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Russian Civil War(1917-1922/1923) - a series of armed conflicts between various political, ethnic, social groups and state formations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which followed the transfer of power to the Bolsheviks as a result of the October Revolution of 1917.

The Civil War was the result of a revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War and led to the fall of the monarchy, economic ruin, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war throughout the country between the armed forces of the Soviet government and the anti-Bolshevik authorities.

White movement- military-political movement of politically heterogeneous forces, formed during the Civil War of 1917-1923 in Russia with the aim of overthrowing the Soviet regime. It included representatives of both moderate socialists and republicans, and monarchists, united against the Bolshevik ideology and acting on the basis of the principle of "Great, United and Indivisible Russia" (ideological movement of whites). The White movement was the largest anti-Bolshevik military-political force during the Russian Civil War and existed alongside other democratic anti-Bolshevik governments, nationalist separatist movements in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Crimea, and Basmachi in Central Asia.

A number of features distinguish the White movement from the rest of the anti-Bolshevik forces of the Civil War:

The White movement was an organized military-political movement against the Soviet regime and its allied political structures, its intransigence towards the Soviet regime ruled out any peaceful, compromise outcome of the Civil War.

The white movement was distinguished by its focus on priority in war time sole power over the collegial, and the military - over the civil. White governments were characterized by the absence of a clear separation of powers, representative bodies either played no role or had only advisory functions.

The White movement tried to legalize itself on a national scale, proclaiming its continuity from pre-February and pre-October Russia.

The recognition by all regional white governments of the all-Russian power of Admiral A. V. Kolchak led to a desire to achieve a commonality of political programs and coordination of military operations. The solution of agrarian, labor, national and other basic issues was fundamentally similar.

The white movement had a common symbolism: a tricolor white-blue-red flag, the official anthem "Glorious be our Lord in Zion."

Publicists and historians who sympathize with the whites name the following reasons for the defeat of the white cause:

The Reds controlled the densely populated central regions. There were more people in these territories than in the territories controlled by whites.

The regions that began to support the Whites (for example, the Don and Kuban), as a rule, suffered more than others from the Red Terror.

The inexperience of white leaders in politics and diplomacy.

Conflicts of whites with the national separatist governments because of the slogan of "One and indivisible." Therefore, the whites repeatedly had to fight on two fronts.

Workers' and Peasants' Red Army- official species name armed forces: ground forces and the air force, which, together with the MS of the Red Army, the troops of the NKVD of the USSR (border troops, troops of the internal security of the republic and the State escort guards) made up the Armed Forces of the RSFSR / USSR from February 15 (23), 1918 to February 25, 1946 .

February 23, 1918 is considered to be the day of the creation of the Red Army (see Defender of the Fatherland Day). It was on this day that the mass enrollment of volunteers in the Red Army detachments began, created in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army", signed on January 15 (28).

L. D. Trotsky actively participated in the creation of the Red Army.

The supreme governing body of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (since the formation of the USSR - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR). The leadership and management of the army was concentrated in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, in the special All-Russian Collegium created under it, since 1923 the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR, since 1937 the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1919-1934, the Revolutionary Military Council carried out direct command of the troops. In 1934, to replace it, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR was formed.

Detachments and squads of the Red Guard - armed detachments and squads of sailors, soldiers and workers, in Russia in 1917 - supporters (not necessarily members) of leftist parties - Social Democrats (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and "Mezhraiontsy"), Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, as well as detachments Red partisans became the basis of the Red Army detachments.

Initially, the main unit of the formation of the Red Army, on a voluntary basis, was a separate detachment, which was a military unit with an independent economy. At the head of the detachment was a Council consisting of a military leader and two military commissars. He had a small headquarters and an inspectorate.

With the accumulation of experience and after the involvement of military experts in the ranks of the Red Army, the formation of full-fledged units, units, formations (brigade, division, corps), institutions and institutions began.

The organization of the Red Army was in accordance with its class character and the military requirements of the early 20th century. The combined arms units of the Red Army were built as follows:

The rifle corps consisted of two to four divisions;

Division - from three rifle regiments, an artillery regiment (artillery regiment) and technical units;

Regiment - from three battalions, an artillery battalion and technical units;

Cavalry Corps - two cavalry divisions;

Cavalry division - four to six regiments, artillery, armored units (armored units), technical units.

The technical equipment of the military formations of the Red Army with fire weapons) and military equipment were basically at the level of modern advanced armed forces of that time

The USSR Law "On Compulsory Military Service", adopted on September 18, 1925 by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, determined the organizational structure of the Armed Forces, which included rifle troops, cavalry, artillery, armored forces, engineering troops, signal troops, air and sea forces, troops united state political administration and escort guards of the USSR. Their number in 1927 was 586,000 personnel.

Chronology

• 1918 I stage of the civil war - "democratic"
• 1918 June Nationalization Decree
• January 1919 Introduction of the surplus appraisal
• 1919 Fight against A.V. Kolchak, A.I. Denikin, Yudenich
• 1920 Soviet-Polish war
• 1920 Fight against P.N. Wrangel
• 1920 November End of the civil war in European territory
• 1922, October The end of the civil war on Far East

Civil war and military intervention

Civil War- “the armed struggle between various groups of the population, which was based on deep social, national and political contradictions, took place with the active intervention of foreign forces various stages and stages…” (Academician Yu.A. Polyakov).

In modern historical science there is no single definition of the concept of "civil war". In the encyclopedic dictionary we read: "Civil war is an organized armed struggle for power between classes, social groups, the most acute form of class struggle." This definition actually repeats Lenin's well-known saying that civil war is the most acute form of class struggle.

Currently, various definitions are given, but their essence basically boils down to the definition of the Civil War as a large-scale armed confrontation, in which, of course, the issue of power was decided. Capture by the Bolsheviks state power in Russia and the subsequent dispersal of the Constituent Assembly can be considered the beginning of an armed confrontation in Russia. The first shots are heard in the South of Russia, in the Cossack regions, already in the autumn of 1917.

General Alekseev, last chief of staff tsarist army, begins to form a Volunteer Army on the Don, but by the beginning of 1918 it is no more than 3,000 officers and cadets.

As A.I. Denikin in "Essays on Russian Troubles", "the white movement grew spontaneously and inevitably."

During the first months of the victory of Soviet power, armed clashes were local in nature, all opponents of the new government gradually determined their strategy and tactics.

This confrontation took on a truly front-line, large-scale character in the spring of 1918. Let us single out three main stages in the development of armed confrontation in Russia, proceeding primarily from taking into account the balance of political forces and the specifics of the formation of fronts.

The first stage begins in the spring of 1918 when the military-political confrontation acquires a global character, large-scale military operations begin. The defining feature of this stage is its so-called "democratic" character, when representatives of the socialist parties came out as an independent anti-Bolshevik camp with slogans for the return of political power to the Constituent Assembly and the restoration of the gains of the February Revolution. It is this camp that chronologically outstrips the White Guard camp in its organizational design.

At the end of 1918, the second stage begins- confrontation between whites and reds. Until the beginning of 1920, one of the main political opponents of the Bolsheviks was the white movement with the slogans of "non-decision of the state system" and the elimination of Soviet power. This direction endangered not only the October, but also the February conquests. Their main political force was the Cadet Party, and the base for the formation of the army was the generals and officers of the former tsarist army. The Whites were united by their hatred of the Soviet regime and the Bolsheviks, the desire to preserve a united and indivisible Russia.

The final stage of the Civil War begins in 1920. the events of the Soviet-Polish war and the fight against P. N. Wrangel. The defeat of Wrangel at the end of 1920 marked the end of the Civil War, but anti-Soviet armed uprisings continued in many regions of Soviet Russia even during the years of the new economic policy.

nationwide scope armed struggle has acquired since the spring of 1918 and turned into the greatest disaster, the tragedy of the entire Russian people. In this war there were no right and wrong, winners and losers. 1918 - 1920 - in these years the military question was of decisive importance for the fate of the Soviet power and the bloc of anti-Bolshevik forces opposing it. This period ended with the liquidation in November 1920 of the last white front in the European part of Russia (in the Crimea). On the whole, the country emerged from the state of civil war in the autumn of 1922 after the remnants of white formations and foreign (Japanese) military units were expelled from the territory of the Russian Far East.

A feature of the civil war in Russia was its close interweaving with anti-Soviet military intervention powers of the Entente. It acted as the main factor in prolonging and exacerbating the bloody "Russian turmoil".

So, in the periodization of the civil war and intervention, three stages are quite clearly distinguished. The first of them covers the time from spring to autumn 1918; the second - from the autumn of 1918 to the end of 1919; and the third - from the spring of 1920 to the end of 1920.

The first stage of the civil war (spring - autumn 1918)

In the first months of the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, armed clashes were local in nature, all opponents of the new government gradually determined their strategy and tactics. Armed struggle acquired a nationwide scale in the spring of 1918. Back in January 1918, Romania, taking advantage of the weakness of the Soviet government, captured Bessarabia. In March-April 1918, the first contingents of troops from England, France, the USA and Japan appeared on Russian territory (in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, in Vladivostok, in Central Asia). They were small and could not noticeably influence the military and political situation in the country. "War Communism"

At the same time, the enemy of the Entente - Germany - occupied the Baltic states, part of Belarus, Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus. The Germans actually dominated Ukraine: they overthrew the bourgeois-democratic Verkhovna Rada, which they used during the occupation of Ukrainian lands, and in April 1918 put Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky.

Under these conditions, the Supreme Council of the Entente decided to use the 45,000th Czechoslovak Corps, who was (in agreement with Moscow) subordinate to him. It consisted of captured Slavic soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army and followed railway to Vladivostok for subsequent transfer to France.

According to an agreement concluded on March 26, 1918 with the Soviet government, the Czechoslovak legionnaires were to advance "not as a combat unit, but as a group of citizens with weapons in order to repel the armed attacks of counter-revolutionaries." However, during the movement, their conflicts with local authorities became more frequent. Since the Czechs and Slovaks had more military weapons than provided for in the agreement, the authorities decided to confiscate them. On May 26, in Chelyabinsk, conflicts escalated into real battles, and the legionnaires occupied the city. Their armed action was immediately supported by the military missions of the Entente in Russia and the anti-Bolshevik forces. As a result, in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia and in the Far East - wherever there were echelons with Czechoslovak legionnaires - Soviet power was overthrown. At the same time, in many provinces of Russia, the peasants, dissatisfied with the food policy of the Bolsheviks, revolted (according to official data, there were at least 130 major anti-Soviet peasant uprisings alone).

Socialist parties(mainly right SRs), relying on interventionist landings, the Czechoslovak Corps and peasant rebel detachments, formed a number of governments Komuch (Committee of members of the Constituent Assembly) in Samara, the Supreme Administration of the Northern Region in Arkhangelsk, the West Siberian Commissariat in Novonikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk), The Provisional Siberian Government in Tomsk, the Trans-Caspian Provisional Government in Ashgabat, etc. In their activities, they tried to compose “ democratic alternative”both the Bolshevik dictatorship and the bourgeois-monarchist counter-revolution. Their programs included demands for the convening of a Constituent Assembly, the restoration of the political rights of all citizens without exception, freedom of trade and the rejection of strict state regulation. economic activity peasants while maintaining a number of important provisions of the Soviet Decree on Land, establishing “ social partnership”workers and capitalists during denationalization industrial enterprises etc.

Thus, the performance of the Czechoslovak corps gave impetus to the formation of the front, which bore the so-called "democratic coloring" and was mainly Socialist-Revolutionary. It was this front, and not the white movement, that was decisive at the initial stage of the Civil War.

In the summer of 1918, all opposition forces became a real threat to the Bolshevik government, which controlled only the territory of the center of Russia. The territory controlled by Komuch included the Volga region and part of the Urals. Bolshevik power was also overthrown in Siberia, where a regional government of the Siberian Duma was formed. The breakaway parts of the empire - Transcaucasia, Central Asia, the Baltic States - had their own national governments. The Germans captured the Ukraine, the Don and Kuban were captured by Krasnov and Denikin.

On August 30, 1918, a terrorist group killed the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, Uritsky, and the right-wing Socialist-Revolutionary Kaplan seriously wounded Lenin. The threat of losing political power to the ruling Bolshevik Party became catastrophically real.

In September 1918, a meeting of representatives of a number of anti-Bolshevik governments of democratic and social orientation was held in Ufa. Under pressure from the Czechoslovaks, who threatened to open the front to the Bolsheviks, they established a single All-Russian government- The Ufa directory, headed by the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionaries N.D. Avksentiev and V.M. Zenzinov. Soon the directory settled in Omsk, where a well-known polar explorer and scientist, former commander Black Sea Fleet Admiral A.V. Kolchak.

The right, bourgeois-monarchist wing of the camp opposing the Bolsheviks as a whole had not yet recovered at that time from the defeat of its first post-October armed onslaught on them (which largely explained the “democratic coloring” of the initial stage of the civil war on the part of anti-Soviet forces). The White Volunteer Army, which, after the death of General L.G. Kornilov in April 1918 was headed by General A.I. Denikin, operated on a limited territory of the Don and Kuban. Only the Cossack army of ataman P.N. Krasnov managed to advance to Tsaritsyn and cut off the grain regions of the North Caucasus from the central regions of Russia, and Ataman A.I. Dutov - to capture Orenburg.

The position of Soviet power by the end of the summer of 1918 became critical. Almost three-quarters of the territory of the former Russian Empire was under the control of various anti-Bolshevik forces, as well as the occupying Austro-German troops.

Soon, however, a turning point occurs on the main front (Eastern). Soviet troops under the command of I.I. Vatsetis and S.S. Kamenev in September 1918 went on the offensive there. Kazan fell first, then Simbirsk, and Samara in October. By winter, the Reds approached the Urals. The attempts of General P.N. Krasnov to capture Tsaritsyn, undertaken in July and September 1918.

From October 1918, the Southern Front became the main one. In the South of Russia, the Volunteer Army of General A.I. Denikin captured the Kuban, and the Don Cossack army of Ataman P.N. Krasnova tried to take Tsaritsyn and cut the Volga.

The Soviet government launched active actions to protect its power. In 1918, a transition was made to universal military service , a broad mobilization was launched. The constitution, adopted in July 1918, established discipline in the army and introduced the institution of military commissars.

You signed up as a volunteer poster

As part of the Central Committee, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was allocated for the prompt solution of problems of a military and political nature. It included: V.I. Lenin --Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars; L.B. Krestinsky - Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party; I.V. Stalin - People's Commissar for Nationalities; L.D. Trotsky - Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. Candidate members were N.I. Bukharin - editor of the newspaper Pravda, G.E. Zinoviev - Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, M.I. Kalinin - Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Under the direct control of the Central Committee of the party, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, headed by L.D. Trotsky. The institute of military commissars was introduced in the spring of 1918, one of its important tasks was to control the activities of military specialists - former officers. By the end of 1918, there were about 7,000 commissars in the Soviet armed forces. About 30% of the former generals and officers of the old army during the Civil War came out on the side of the Red Army.

This was determined by two main factors:

• speaking on the side of the Bolshevik government for ideological reasons;
• the policy of attracting "military specialists" to the Red Army - former tsarist officers - was carried out by L.D. Trotsky using repressive methods.

war communism

In 1918, the Bolsheviks introduced a system of emergency measures, economic and political, known as “ war communism policy”. Basic acts this policy became Decree of May 13, 1918 g., giving broad powers to the People's Commissariat for Food (People's Commissariat for Food), and Decree of 28 June 1918 on nationalization.

The main provisions of this policy:

• nationalization of all industry;
• centralization of economic management;
• prohibition of private trade;
• curtailment of commodity-money relations;
• food allocation;
• an equalizing system of wages for workers and employees;
• wages in kind for workers and employees;
• free public services;
• universal labor service.

June 11, 1918 were created combos(committees of the poor), which were supposed to seize surplus agricultural products from wealthy peasants. Their actions were supported by parts of the prodarmiya (food army), consisting of Bolsheviks and workers. From January 1919, the search for surpluses was replaced by a centralized and planned system of surplus appropriations (Reader T8 No. 5).

Each region and county had to hand over a fixed amount of grain and other products (potatoes, honey, butter, eggs, milk). When the rate of change was met, the villagers received a receipt for the right to purchase industrial goods(cloth, sugar, salt, matches, kerosene).

June 28, 1918 the state has started nationalization of enterprises with a capital of more than 500 rubles. Back in December 1917, when the Supreme Economic Council (Supreme Council of the National Economy) was created, he took up nationalization. But the nationalization of labor was not massive (by March 1918 no more than 80 enterprises had been nationalized). It was primarily a repressive measure against entrepreneurs who resisted workers' control. Now it was government policy. By November 1, 1919, 2,500 enterprises had been nationalized. In November 1920, a decree was issued extending the nationalization to all enterprises with more than 10 or 5 workers, but using a mechanical engine.

Decree of November 21, 1918 was established monopoly on internal trade. Trade Soviet authority replaced by public distribution. Citizens received food through the system of the People's Commissariat for Food on cards, of which, for example, in Petrograd in 1919 there were 33 types: bread, dairy, shoe, etc. The population was divided into three categories:
workers and scientists and artists equated to them;
employees;
former exploiters.

Due to the lack of food, even the wealthiest received only ¼ of the prescribed ration.

Under such conditions, the “black market” flourished. The government fought the bagmen by forbidding them to travel by train.

AT social sphere the policy of "war communism" was based on the principle "who does not work, he does not eat." In 1918, labor service was introduced for representatives of the former exploiting classes, and in 1920, universal labor service.

In the political sphere"war communism" meant the undivided dictatorship of the RCP (b). The activities of other parties (the Cadets, Mensheviks, Right and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries) were banned.

The consequences of the policy of "war communism" were the deepening of economic ruin, the reduction of production in industry and agriculture. However, it was precisely this policy that in many ways allowed the Bolsheviks to mobilize all the resources and win the Civil War.

The Bolsheviks assigned a special role in the victory over the class enemy to mass terror. On September 2, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution proclaiming the beginning of "mass terror against the bourgeoisie and its agents." Head of the Cheka F.E. Dzherzhinsky said: "We are terrorizing the enemies of Soviet power." The policy of mass terror assumed a state character. Shooting on the spot became commonplace.

The second stage of the civil war (autumn 1918 - late 1919)

From November 1918, the front-line war entered the stage of confrontation between the Reds and the Whites. The year 1919 became decisive for the Bolsheviks, a reliable and constantly growing Red Army was created. But their opponents, actively supported by former allies, united among themselves. The international situation has also changed drastically. Germany and her allies in the world war laid down their arms before the Entente in November. Revolutions took place in Germany and Austria-Hungary. Leadership of the RSFSR November 13, 1918 annulled, and the new governments of these countries were forced to evacuate their troops from Russia. Bourgeois-national governments arose in Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, and the Ukraine, which immediately took the side of the Entente.

The defeat of Germany freed up significant combat contingents of the Entente and at the same time opened up for her a convenient and short road to Moscow from the southern regions. Under these conditions, the intention to crush Soviet Russia with the forces of its own armies prevailed in the Entente leadership.

In the spring of 1919, the Supreme Council of the Entente developed a plan for the next military campaign. (Reader T8 No. 8) As noted in one of his secret documents, the intervention was to be "expressed in the combined military operations of the Russian anti-Bolshevik forces and the armies of neighboring allied states." At the end of November 1918, a combined Anglo-French squadron of 32 pennants (12 battleships, 10 cruisers and 10 destroyers) appeared off the Black Sea coast of Russia. British troops landed in Batum and Novorossiysk, and French troops landed in Odessa and Sevastopol. Total population the combat forces of the interventionists concentrated in the south of Russia was increased by February 1919 to 130 thousand people. Entente contingents increased significantly in the Far East and Siberia (up to 150,000 men) and also in the North (up to 20,000 men).

Start of foreign military intervention and civil war (February 1918 - March 1919)

In Siberia, on November 18, 1918, Admiral A.V. came to power. Kolchak. . He put an end to the disorderly actions of the anti-Bolshevik coalition.

Having dispersed the Directory, he proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia (the rest of the leaders of the white movement soon declared subordination to him). Admiral Kolchak in March 1919 began to advance on a broad front from the Urals to the Volga. The main bases of his army were Siberia, the Urals, the Orenburg province and the Ural region. In the north, from January 1919, General E.K. began to play the leading role. Miller, in the northwest - General N.N. Yudenich. In the south, the dictatorship of the commander of the Volunteer Army A.I. Denikin, who in January 1919 subjugated the Don Army of General P.N. Krasnov and created the united Armed Forces of the South of Russia.

The second stage of the civil war (autumn 1918 - late 1919)

In March 1919, the well-armed 300,000-strong army of A.V. Kolchak launched an offensive from the east, intending to unite with Denikin's forces for a joint attack on Moscow. Having captured Ufa, the Kolchakites fought their way to Simbirsk, Samara, Votkinsk, but were soon stopped by the Red Army. At the end of April, Soviet troops under the command of S.S. Kamenev and M.V. The Frunze went on the offensive and in the summer advanced deep into Siberia. By the beginning of 1920, the Kolchakites were finally defeated, and the admiral himself was arrested and shot by the verdict of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee.

In the summer of 1919, the center of the armed struggle moved to the Southern Front. (Reader T8 No. 7) On July 3, General A.I. Denikin issued his famous "Moscow Directive", and his army of 150,000 men launched an offensive along the entire 700-kilometer front from Kyiv to Tsaritsin. The White Front included such important centers as Voronezh, Orel, Kyiv. In this space of 1 million square meters. km with a population of up to 50 million people located 18 provinces and regions. By mid-autumn, Denikin's army captured Kursk and Orel. But by the end of October, the troops of the Southern Front (commander A.I. Yegorov) defeated the white regiments, and then began to push them along the entire front line. The remnants of Denikin's army, headed by General P.N. Wrangel, strengthened in the Crimea.

The final stage of the civil war (spring-autumn 1920)

At the beginning of 1920, as a result of hostilities, the outcome of the front-line Civil War was actually decided in favor of the Bolshevik government. At the final stage, the main hostilities were associated with the Soviet-Polish war and the fight against Wrangel's army.

Significantly aggravated the nature of the civil war Soviet-Polish war. Head of the Polish State Marshal Y. Pilsudsky hatched a plan to create " Greater Poland within the borders of 1772” from Baltic Sea to Black, which includes a large part of the Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian lands, including those never controlled by Warsaw. The Polish national government was supported by the Entente countries, which sought to create a "sanitary bloc" of Eastern European countries between Bolshevik Russia and the West. On April 17, Pilsudski ordered an attack on Kyiv and signed an agreement with Ataman Petliura, Poland recognized the Directory headed by Petliura as the supreme power of Ukraine. May 7 Kyiv was taken. The victory was won unusually easily, because the Soviet troops withdrew without serious resistance.

But already on May 14, a successful counter-offensive of the troops of the Western Front (commander M.N. Tukhachevsky) began, and on May 26 - the South-Western Front (commander A.I. Egorov). In mid-July, they reached the borders of Poland. On June 12, Soviet troops occupied Kyiv. The speed of a victory won can only be compared with the speed of an earlier defeat.

The war with bourgeois-landlord Poland and the defeat of Wrangel's troops (IV-XI 1920)

On July 12, British Foreign Secretary Lord D. Curzon sent a note to the Soviet government - in fact, an ultimatum from the Entente demanding to stop the Red Army's advance on Poland. As a truce, the so-called “ Curzon line”, which took place mainly along the ethnic border of the settlement of the Poles.

The Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), clearly overestimating its own forces and underestimating the forces of the enemy, put before the high command of the Red Army a new strategic objective: to continue the revolutionary war. IN AND. Lenin believed that the victorious entry of the Red Army into Poland would cause uprisings of the Polish working class and revolutionary uprisings in Germany. For this purpose, the Soviet government of Poland was promptly formed - the Provisional Revolutionary Committee consisting of F.E. Dzerzhinsky, F.M. Kona, Yu.Yu. Marchlevsky and others.

This attempt ended in disaster. The troops of the Western Front in August 1920 were defeated near Warsaw.

In October, the belligerents signed an armistice, and in March 1921, a peace treaty. Under its terms, a significant part of the lands in the west of Ukraine and Belarus went to Poland.

At the height of the Soviet-Polish war, action in the south, General P.N. Wrangell. With the help of harsh measures, up to public executions of demoralized officers, and relying on the support of France, the general turned Denikin's scattered divisions into a disciplined and combat-ready Russian army. In June 1920, an assault was landed from the Crimea on the Don and Kuban, and the main forces of the Wrangelites were thrown into the Donbass. On October 3, the offensive of the Russian army began in a northwestern direction towards Kakhovka.

The offensive of the Wrangel troops was repulsed, and during the operation launched on October 28 by the army of the Southern Front under the command of M.V. Frunze completely captured the Crimea. On November 14-16, 1920, an armada of ships under the St. Andrew's flag left the shores of the peninsula, taking away the broken white regiments and tens of thousands of civilian refugees to a foreign land. Thus, P.N. Wrangel saved them from the merciless red terror that hit the Crimea immediately after the evacuation of the Whites.

In the European part of Russia, after the capture of the Crimea, it was liquidated last white front. The military question ceased to be the main one for Moscow, but fighting on the outskirts of the country continued for many more months.

The Red Army, having defeated Kolchak, went out in the spring of 1920 to Transbaikalia. The Far East was at that time in the hands of Japan. To avoid a collision with it, the government of Soviet Russia contributed to the formation in April 1920 of a formally independent "buffer" state - the Far Eastern Republic (FER) with its capital in the city of Chita. Soon, the army of the Far East began military operations against the White Guards, supported by the Japanese, and in October 1922 occupied Vladivostok, completely clearing the Far East of whites and invaders. After that, it was decided to liquidate the FER and include it in the RSFSR.

The defeat of the interventionists and the whites in Eastern Siberia and the Far East (1918-1922)

The Civil War became the biggest drama of the 20th century and the greatest tragedy of Russia. The armed struggle that unfolded in the vastness of the country was carried out with extreme tension of the forces of the opponents, was accompanied by mass terror (both white and red), and was distinguished by exceptional mutual bitterness. Here is an excerpt from the memoirs of a participant in the Civil War, who talks about the soldiers of the Caucasian Front: “Well, how, son, is it not scary for a Russian to beat a Russian?” — the comrades ask the recruit. “At first it really seems awkward,” he replies, “and then, if the heart is inflamed, then no, nothing.” These words contain the merciless truth about the fratricidal war, in which almost the entire population of the country was drawn.

The fighting parties clearly understood that the struggle could only have a fatal outcome for one of the parties. That is why the civil war in Russia became a great tragedy for all its political camps, movements and parties.

“Red” (Bolsheviks and their supporters) believed that they were defending not only Soviet power in Russia, but also “the world revolution and the ideas of socialism.”

In the political struggle against Soviet power, two political movements consolidated:

• democratic counterrevolution with slogans for the return of political power to the Constituent Assembly and the restoration of the gains of the February (1917) revolution (many Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks advocated the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, but without the Bolsheviks (“For Soviets without Bolsheviks”));
• white movement with the slogans of "non-decision of the state system" and the elimination of Soviet power. This direction endangered not only the October, but also the February conquests. The counter-revolutionary white movement was not homogeneous. It included monarchists and liberal republicans, supporters of the Constituent Assembly and supporters of the military dictatorship. Among the “whites” there were also differences in foreign policy guidelines: some hoped for the support of Germany (Ataman Krasnov), others - for the help of the Entente powers (Denikin, Kolchak, Yudenich). The “Whites” were united by their hatred of the Soviet regime and the Bolsheviks, the desire to preserve a united and indivisible Russia. They did not have a single political program, the military in the leadership of the “white movement” pushed politicians into the background. There was also no clear coordination of actions between the main groups of "whites". The leaders of the Russian counter-revolution were competing and at enmity with each other.

In the anti-Soviet anti-Bolshevik camp, part of the political opponents of the Soviets acted under a single SR-White Guard flag, part - only under the White Guard.

Bolsheviks had a stronger social base than their opponents. They received the decisive support of the workers of the cities and the rural poor. The position of the main peasant mass was not stable and unequivocal, only the poorest part of the peasants consistently followed the Bolsheviks. The peasants' vacillation had its own reasons: the "Reds" gave land, but then introduced a surplus appropriation, which caused strong discontent in the countryside. However, the return of the old order was also unacceptable for the peasantry: the victory of the “whites” threatened the return of land to the landowners and severe punishments for the destruction of landlord estates.

The Socialist-Revolutionaries and Anarchists hurried to take advantage of the vacillations of the peasants. They managed to involve a significant part of the peasantry in the armed struggle, both against the whites and against the reds.

For both warring parties, it was also important what position the Russian officers would take in the conditions of the civil war. Approximately 40% of the officers of the tsarist army joined the “white movement”, 30% sided with the Soviet government, 30% evaded participation in the civil war.

The Russian Civil War escalated armed intervention foreign powers. The interventionists conducted active military operations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, occupied some of its regions, contributed to inciting a civil war in the country and contributed to its prolongation. The intervention turned out an important factor“revolutionary all-Russian turmoil”, increased the number of victims.

Every Russian knows that in the Civil War of 1917-1922, two movements opposed - "red" and "white". But among historians there is still no consensus on how it began. Someone believes that the reason was Krasnov's March on the Russian capital (October 25); others believe that the war began when, in the near future, the commander of the Volunteer Army, Alekseev, arrived on the Don (November 2); there is also an opinion that the war began with the fact that Milyukov proclaimed the “Declaration of the Volunteer Army, delivering a speech at the ceremony, called the Don (December 27). Another popular opinion, which is far from unfounded, is the opinion that the Civil War began immediately after the February Revolution, when the whole society split into supporters and opponents of the Romanov monarchy.

"White" movement in Russia

Everyone knows that "whites" are adherents of the monarchy and the old order. Its beginnings were visible as early as February 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown in Russia and a total restructuring of society began. The development of the "white" movement was during the period when the Bolsheviks came to power, the formation of Soviet power. They represented a circle of dissatisfied with the Soviet government, disagreeing with its policy and principles of its conduct.
The "whites" were fans of the old monarchical system, refused to accept the new socialist order, adhered to the principles of traditional society. It is important to note that the “whites” were very often radicals, they did not believe that it was possible to agree on something with the “reds”, on the contrary, they had the opinion that no negotiations and concessions were allowed.
The "Whites" chose the tricolor of the Romanovs as their banner. Admiral Denikin and Kolchak commanded the white movement, one in the South, the other in the harsh regions of Siberia.
The historical event that became the impetus for the activation of the "whites" and the transition to their side of most of the former army of the Romanov Empire is the rebellion of General Kornilov, which, although it was suppressed, helped the "whites" strengthen their ranks, especially in southern regions, where, under the command of General Alekseev, huge resources and a powerful disciplined army began to gather. Every day the army was replenished due to newcomers, it grew rapidly, developed, tempered, trained.
Separately, it must be said about the commanders of the White Guards (this was the name of the army created by the "white" movement). They were unusually talented commanders, prudent politicians, strategists, tacticians, subtle psychologists, and skillful speakers. The most famous were Lavr Kornilov, Anton Denikin, Alexander Kolchak, Pyotr Krasnov, Pyotr Wrangel, Nikolai Yudenich, Mikhail Alekseev. You can talk about each of them for a long time, their talent and merits for the "white" movement can hardly be overestimated.
In the war, the White Guards won for a long time, and even brought their troops to Moscow. But the Bolshevik army was growing stronger, besides, they were supported by a significant part of the population of Russia, especially the poorest and most numerous sections - workers and peasants. In the end, the forces of the White Guards were smashed to smithereens. For some time they continued to operate abroad, but without success, the "white" movement ceased.

"Red" movement

Like the "whites", in the ranks of the "reds" there were many talented commanders and politicians. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Leon Trotsky, Brusilov, Novitsky, Frunze. These commanders showed themselves excellently in battles against the White Guards. Trotsky was the main founder of the Red Army, which was the decisive force in the confrontation between the "whites" and the "reds" in the Civil War. The ideological leader of the "red" movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person. Lenin and his government were actively supported by the most massive sections of the population of the Russian State, namely, the proletariat, the poor, landless and landless peasants, and the working intelligentsia. It was these classes who quickly believed the tempting promises of the Bolsheviks, supported them and brought the "Reds" to power.
The main party in the country was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was later turned into a communist party. In fact, it was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, whose social base was the working classes.
It was not easy for the Bolsheviks to win the Civil War - they had not yet completely strengthened their power throughout the country, the forces of their fans were dispersed throughout the vast country, plus the national outskirts began a national liberation struggle. A lot of strength went into the war with the Ukrainian People's Republic, so the Red Army during the Civil War had to fight on several fronts.
Attacks of the White Guards could come from any side of the horizon, because the White Guards surrounded the Red Army soldiers from all sides with four separate military formations. And despite all the difficulties, it was the “Reds” who won the war, mainly due to the broad social base of the Communist Party.
All representatives of the national outskirts united against the White Guards, and therefore they also became forced allies of the Red Army in the Civil War. To win over the inhabitants of the national outskirts, the Bolsheviks used loud slogans, such as the idea of ​​"one and indivisible Russia."
The Bolsheviks won the war with the support of the masses. The Soviet government played on the sense of duty and patriotism of Russian citizens. The White Guards themselves also added fuel to the fire, since their invasions were most often accompanied by mass robbery, looting, violence in its other manifestations, which could not in any way encourage people to support the "white" movement.

Results of the Civil War

As has been said several times, the victory in this fratricidal war went to the "Reds". The fratricidal civil war became a real tragedy for the Russian people. The material damage caused to the country by the war, according to estimates, amounted to about 50 billion rubles - unimaginable money at that time, several times higher than the amount of Russia's external debt. The level of industry because of this decreased by 14%, and Agriculture- by 50%. Human losses, according to various sources, ranged from 12 to 15 million. Most of these people died from starvation, repression, and disease. During the hostilities, more than 800 thousand soldiers from both sides gave their lives. Also, during the Civil War, the balance of migration dropped sharply - about 2 million Russians left the country and went abroad.

Registration N 20690

In accordance with federal law dated 30.03.1999 N 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (Collection of legislation Russian Federation, 1999, N 14, art. 1650; 2002, N 1 (part 1), Art. 2; 2003, N 2, Art. 167; 2003, N 27 (part 1), Art. 2700; 2004, N 35, Art. 3607; 2005, N 19, Art. 1752; 2006, N 1, art. ten; 2006, N 52 (part 1), Art. 5498; 2007, N 1 (part 1), art. 21; 2007, N 1 (part 1), art. 29; 2007, N 27, Art. 3213; 2007, N 46, art. 5554; 2007, N 49, Art. 6070; 2008, N 24, art. 2801; 2008, N 29 (part 1), Art. 3418; 2008, N 30 (part 2), Art. 3616; 2008, N 44, Art. 4984; 2008, N 52 (part 1), art. 6223; 2009, N 1, art. 17; 2010, N 40, Art. 4969; 2011, N 1, art. 6) and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2000 N 554 "On Approval of the Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Rationing" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 31, Art. 3295; 2004 , N 8, item 663; 2004, N 47, item 4666; 2005, N 39, item 3953) I decide:

Approve SP 2.3.6.2867-11 "Changes and additions No. 4 to the sanitary and epidemiological rules of SP 2.3.6.1079-01 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations Catering production and turnover in them of food products and food raw materials", approved by the decision of the Main State sanitary doctor of the Russian Federation, First Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation dated 08.11.2001 N 31 (registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 07.12.2001, registration number 3077); registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 23, 2003, registration number 4447), by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of May 3, 2007 N 25 "On Approval of SP 2.3.6.2202-07 - Amendments N 2 to SP 2.3.6.1079-01" (registered in Ministry of Justice of Russia 07.06.2007, registration number 9614); Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 12.29.2010 N 187 "On Approval of SP 2.3.6.2820-10 Supplement N 3 to SP 2.3.6.1079-01 (registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 17.03. 2011, registration number 20156) (appendix).

G. Onishchenko

Appendix

Amendments and additions No. 4 to SP 2.3.6.1079-01 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for public catering organizations, production and turnover of food products and food raw materials in them

Sanitary and epidemiological rules SP 2.3.6.2867-11

Make the following changes and additions to SP 2.3.6.1079-01:

1. Clause 1.2. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"These sanitary rules are binding on all citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs whose activities are related to the organization of catering for the population, including during mass public events (fairs, sports competitions, olympiads, university games, cultural and entertainment rallies and other similar public events).

2. In clause 2.2. After the first paragraph, add the following paragraph:

"When placing public catering organizations in attached, built-in and attached to residential and public buildings, on non-residential floors of residential buildings, in public buildings, hygienic standards for noise levels, infrasound, vibration, electromagnetic fields in the premises of residential, public buildings and on the territory of a residential buildings, as well as maximum permissible concentrations and approximate safe levels of exposure to pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas.

3. In clause 2.2. delete the third paragraph.

4. In paragraph 2.2. in the fourth paragraph of paragraph 2.2. after the words "to have entrances" delete the words "and emergency exits".

5. Clause 4.11. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"It is allowed to cook dishes on the grill in public catering establishments located in separate buildings, subject to the use of modern equipment."

6. Clause 5.2. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"For temporary storage ready meals before their implementation, public catering organizations should provide premises equipped with refrigerators and racks.

7. Clause 5.9. put in the editorial:

"In the workshops for the preparation of cold dishes, soft ice cream, confectionery shops bactericidal lamps are installed in the workshops and areas for portioning ready meals, packaging and forming sets of ready meals, which are used in accordance with the operating instructions.

8. Section V of these sanitary rules shall be supplemented with paragraph 5.16. the following content:

"5.16. In public catering organizations, cosmetic repairs should be carried out (whitewashing and painting of premises, preventive repairs of sanitary and technical and technological equipment) as needed and painting it."

9. Clause 6.1. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"When catering for participants in mass public events, a sufficient amount of dishes should be provided. When a catering organization provides catering services (cooking and delivering them to the place of order, heating dishes, table setting, cleaning dishes, premises and territory, carried out by field service personnel) the number of tableware and cutlery is completed in accordance with the number of servings for a single use. The supply of clean wine glasses and cups is calculated for 2-3 times the reception of drinks by visitors."

10. Clause 6.3. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"For grinding raw and past heat treatment food products, as well as for raw semi-finished products and culinary semi-finished products a high degree of readiness, separate technological equipment should be provided and used, and in universal machines - replaceable mechanisms.

11. Clause 6.5. add the third paragraph with the following content:

"Cutting equipment may be color-coded along with letter markings in accordance with the product processed on them. Cutting equipment for finished and raw products must be stored separately."

12. Clause 8.1. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"Cooking, culinary and confectionery carried out by catering personnel with hygienic training. It is not recommended to involve personnel for the simultaneous implementation of work within the framework of various technological processes for food processing."

13. Clause 8.2. add the following paragraphs:

"Manufacturing of products should be carried out according to technical documentation developed in the manner prescribed by law.

When holding mass public events, in order to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases (poisoning), public catering organizations are recommended to coordinate the range of dishes sold with the bodies exercising control and supervision functions in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population at the location of the public organization. nutrition."

14. In paragraph 8.7. the words "no more than 6 hours" shall be replaced by "no more than 12 hours".

15. In paragraph 8.11. in the first paragraph, after the words "vinaigrettes" add "and chopped components"

16. Clause 8.14. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

17. In paragraph 8.25. the words "If there is a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service" shall be replaced by "Subject to compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules", hereinafter in the text.

18. In the first paragraph of paragraph 8.26. delete the words "and the presence of a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion of the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service"

19. Clause 8.26. add the eighth paragraph as follows:

"- placement of the pavilion at a distance of no closer than 50 meters from residential buildings, medical and preventive organizations, sports and recreational and educational institutions."

20. In paragraph 8.27. the words "in the presence of a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion of the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service" shall be replaced by "subject to compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules."

21. Clause 9.3. add the second and third paragraphs as follows:

"It is not allowed to dress salad products, first and second courses with sauces, intended for sale outside a public catering organization. Sauces for dishes are delivered in individual consumer packaging.

Dishes that have undergone heat treatment and are intended for temporary storage prior to their sale must be subjected to rapid cooling from a temperature of +65 ° C to +5 ° C for 1 hour in a special quick cooling refrigerator. Portioning of ready meals, cold appetizers should be carried out in a room with an air temperature not higher than +16 ° C on tables with a cooled work surface.

22. Clause 9.7. add the second, third and fourth paragraphs as follows:

"Public catering products in the form of semi-finished products, chilled, frozen and hot dishes, culinary products, sold outside the public catering organization on consumer orders and in trade organizations and culinary departments, are packaged in consumer disposable packaging made from materials permitted for contact with food products.

Serving and portioning of dishes must be carried out by personnel using disposable gloves for each type of dish.

When conducting catering services (or catering at the orders of consumers outside a public catering organization), opening consumer packages with food, drinks, dishes, as well as portioning dishes, preparing culinary products for distribution is carried out in a dedicated separate room located directly at the venue of the event. .

23. Clause 9.9. add the second, third, fourth and fifth paragraphs as follows:

"The temperature of the dishes during their distribution must meet the requirements established in clause 9.2. of these sanitary rules.

Each container with food products (dishes, culinary products) must have a label indicating its name and address of the manufacturer, date and hour of manufacture, storage conditions and expiration dates.

In case of catering service, the picking of containers and carts with food products begins no earlier than 3 hours before the start of the event.

Each order is recorded in the accounting documentation indicating the name of the dish, the date and hour of production.

24. In the first paragraph of clause 9.10. delete the words "coordinated with the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service in the prescribed manner"

25. In paragraph 9.10. delete the second paragraph.

26. Clause 9.10. add the third paragraph with the following content:

"The sale of semi-finished products, ready meals and other products outside the public catering organization should be carried out with the presence of accompanying documents (consignment note, quality and safety certificate, declaration or certificate of conformity). The accompanying documents in the public catering organization must be stored for at least 30 days from the time the dish was made.

27. Clause 9.11. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"Delivery of ready-made meals for serving a public event should be carried out in tightly closed containers, boxes, thermal containers, cooler bags and other similar containers provided with a marking label. The labels are stored until the end of the service of the event"

28. Clause 9.13. add the fourth paragraph as follows:

"Food products produced in public catering organizations, the expiration date of which has expired, are subject to disposal or destruction in the prescribed manner."

29. Clause 13.4. add the tenth paragraph as follows:

"For additional processing of hands, the use of skin antiseptics is possible."

30. In paragraph 13.5. after the words "for the presence of pustular diseases" add ", as well as for workers involved in the preparation, portioning and serving of dishes, their distribution." Further in the text.

31. Clause 14.3. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"During the period of mass public events, catering organizations involved in catering are recommended to provide additional control for the quality and safety of prepared dishes. To control the prepared dishes, daily samples are taken.

The daily sample from the prepared dish is taken with sterile (or boiled) spoons into a labeled sterile (or boiled) glassware with tight-fitting glass or metal lids. Portion dishes are selected in full, while salads, first and third courses, side dishes - at least 100 gr.

The selected daily samples are stored for at least 48 hours in a special refrigerator or in a specially designated place in the refrigerator at a temperature of +2- +6 ° C.

32. Clause 16.1. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"Temporary quick service public catering organizations are provided with food products (semi-finished products, dishes, culinary and other products) prepared in stationary public catering organizations.

33. In paragraph 16.4. after the words "products from semi-finished products of a high degree of readiness" to add "in a consumer package that provides heat treatment food product."

34. Clause 16.4. add the following paragraph to the second paragraph:

"Temporary fast food catering establishments remote from stationary organizations catering should be equipped refrigeration equipment for the storage of perishable foodstuffs, drinks, ice cream."

"On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1999, N 14, item 1650; 2002, N 1 (part I), item 2; 2003, N 2, item 167; 2003, N 27 (Part I), Article 2700; 2004, No. 35, Article 3607; 2005, No. 19, Article 1752; 2006, No. 1, Article 10; 2006, No. 52 (Part I), Article 5498 ; 2007, N 1 (part I), article 21; 2007, N 1 (part I), article 29; 2007, N 27, article 3213; 2007, N 46, article 5554; 2007, N 49, item 6070; 2008, N 24, item 2801; 2008, N 29 (part I), item 3418; 2008, N 30 (part II), item 3616; 2008, N 44, item 4984; 2008, N 52 (part I), article 6223; 2009, N 1, article 17; 2010, N 40, article 4969; 2011, N 1, article 6) and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 24.07 .2000 N 554 "On Approval of the Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 31, Art. 3295; 2004, N 8, Art. 663; 2004 , N 47, item 4666; 2005, N 39, item 3953) I decide:

Approve SP 2.3.6.2867-11 "Changes and additions No. 4 to the sanitary and epidemiological rules SP 2.3.6.1079-01 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for public catering organizations, the manufacture and turnover of food products and food raw materials in them", approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, First Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation dated November 8, 2001 N 31 (registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 7, 2001, registration number 3077), as amended and supplemented by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, First Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation dated 04/03/2003 N 28 "On the approval of SP 2.3.6.1254-03 - Addition N 1 to SP 2.3.6.1079-01 (registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 04/23/2003, registration number 4447), by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of 03.05 .2007 N 25 "On approval SP 2.3.6.2202-07 - Amendments No. 2 to SP 2.3.6.1079-01" (registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 07.06.2007, registration number 9614); Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2010 N 187 "On approval of SP 2.3.6.2820-10 - Addendum N 3 to SP 2.3.6.1079-01 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 17.03.2011, registration number 20156) (Appendix).

G.G. ONISCHENKO

CHANGES AND ADDITIONS N 4 TO SP 2.3.6.1079-01

SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC CATERING ORGANIZATIONS, PRODUCTION AND TRAFFIC IN THEM OF FOOD PRODUCTS AND FOOD RAW MATERIALS

SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RULES
SP 2.3.6.2867-11

Make the following changes and additions to SP 2.3.6.1079-01:

"5.16. In public catering organizations, cosmetic repairs (whitewashing and painting of premises, preventive maintenance of sanitary and technological equipment) should be carried out as necessary and its painting."

"Manufacture of products must be carried out according to technical documentation developed in accordance with the procedure established by law.

When holding mass public events in order to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases (poisoning), public catering organizations are recommended to coordinate the range of dishes sold with the bodies exercising control and supervision functions in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population at the location of the public catering organization ."

18. In the first paragraph of paragraph 8.26, delete the words "and the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service."

"- placement of the pavilion at a distance of no closer than 50 meters from residential buildings, medical and preventive organizations, sports and recreational and educational institutions."

"It is not allowed to dress salad products, first and second courses with sauces, intended for sale outside a public catering organization. Sauces for dishes are delivered in individual consumer packaging.

Dishes that have undergone heat treatment and are intended for temporary storage prior to their sale must be subjected to rapid cooling from a temperature of +65 °C to +5 °C within 1 hour in a special quick cooling refrigerator. Portioning of ready meals, cold snacks should be carried out in a room with an air temperature not higher than +16 ° C on tables with a cooled work surface.

Serving and portioning of dishes must be carried out by personnel using disposable gloves for each type of dish.

When conducting catering services (or catering at the orders of consumers outside a public catering organization), opening consumer packages with food, drinks, dishes, as well as portioning dishes, preparing culinary products for distribution is carried out in a dedicated separate room located directly at the venue of the event. .

Each container with food products (dishes, culinary products) must have a label indicating its name and address of the manufacturer, date and hour of manufacture, storage conditions and expiration dates.

In case of catering service, the picking of containers and carts with food products begins no earlier than 3 hours before the start of the event.

Each order is recorded in the accounting documentation indicating the name of the dish, the date and hour of manufacture. "Supplement paragraph 9.11 with the second paragraph as follows: "Delivery of ready-made meals for servicing a public event must be carried out in tightly closed containers, boxes, thermal containers, cooler bags and other similar containers with labels. Labels remain until the end of the service of the event."

"During the period of mass public events, catering organizations involved in catering are recommended to provide additional control over the quality and safety of prepared dishes. Daily samples are taken to control prepared dishes.

The daily sample from the prepared dish is taken with sterile (or boiled) spoons into labeled sterile (or boiled) glassware with tightly closed glass or metal lids. Portion dishes are selected in full, while salads, first and third courses, side dishes - at least 100 gr.

The selected daily samples are stored for at least 48 hours in a special refrigerator or in a specially designated place in the refrigerator at a temperature of +2 - +6 ° C.