrepreneurial activity can be distinguished:

economic motives;

social motives;

psychological motives;

physical motives;

humanistic motives.

Economic motives: the desire to derive economic benefit through the achievement of the success of victory, or the success of survival, or both. The economic benefit consists in providing yourself and your loved ones with the means of subsistence, sufficient, at a minimum, to support life and reproduce their labor force, and, as a maximum, to strengthen personal competitive potential and provide personal competitive advantage over other entrepreneurs.

The economic motives of entrepreneurial activity outwardly act as:

property motives that encourage people to maintain or expand the list of objects of possession, disposal, use, to maintain, strengthen the vertical of entrepreneurial power and increase their administrative resource;

work motives that motivate people to achieve success in professional work, the growth of personal professional competitiveness, strengthening personal competitive advantages and overcoming personal competitive shortcomings;

financial motives that encourage people to receive financial revenue, or to increase it as a result of successful transactions.

People are driven to entrepreneurial activity not only by economic motives, but also by others. So, among the social motives of entrepreneurial behavior are:

initiation of forms of social communication (social communications) as a way to implement, maintain and strengthen one's own social energy;

achieving success in society on legal grounds, maintaining legal adequacy, subordinating the "case" to the applicable rules of law, combined with initiating the improvement of these rules;

public presentation of personal competitive advantages and achievements;

formation and strengthening of a positive reputation in the eyes of the environment;

the acquisition of social knowledge, skills, including the use of someone else's experience in their own activities and learning from the mistakes of others;

gaining social, including legal comfort.

The social motives of entrepreneurial behavior reflect the social principle in the nature of people, the need for social communications, the desire for social adequacy, public recognition. social communication always initiated by certain people who independently take steps to create the necessary forms of such communication. Therefore, the social motivation of entrepreneurial behavior is contained in the constant evolution of social communications.

The psychological motives of entrepreneurial activity reflect the need of many people for effective self-realization, development of personal qualities, awareness of one's own personality, self-affirmation in business relations, optimization of interpersonal contacts and the formation of psychological stability. Through enterprising behavior, people form the mechanisms of emotional interaction with other people, develop in themselves such qualities as perseverance, self-confidence, attention, will, accuracy, openness, patience, consistency in actions, etc.

And, finally, the humanistic motivation of people for entrepreneurial activity is based on their needs, which have an ethical, aesthetic, ideological (conceptual, general philosophical) character. The humanistic motives of entrepreneurship consist in the desire of people for ethical, aesthetic, ideological self-realization, the acquisition of appropriate forms of adequacy based on following established ideas and established procedures, initiating changes to establish new orders and form new ideas. These motives reflect the needs of people for active behavior, dominance, development, and gaining comfort in the ethical, aesthetic, and ideological fields.

It is necessary to distinguish among the motives of entrepreneurial behavior motivational motives, that is, true, real motives, and motives of judgment, that is, those that are proclaimed by the entrepreneur, openly recognized by him. The latter can be called entrepreneurial motivations.

There are several main milestones in the motivation structure of a Russian entrepreneur:

An acute or obsessive desire to stand out, to prove oneself, to show oneself and one's abilities.

The desire for independence, the reluctance to work for the "uncle", who allegedly profits from mere mortals.

The desire to satisfy their needs for leadership.

A desperate struggle for self-expression, self-realization and so on.

People get involved in professional entrepreneurship, not only responding to the need to be entrepreneurial, but also to the need, the inability to find a job for hire, the desire to be entrepreneurs, the desire for professional development.

Every legally free person has the right to choose between professional entrepreneurship and professional wage labor. After all, one can work as an entrepreneur, or as a teacher;

The choice of entrepreneurial profession by people is complemented by the choice of the subject of entrepreneurship - the subject area or subject areas of the economy, a particular sector or a combination of market sectors. A professional entrepreneur must present himself to his environment as a specialist in his field. He becomes such by carrying out professional activities in those subject areas of business that he considered necessary to master. He acts as an entrepreneur-specialist, doing business in any one, specific market sector, or as a generalist entrepreneur who prefers to diversify his business.

A motivated choice between wage labor and entrepreneurial business in favor of entrepreneurship automatically includes determining the geography and subject composition of the markets into which a new subject of professional entrepreneurship decides to invade or in which it is going to gain a foothold.

The study of motives, attitudes, value orientations of behavior various categories and groups of entrepreneurs, for example, by order of the business structures themselves, or interested state bodies, allows you to determine the prevailing trends in the attitudes of entrepreneurs to their activities, which is very important for the entire population of the region, country. By creating a system of incentives based on such knowledge of the motives of business activity, it is possible to regulate relations in the field of entrepreneurship, both on the part of the entrepreneurs themselves and on the part of the relevant state structures- representative and executive power, which is very important today.

Conclusion

Analysis of the theoretical material on the general problem, which reveals the motivation of modern entrepreneurship, showed that the motivational sphere of the entrepreneur's personality is complex and multifaceted.

A review of the problem showed that success-oriented entrepreneurs prefer moderate risk that justifies the expectation. Those who are afraid of failure prefer a small or, conversely, too high a level of risk. The higher the entrepreneur's motivation for success - achieving the goal, the lower the willingness to take risks. Overall, the study found that entrepreneurs' motivation to achieve success outweighs the motivation to avoid failure, although not significantly.

The following components can be attributed to the features of the motivation of modern entrepreneurship:

First, the readiness of entrepreneurs to take risks. In the course of considering this problem, it was revealed that although he prefers “challenge” situations, he is more prone to moderate risk; rather, he weighs the risk and takes action to reduce it or control the results;

secondly, the freedom of choice of entrepreneurs and their desire for independence. Freedom of choice implies, first of all, the ability to work creatively, despite the circumstances and objective reasons;

thirdly, volitional qualities. Among the most important volitional qualities inherent in modern entrepreneurship, we highlight initiative, independence, independence, determination, perseverance and self-control;

fourthly, the presence of entrepreneurial tension. Entrepreneurial tension as a personality trait can increase or decrease depending on the expected result of the activity, and it is nothing more than a manifestation of anxiety.

The course work consists of two sections. The first section is devoted to theoretical issues of entrepreneurial activity. The first subsection describes the concepts of "entrepreneur", "entrepreneurial activity" and "business". The second subsection describes the essence (structure) of entrepreneurship: features, types and functions.

The second section describes and analyzes the structure of entrepreneurial motivation. The first subsection is devoted to the theoretical and methodological foundations of motivation in modern entrepreneurship. The second subsection is devoted to describing the motives of entrepreneurial activity and their types. In the last, third subsection, an assessment of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity is carried out.

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The main motives for participation in entrepreneurship. Motivation in business: four main incentives for an entrepreneur

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