Economic management methods are implemented in the form. Economic methods of management

Environmental assessment - this is the establishment of compliance of documents and (or) documentation substantiating the economic and other activities planned in connection with the implementation of the object of environmental expertise, with environmental requirements established by technical regulations and legislation in the field of environmental protection, in order to prevent the negative impact of such activities on environment(art. 1 federal law dated 11/23/1995 N174-FZ "On environmental expertise").

Principles of ecological expertise

Ecological expertise is based on the principles:

1. presumptions of potential environmental hazard of any planned economic and other activities;
2. the obligation to conduct a state environmental review prior to making decisions on the implementation of an object of environmental review;
3. the complexity of assessing the impact on the environment of economic and other activities and its consequences;
4. the obligation to take into account the requirements of environmental safety when conducting an environmental review;
5. reliability and completeness of information submitted for environmental expertise;
6. independence of environmental review experts in the exercise of their powers in the field of environmental review;
7. scientific validity, objectivity and legality of the conclusions of environmental expertise;
8. publicity, participation public organizations(associations), taking into account public opinion;
9. responsibility of the participants in the environmental review and interested parties for the organization, conduct, quality of the environmental review.

Although the environmental review is based on the principle of presumption of potential environmental hazard of any planned economic and other activities, the Federal Law "On Environmental Review" establishes a list of objects of state environmental review, carried out both at the federal level and at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation.

State ecological expertise organized and carried out by the federal body in the field of environmental expertise and bodies state power subjects of the Russian Federation in the manner prescribed by this Federal Law, other RF, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation (Article 10 of the Federal Law).

Objects of the state ecological expertise

The objects of the state ecological expertise are listed in Art. 11 and 12 of the Federal Law of November 23, 1995 N174-FZ "On Environmental Expertise".

The state ecological expertise of objects at the regional level is carried out by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the manner established by the Federal Law of November 23, 1995 N174-FZ "On Environmental Expertise" and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Objects of the state ecological expertise of the federal level:

1. draft normative-technical and instructive-methodical documents in the field of environmental protection, approved by the state authorities of the Russian Federation;
2. projects of federal targeted programs providing for the construction and operation of facilities economic activity that have an impact on the environment, in terms of the placement of such objects, taking into account the regime for the protection of natural objects;
3. draft production sharing agreements;
4. substantiation materials for licenses for implementation certain types activities that have a negative impact on the environment in the field of the use of atomic energy;
5. projects technical documentation on new equipment, technology, new substances, the use (receipt) of which may have an impact on the environment;
6. materials of a comprehensive environmental survey of areas of territories, justifying giving these territories legal status zones of ecological disaster or zones of ecological emergency;
7. objects of the state ecological expertise, indicated:
   • in the Federal Law of November 30, 1995 N 187-FZ "On the continental shelf Russian Federation";
   • in the Federal Law of December 17, 1998 N 191-FZ "On the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Russian Federation";
   • in the Federal Law of July 31, 1998 N 155-FZ "On internal sea waters, the territorial sea and the adjacent zone of the Russian Federation";
8. project documentation:
   • objects, the construction, reconstruction of which is supposed to be carried out within the boundaries of specially protected natural territories of federal significance, in the Baikal natural territory, as well as design documentation for especially dangerous, technically complex and unique objects, defense and security facilities, the construction, reconstruction of which is supposed to be carried out within the boundaries of specially protected natural territories of regional and local significance, in cases where the construction, reconstruction of such objects within the boundaries of specially protected natural territories is allowed by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
   • objects used for disposal and (or) disposal of waste of hazard classes I - V, including design documentation for the construction, reconstruction of facilities used for the neutralization and (or) disposal of waste of hazard classes I - V, as well as projects for the decommissioning of these facilities, projects for the reclamation of lands disturbed during the placement of waste of I - V hazard classes, and lands used, but not intended for waste disposal of I - V hazard classes;
   • artificial land plots, the creation of which is supposed to be carried out on water bodies owned by the Russian Federation;
   • capital construction facilities that, in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection, belong to category I facilities, with the exception of project documentation boreholes created on land plot provided to the subsoil user and necessary for regional geological survey, geological survey, exploration and production of oil and natural gas;
9. a project for the liquidation of mine workings using waste from the production of ferrous metals of IV and V hazard classes;
10. justification materials for a comprehensive environmental permit, developed in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection, if these materials do not contain information about the presence of a positive conclusion of the state environmental review conducted in relation to the objects specified in subparagraph 7.5 of this article;
11. the object of the state ecological expertise, specified in Art. 11 FZ and previously received a positive conclusion from the state environmental review, in the event of:
    • making changes to the documentation that has received a positive conclusion from the state environmental review.

Objects of the state ecological expertise of the regional level:

1. draft normative-technical and instructive-methodological documents in the field of environmental protection, approved by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
2. projects of target programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, providing for the construction and operation of economic facilities that have an impact on the environment, in terms of the placement of such facilities, taking into account the regime for the protection of natural objects;
3. design documentation for objects, construction, reconstruction of which is supposed to be carried out within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas of regional and local significance, with the exception of project documentation for the objects specified in subpara. 7.1 Art. 11 of this Federal Law, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation;
4. the object of the state environmental expertise of the regional level, specified in this article and previously received a positive conclusion from the state environmental expertise, in the event of:
   • finalization of such an object according to the comments of the earlier state ecological expertise;
   • the implementation of such an object with deviations from the documentation that has received a positive conclusion from the state environmental review, and (or) in the event of changes to the specified documentation;
   • expiration of the positive conclusion of the state ecological expertise;
   • making changes to the documentation for which there is a positive conclusion of the state environmental review.

The procedure for conducting state environmental expertise

The procedure for conducting state environmental expertise is regulated by:

1. Federal Law No. 174-FZ of November 23, 1995 "On Ecological Expertise";
2. Regulations on the procedure for conducting state environmental expertise (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 11, 1996 N698);
3. administrative regulations Federal Service on Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resources Management on the Provision of public service on the organization and conduct of state environmental expertise at the federal level (approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 06.05.2014 N 204, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 07.10.2014 N 34257).

The procedure for conducting a state environmental review generally includes:

1. Submission of application and materials to specially authorized federal bodies in the field of environmental expertise or their territorial bodies at the level of subjects of the Russian Federation, their reception ( verification of completeness and sufficiency) and registration. The state environmental review is carried out subject to the compliance of the form and content of the materials submitted by the customer with the requirements of the Federal Law and established order carrying out the state ecological expertise and in the presence in the composition of the submitted materials.
2. Consideration of the application and submitted materials. The responsible executor, having received the registered application and materials of the applicant, checks the completeness of the materials that are the object of the state environmental review.
3. Formation and direction of interdepartmental requests necessary for the provision of public services.
4. Carrying out the state ecological expertise by the expert commission:
   • holding an organizational meeting;
   • preparation and consideration of individual and group (if there are expert groups) expert opinions
   • drawing up a draft conclusion of the expert commission on the basis of individual and group expert opinions;
   • discussion of the draft conclusion of the expert commission;
   • signing and approval of the conclusion of the expert commission.
5. Issuance of a conclusion state environmental expertise, approved by the order of Rosprirodnadzor (territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor).

The most significant characteristic of the state environmental expertise, taking into account its place in the decision-making mechanism, is the binding nature of its conclusions.

Mandatory conclusions - a factor that determines the high potential efficiency of state environmental expertise as the main means of ensuring accounting and implementation environmental requirements at the decision-making stage.

The legal force of the expert opinion is expressed in the law with the words: "A positive conclusion of the state environmental expertise is one of mandatory conditions financing and implementation of the object of the state environmental expertise". This means that without a positive conclusion, the implementation of the project is prohibited and financing of the relevant work is prohibited.

According to the Law "On Ecological Expertise", the conclusion of the state environmental expertise can be challenged in court (

The efficiency of any enterprise largely depends on the staff. To stimulate a person to work, there are many different methods that have been developed by specialists and this moment successfully implemented in many firms and companies. Economic management methods in management allow you to influence the attitudes and interests of employees in order to achieve the desired results. What is important, they can take into account the interests of not only the enterprise, but also the state and each employee.

The essence of economic management methods

Using this method of management, the employees of the enterprise are stimulated to look for different options for improving production, labor efficiency, and this also contributes to more rational use resources.

There is a certain classification of economic. In general, two groups can be distinguished:

1. Direct calculation is based on the planned, centralized and directive distribution or redistribution of various resources (labor, material and financial), which makes it possible to expand reproduction. In turn, direct calculation can be divided into planned and directive. Thanks to its use, it is possible to prevent and eliminate emergencies. In other situations, it can manifest itself in the form of subsidies, grants and subventions.
2. Economic calculation is based on the use of cost categories in the form of instruments for regulation, as well as a lever for comparing results, costs and implementation.

In economic methods great importance has a system and A complex approach. Various incentives are used, taking into account the interest and responsibility of employees for the possible consequences of the decisions made, as well as encouraging them to strive to achieve their goals without control and instructions. The main methods of management at the country level are represented by taxation and credit and financial mechanisms. At the level of individual enterprises and firms, the following are mainly used:

1. different kind financial incentive, including wages.
2. Methods of responsibility, that is, the possibility of obtaining rewards or applying sanctions, taking into account the quality and efficiency of work.
3. Stimulation innovation activities which helps to increase work efficiency and product quality.

The economic impact has a direct impact on the specifics of the managed system. In accordance with this, the following forms of leadership are distinguished: planning, analysis, cost accounting, pricing and financing. Economic and mathematical methods are also used to solve control problems. Thanks to them, you can get specific data that help to characterize, analyze and find better solutions to situations.

Examples of economic management methods

Many managers choose to subsidize staff, for example, by creating separate canteens. Many stores and other merchandise-related businesses offer their employees to purchase products at a discount. In some cases, managers opt for loans, that is, a person has the opportunity to receive a low-interest loan for various consumer values. Many large companies offer their employees private health insurance, which allows them to receive care in private clinics.

TOPIC 6 MANAGEMENT METHODS

1 Essence and classification of management methods

2 ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT

3 ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT METHODS

4 SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT METHODS

Essence and classification of management methods

Management methods are ways of influencing the subject of management on the managed object in order to achieve certain goals.

With their help, the governing body affects each employee and the enterprise as a whole. Management methods are classified according to various criteria. The most common classification is according to:

3. organizational form impact.

Economic;

Organizational and administrative, (administrative);

Socio-psychological.

The basis of the classification of methods by direction of action the nature of their impact on the motives of the activities of individual employees and labor collective enterprises. From this point of view, there are also four groups of motivation methods: material, social, psychological, power.

By organizational form actions highlight methods:

Direct (immediate) impact;

goal setting;

Creation of stimulating conditions.

All management methods, regardless of their classification, are organically interconnected, are in constant dynamic balance and affect simultaneously the entire team and separately each person involved in various types labor activity. Describing management methods, it is necessary to reveal their orientation, content and organizational form.

The focus of management methods is focused on the management system (object) (firm, department, subdivision, etc.). The structure of management methods is shown in Fig. 19 .

Economic methods of management are given a central place. This is due to the fact that management relations are determined primarily by economic relations and the underlying objective needs and interests of people.

Figure 18 - Classification of management methods by content

Figure 19 - Structure of management methods

ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT METHODS

Economic methods of management are understood as a set of means and tools that purposefully influence the creation of favorable conditions for the functioning and development of the organization.

The system of economic management methods is schematically presented in Figure 20.

Figure 20 - System of economic management methods

The essence of economic management methods lies in the possibility of implementing economic interests the state through the implementation of the economic interests of the organization, employees through the use of economic levers. They are based on the actions of economic factors. market economy and occupy a leading place in the system of management methods.

The specific set and content of the economic impact are determined by the specifics of the managed system.

The activity of any entity located on the territory of the Republic of Belarus directly depends on the financial and credit policy of the government and the National Bank. In this case, the economic levers of control are economic standards. fundamental normative act regulating the application of economic responsibility is the Procedure for organizing and conducting inspections (audits) of financial and economic activities and the application of economic sanctions, approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated November 15, 1999 No. their application of economic sanctions”, etc.

Planning is the main method and function of managing economic processes in organizations. It allows you to look into the future of the organization, to provide for the goals, scope, scope and results of activities in relation to sources and costs.

Planning defines the framework, the boundaries in which employees will have to work; allows you to interconnect all aspects of activity through summary indicators, to link their implementation with the interests of the team through a system of material and other types of labor incentives. Plans allow you to determine the direction of the search for new areas and methods of activity in a competitive market. The result of planning is the development of a business plan (consolidated development plan), as well as operational plans for individual areas of activity.

Due to the fact that commercial calculation synthesizes both management functions and economic levers and tools, it contributes to increased profitability, optimal use of capital, development of technologies, efficient personnel policy. Commercial calculation uses such economic levers and tools as: pricing, financing, lending. This use is aimed at the ultimate goal of commercial calculation - obtaining a sustainable profit.

At present, the main instruments for encouraging more productive labor are: wages and various kinds of benefits.

Salary is usually set taking into account the professional level, education, work experience, etc. A tool to encourage the work of employees is a bonus. 3des everything depends on the policy pursued by management in relation to wages. Bonuses may not be paid at all. In this case, the bonus is seen as an additional tool that can be used to stimulate more productive work. The bonus is paid for initiative, accuracy in work, submitted idea, etc.

In other words, the salary of any worker can be divided into three components.

The first part is paid for the performance official duties, and all who perform similar duties receive the same remuneration. The second part is determined by seniority and cost-of-living factors. All employees receive this part wages, but the value is automatically adjusted annually.

The third part. It varies for each employee and its value is determined by the results achieved by him for the previous period. The bad worker will soon see that this part of his salary is the minimum, and the good worker will realize that this part is as great as the first two parts put together. However, this part will not automatically increase. From year to year it will change depending on the performance of each employee. An increase in this part can only occur when the scope of responsibility assigned to the employee changes.

Benefits occupy a special place in the wage system , provided to employees and increase their overall income. Such benefits can be travel, vouchers, treatment, loans with a lower interest rate, material assistance to employees in case of family difficulties, tuition fees in educational institutions, etc.

Flexibility financial policy based on adaptation to the money market, tax legislation, exchange rate. Lending is one of the forms of relations between a bank and some entity, in which cash are provided for temporary use and for a fee specified in the contract.

A bank loan expresses the movement of loan capital provided for a fee on certain conditions: material security, repayment, intended use, urgency, payment.

The central place among the various levers of the economic mechanism of management belongs to prices and pricing, which reflect all parties. economic activity organizations.

Of great importance in the pricing mechanism is the development of a methodology for setting prices and determining the price structure, i.e. the ratio of elements of expenses in it.

To ensure competitiveness in the market, organizations carry out various activities, create an image for themselves, conduct advertising campaign, provide a wider range of services compared to competitors, establish a flexible pricing system, implement modern technologies, offer more than 1 form of service, payment, etc. that are advantageous compared to competitors. In many ways, increase the level of competitiveness blink marketing research market, analysis of its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis). For these purposes, an advertising campaign is carried out.

The method of constructing economic and mathematical models is used, for example, in risk assessment.

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