To information networks e-business the generally accepted classification is applicable, according to which information networks are divided into the following types depending on the length and purpose.

1. Local area networks (LAN, or LAN (Local Area Net)). These networks are used for employee access to the information resources of the enterprise, its databases, for business interaction between employees of the enterprise and interaction with business partners, for employees to access the Internet, share hardware (printers, faxes, etc.). One of the results of the introduction and use of a local network in an enterprise is an increase in manageability while reducing the number of management levels, expanding the control environment for managers. Approximate scheme the local network of the enterprise, containing wired and wireless subnets, is shown in fig. 10.1. Stationary user workstations, file and print servers, an Internet server for accessing local network users to the Internet are shown. The Internet server is connected to the router, through which the local network is connected to the Internet service provider. The lower part of the figure shows the connection to the local network of mobile users equipped with laptops, PDAs (personal digital assistants) and communicators. Connection is carried out using access points (AP).

Rice. 10.1.

2. Virtual Local Area Networks VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a group of network nodes, the traffic of which is completely isolated from other network nodes. On fig. 10.2 shows a group of user computers interacting only with each other. These computers do not interact with computers and network devices.

Rice. 10.2.

• 3. A virtual private network is a VPN (virtual private network) - a closed private subnet of an enterprise that ensures the safe entry of remote users into it. VPN technology can be implemented using dedicated communication lines connecting branches of enterprises, a branch of a company with a central office, an enterprise with a bank, etc., or by connecting to the Internet. VPN subnets are also used to securely transfer sensitive data over the Internet or other packet-switched WANs. This uses the encapsulation (tunneling) of IP packets inside other packets, which are then routed. In this case, gateways are installed at the input and output of the network. Thanks to VPN technology, the degree of security of networks increases. Instructions for setting up a VPN connection for a personal PC running Windows 7 can be found at tomtel.ru/tariffsandconnection/vpn/vpncont7.html. To surf the Internet safely using an Android device, you must connect to a VPN server. Connection instructions are available at hotvpn.com/en/setup/android/.
• 4. Regional networks of the city scale MAN (metropolitan area network). MAN networks can be used to connect enterprises with their divisions and branches. The range of such networks is within a few tens of kilometers. They can run as fiber optic networks and as wireless networks based on WiMax and LTE technologies. An example of a city-scale network is shown in Fig. 10.3.
• 5. Global networks WAN (wide area network). This is a global or regional information network, a data transmission network covering large geographic areas. It can use dial-up or leased lines, as well as special communication channels. The global network is characterized unified system addressing and consists of network aggregation different kind. Each such network has its own address, which routers use when transmitting packets between networks. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are organizations or companies that provide Internet access. 1SP has a high speed WAN connection and provides slower connections to customers or organizations. Large organizations can be provided with high-speed dedicated digital and fiber-optic communication channels that provide data transfer rates up to 100 Mbps.

Rice. 10.3.

One of the Internet Service Providers in Russian Federation is the Relcom.ru company (from reliable communications - "reliable communications"). The Relcom network was established in 1990 and is an officially registered national subnet of the European EUnet network. The current Russian-language part of the Internet (Runct.ru) was built on the basis of this network. It has domains with a high proportion of the use of the Russian language: .su, .ru, .rf, .ua, .by, .kz, .com, .org. The network operates in a number of CIS countries.

6. Networks with added services VAN - networks with additional functions and (or) services, specialized networks.

Classification of information networks of trade enterprises. Information networks used in trade can be divided into corporate networks and electronic retail chains ETNs.

Corporate networks are built to solve the problems of the enterprise. They are usually hybrid and include Various types networks. The number of users in a corporate network can be up to several thousand, the number of servers - up to several hundred. There are corporate networks built within the same building, distributed corporate networks and geographically distributed networks. Distributed corporate networks are often built on the same principles as local networks. The use of MetroEthernet technology when building urban segments of a corporate network makes it possible to implement simple, cheap, high-speed solutions.

Corporate networks have recently widely used web technologies: Intranet networks, web integration, corporate portals.

intranet(Intranet network) - a network designed to provide remote access employees to corporate information resources, which allows you to control access to corporate information resources. Uses software products and Internet technologies.

Web integration - integration of internal and external information resources through web technologies in order to more effective use corporate information system.

Corporate Portal - an enterprise website designed for internal use and providing employees of the enterprise with access to corporate information, CI sites, and a limited number of external websites. To corporate portals include the automated information system of the Federal tax service RF. own protected corporate computing system of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, software-technological complex "Register" version 2.0 of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.

Electronic trading networks ETNs (electronic trading networks) are information networks of large trading networks (for example, the information network of the Technosila trading network). Such modern control systems are used to manage such networks. trade enterprises like Microsoft Axapta ( Microsoft Dynamics AX 4.0), Oracle Retail Solution (Retek), SAP Retail, etc. SAP Retail system is used by 9 of the 12 largest domestic retail chains.

A typical scenario of B2B interaction based on information trading networks is shown in fig. 10.4.

The left side of the figure shows suppliers and buyers. top level. Their work is provided by the software of SAP and Oracle companies, which is installed on a large computer(mainframe). The right side of the figure shows suppliers and buyers at the regional level. Their work is provided by the software Ariba Commerce Services Network and SAP Business Suite. The figure shows the interaction tools. These are EDI RosettaNet, XML OBI, eXML, xCBL.

EDI RosettaNet is an XML-based standard. It defines the guidelines for creating messages, interface business processes and implementation of mechanisms for interaction between companies. The use of the standard enables the use of electronic transaction processing and the movement of information within the interaction of trading partners of all sizes along the value chain.

XML OBI- file created by Microsoft Outlook for calendar and email; Contains the RSS subscription names and their properties in XML format. Used to store the subscription RSS feed for an Outlook profile.

eXML is an open source code based on standards supported by leading mobile operators, manufacturers of smartphones, tablets, laptops.

ebXML technology(electronic business XML) is an architecture and a set of specifications designed to automate the interaction between trading partners during their joint activities, standards in the field of corporate information exchange technologies and electronic business. The goal of the ebXML project is to develop a global e-business infrastructure, a complete set of specifications that allows business to be carried out through a uniform XML environment. This technology is close to web services technology and EDI EDI technology.

xCBL represents a variation of the XML language specifications (DTDs and XML Schemas) for use in the e-business domain.

Ariba Commerce Services Network - information network for the provision of commercial services. Includes a number of applications:

• Ariba Directory and Interoperability Services - provides interaction between buyers, sellers and trading platform;
• Ariba Payment and Financial Services - provides payment and Financial services;
• Ariba Sourcing Services - designed to optimize the process of searching for goods and services;
• Ariba Liquidation Services - holding auctions for the sale of commodity surpluses;
• Ariba Content Services - content management;
• Ariba Transaction Service - provides transactional services;
• Ariba Information Services - provides access to information about companies and products, tools for reporting and analytical reviews;
• Ariba Logistics Management Services - designed to manage logistics.

Software WebMethods Trading Networks by Software AG is designed to manage large retail chains interacting according to the B2B model. It is a single point of interaction between suppliers of products or services and buyers. The WebMethods Trading Networks solution allows an enterprise to create a single point of interaction on the B2B model without installing additional equipment, developing new applications or radically redesigning existing applications. It is based on the WebMethods 9.0 platform, which combines the capabilities of cloud technologies, mobile solutions, social networks and in-memory technologies.

Using the WebMethods Trading Networks system, suppliers and buyers can exchange heterogeneous information by transferring electronic documents to each other. The solution allows trade enterprises to exchange large volumes of heterogeneous information, electronic documents through cross-cutting production processes. Documents exchanged between enterprises include orders, order statuses, order confirmations, invoices, invoices, documents for managing deliveries, consignments, shipping, etc. If the document is large, Trading Networks saves it on the hard drive, and only the link to the document is processed in RAM. Data exchange can be carried out in EDI, XML, UML formats.

Using WebMethods 9.0 helps to process large amounts of data "on the fly" (in memory), using integration with the Terracotta database. The WebMethods CloudStream application allows you to integrate and manage applications using SaaS cloud interaction technology (such integration is implemented in the Salesforce.com cloud service). The WebMethods Mobile Suite provides secure data exchange via mobile terminals. It provides the ability to quickly create and distribute mobile applications among registered users of the enterprise, provides required level interaction security when using mobile terminals and will allow you to interact with the IT systems of the enterprise from anywhere in the world.

One of the computing platforms for the top-level EC can be the first domestic computing platform "SCALL-R" (developed in 2015). It combines hardware and software products from IBS, Depo Computers, Parallels, Naumen. The platform belongs to the class of converged computing systems that combine servers, storage systems, network equipment, and virtualization software. The basic SKALA-R configuration includes four Depo Storm 3400PI standard architecture servers, network equipment, a three-tier storage system, Virtuozzo virtualization software from Parallels, Naumen Network Manager management and monitoring tools. The storage capacity can be up to 17Pb. The solution is aimed at medium-sized (IT budget from 500 thousand dollars) and large Russian enterprises. According to the developers' forecasts, the software and hardware complex will be 40% cheaper than similar foreign products from Dell, Oracle, etc. It is assumed that SKALA-R will become a platform for deployment and operation electronic document management, desktop virtualization, e-mail, enterprise management systems (ERP systems), application servers, top-level ECs.

ECN(electronic communications network) - automatic trading networks that carry out transactions without the participation of an operator. For example, the largest system of this class is the Island ECN. It provides automatic purchase and sale of securities.

Distribution network - an information network designed to transfer information to the manufacturer of goods about sales and promotion of its goods. This uses a replication procedure to transfer information to the central office. Replication - it is the process of creating and maintaining a copy of database objects on a remote server.

The system of interdepartmental electronic interaction (SMEV) is the Federal State Information System. It includes information databases containing information about the program and technical means, providing the ability to access through the system of interaction to their information systems and electronic services. It also includes information about the history of movement in the system of interaction of electronic messages in the provision of state and municipal services and the performance of state and municipal functions in electronic form. The system of interdepartmental electronic interaction allows federal, regional and local authorities to exercise control and supervision in electronic form, transfer and exchange data necessary for the provision of public services.

• The picture was created according to the materials of the site borlas.ru/cms/files/borlas_sag_webmethods-trading-networks.pdf

12 principles of e-business:

1. Using consumers as a source of information (this principle assumes that information is collected and services are provided that are of value to the buyer);

2. Creating your own market, using the advantages of other markets (It is supposed to introduce products and capture market share at the expense of existing products)

3. Evaluation of each buyer as a separate market element (The essence of this principle is that the unique needs of consumers would be considered and satisfied);

4. Creation of a society of values ​​(use of such information exchange technologies as forums, chats.)

5. Replacing an unfriendly interface with a learning one (creating an interface that will serve as a link for communication);

6. Guaranteeing the integrity and sequence of actions (there is a holistic, consistent and directed activity to meet the needs of consumers).

7. Providing the maximum amount of information (is to provide the consumer with maximum information).

8. Taking advantage of information cooperation

9. Considering your assets as your liabilities (you need to invest physical and intangible assets in digital assets that will help strengthen the brand).

10. Destruction of the traditional value chain (need to reconsider the value adding links, if they do not add value, get rid of them).

11. Management of innovation as a portfolio of alternatives (since investments in EB are associated with high risk, they should be considered as a portfolio of investments)

12. Attracting creative personalities (production of ES activities among young people to attract personalities).

6. The principle of "using the consumer as a source of information." Opportunities for the implementation of e-business enterprises. Examples.

This principle provides for the systematic collection of information and the provision of services of value to the consumer. Includes a rational interface of information resources and the creation of navigation and configuration tools. Examples:

a) Federal Express, a mail carrier, allows its customers to set delivery times and generate invoices on their own hardware. Such services are very convenient for consumers and offer the benefits of more accurate information entry and cost savings in customer service.

b) Firefly, an online music store, allows visitors to receive recommendations based on the preferences of other visitors who have similar interests. The quality of the recommendations received depends on the completeness of the formulated preferences, and the company's database is replenished at the same time. The strategy consists in literally using the information provided by its consumers. This provides a wealth of information about music preference profiles and forms one of the richest and most valuable marketing bases for music preferences.

7. The principle of "assessment of each buyer as a separate market element." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

Provides consistent satisfaction of the unique needs of consumers. To this end, e-commerce technologies collect information about consumers and use it to fulfill individualized offers. Examples:

a) Dell Computers, a leading supplier of office personal computers, has built its web page to meet the requirements of corporate customers. It has made it possible to customize its shell and online ordering. Dell has also set up links to the web resources of its suppliers. By collecting data on market behavior and outlook, Dell was able to quickly respond to changing consumption curves and manage its brand more effectively. Moreover, the loyalty of its customers has grown.

8. The principle of "creating a society of values". Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

It consists in taking advantage of the common activities of the company's customers and partners. For this purpose, such information exchange and interaction technologies as forums, chats, games, etc. are used. Examples:

a) America Online provides its users with the opportunity to participate in forums and organize their own virtual communication centers. AOL provides these services 24x7. Millions of people pay to access these services. social centers, making AOL the dominant ISP. AOL has also become an attractive advertising channel, providing a substantial portion of its revenue.

b) Publishing house "Piter" became the organizer virtual club Amateurs of the book "Professional". The club organizes thematic meetings, provides professional assistance in the selection of necessary literature, publishes a quarterly magazine and guarantees its members a fixed discount on all purchased literature.

9. The principle of "destruction of the traditional value chain". Business significance, examples of e-business implementation by enterprises.

It consists in reviewing all links in the value chain (stages of production and distribution of goods and services) and removing or redefining its inefficient elements. E-commerce technologies are used to redefine the processes of buying, selling, manufacturing and the relationships between them. Examples:

a) By placing a virtual book store to the Internet, Amazon.com ignored the traditional value chain. Its customers have access to information that is individually configurable for searching, browsing, ordering and paying on-line. Most books are delivered directly from publishers (distributors). Amazon is offering 2.5 million books that are up to 40% off the price of traditional stores due to the absence of storage costs and low transaction costs.

b) The founder of the Virtual Fuel Company was a fuel supplier for residential premises. The fact is that the company was not satisfied specific gravity direct sales to end consumers, which accounted for 4% of total sales and brought 70% of the company's income. Therefore, it was decided to cancel the physical channels of direct sales while maintaining the same level of indirect sales. Physical channels have been replaced by direct communication with customers via the Internet. Customers have gained the ability to place orders on the Web, and the company is developing the ability to use sensors in consumers' fuel tanks to remotely tell the company when they need to replenish them. Upon receipt of such a message, Virtual Fuel Company will contact the local transport company and delivers fuel directly to the consumer. Thus, the Internet and direct contact with consumers have expanded the company's direct sales.

10. The principle of "replacing an unfriendly interface with a learning one." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

Provides for the creation of a high-end user interface, which is the connecting link for interpersonal communication. Such an interface provides fast and efficient execution of operations at a level that is defined by the consumer. All transactions that take place are recorded, providing a rich data warehouse through which the company adds to its knowledge.

The technologies used inform users about the essence of transactions, collect information about their needs and requests, as well as about the reaction to ongoing processes. (To what extent expectations coincide with reality) Examples:

a) An online store that offers office paper and consumables for office equipment has provided a new free service - forecasting the consumption of its products. Service implementation potential customers implemented in two versions. In the first case, the store manager comes to the customer's office and determines the exemplary cost of papers and cartridges. In the second, the client independently fills out a questionnaire available on the website www.boomservice.ru, and the next day buys a procurement plan Supplies for any period. Using the service does not formally oblige consumers to become buyers of the Boomservice online store, but all customers of the service are entitled to discounts and free consultations. In addition, the store undertakes to remind in advance of the need to make the next purchase.

11. The principle of "guaranteeing the integrity and sequence of actions." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

The focus is on ensuring the integrity, consistency and continuity of activities aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and solving their problems.

The Web-Money Transfer system allows real-time secure payments for goods and services over the Internet, as well as any money transfers through network channels. The WM unit is pegged to the US dollar and is a transactional tool for working in the system. The issue of WM is carried out by the International Metal Trading Bank, which makes a 100% reservation of WM in US dollars.

An interesting feature of WM is the equality of all users of the system - both stores and customers. A secure payment is provided (with the final transfer of money only after the buyer receives the goods).

The identification procedure operating in the system makes it possible to unambiguously determine and record the operations performed. Special Complex security measures completely excludes unauthorized access to the means and personal information. The confidential messaging service allows you to conduct secure correspondence with other participants, discuss the details of agreements, and comment on transactions.

12.The principle of "providing the maximum amount of information." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

Is to provide valuable and comprehensive information. For the cheap and wide-scale distribution of information, open and branched systems are used, best example which is the Internet.

Visual Properties has developed the Apartments Plus website for the sale and rental of real estate throughout the United States. Visitors to the site search for free according to certain criteria, take part in virtual tours of selected objects, complete application forms, etc. The company's profit is formed by placing information about objects, advertising, interacting with local companies that provide transportation and insurance of property, placing their links on other sites.

Internet - a store selling portable computers, in addition to the standard search and filter system, allows visitors to view the model that interests them in detail.

The proposed service also takes into account such a feature of the Russian and Ukrainian Internet as the low bandwidth of a significant part of the connection channels. Implemented step-by-step upload of photos High Quality, which allows users to view product information before the image is fully loaded.

13. The principle of "attracting creative people." Business significance, examples of the use of e-business by enterprises.

It assumes an aggressive promotion of ES activities among young people, since they more adequately perceive the innovations of e-mail. Commerce. Employees of the company and consumers of its products must work together in a friendly environment.

In the process of making common project McDonald's and America Online shifted the focus of McDonald's Web from advertising for adults to providing entertainment for children. Involving children in virtual tours, interactive games and fairy tale performances has provided a great basis for studying consumer behavior. McDonald's was able to use the reactions of children to develop marketing strategy and improvement of its Web - page, which has become not only an information space for advertising outlets but also a tool to strengthen trademark games and stories.

Related information:

Site search:

2015-2020 lektsii.org -

Introduction

Currently, the Internet is rapidly expanding, covering an increasing number of participants in the international information exchange. In the process of expanding the network, there are general patterns associated with the development scientific and technological progress, which causes, in particular, the emergence of new problems legal regulation relationships associated with it.

The emergence of the Internet has had an impact both on the system of civil law relations within individual states and on foreign economic relations between countries. Of particular importance is the observance by the participants of the information exchange in the network of the basic and special principles of international law, which are fixed in the Declaration on the Principles of International Law and relate to friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter. The need to comply with these principles by Russian participants in information exchange on the Internet is due to paragraph 4 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which the generally accepted norms of international law are also part of legal system RF.

e-business commerce

Concept. Types of e-business

E-business is the transformation of the company's main business processes through the introduction of Internet technologies, aimed at increasing the efficiency of activities. E-business is any business activity, using the capabilities of global information networks to transform the internal and external communications of the company. From a technical point of view, the Internet is a worldwide association computer networks, which can connect computers within an enterprise, which is called an intranet, or an association local networks various enterprises called an extranet.

An e-business is any transaction made through a network that results in the transfer of ownership of goods or services. Transaction - bank transfer operation Money for any purpose.

Application area of ​​e-business: 1) online financial transactions. These include transactions with a banking product, transactions with an insurance product, interactive investment, speculative transactions with currency and securities. 2) e-commerce markets. These include trade through visual stores, trade in an information product, trade in a tourist product. 3) mobile commerce markets. This is trading through vending machines and markets for trade services.

Within business, the Internet is used as low-cost communications, to reduce in-house technology costs, and as a convenient tool for developing proprietary information systems.

Information exchange is the interaction between banks, trading partners, suppliers, where information is a commodity.

Internet commerce is a part of electronic business in which communication and exchange takes place electronically.

Types of electronic business: 1) electronic auctions; 2) electronic banks; 3) e-commerce; 4) electronic research and development work; 5) electronic pointers; 6) e-learning; 7) Email; 8) electronic marketing.

E-banking allows customers to access their accounts and carry out various financial transactions through a simple website.

The degree of preparation of the state for e-business is determined by the level of inventory, the level of development of communications, the quality of training of specialists, the readiness of financial institutions for e-business, and the government's attention to this industry.

Federal target program"Electronic Russia" was launched in 2002. and is expected to be completed in 2010. The program provides for the creation of a single digital space that includes the power structure of ordinary citizens and economic structures. This program is a complex of various activities, from technical to legal, aimed at the introduction and dissemination of information and communication technologies in the most important areas social life. The main goal of the program is to build an economy focused on the consumption and export of information products and services, which will reduce Russia's lag in the use of new technologies (see www.e-rus.ru). A change is planned in educational process providing conditions for young professionals.

The main principles in building e-commerce systems are as follows:

The principle of legality (legitimacy). This principle implies the legality and validity of a commercial transaction made electronically. Operations in the electronic commerce system should be carried out on the basis of the current national legislation, taking into account the relevant international legal norms.

The principle of globality. E-commerce systems should be designed to meet the needs of both national market, and global.

Online principle. This principle suggests that electronic commerce systems should be created in compliance with the mode of continuous operation, i.e. real time mode.

Consistency principle. Regulatory the legislative framework should not be contradictory and allow different interpretations of terms and concepts in this area.

The principle of certainty. Any information in the field of electronic commerce must be accurate and reliable.

The principle of standardity. When designing e-commerce systems, it is necessary to be guided by a system of unified international standards, For example, ISO standard 10303 for computer presentation and exchange of product data.

The principle of interactivity. E-commerce systems must be able to immediately respond to any requests (requests) from network customers.

The principle of anonymity. This principle assumes the anonymity of information in the electronic trading system (for example, information about the virtual account of the owner, the number of the electronic payment card, etc.).

Principle of non-discrimination. There should be no discrimination in access to the resources of e-commerce systems, both for enterprises of any size, organizational and legal forms, and for individuals.

Safety principle. In the electronic trading system, information about the participants in the transaction should not become the property of unauthorized persons.

The principle of interface friendliness. The opportunities provided by the e-commerce system to use network technologies and the necessary software should be extremely simple, convenient and accessible to a wide range of potential users.

Models and organizational forms of business processes

Within the framework of the e-commerce systems presented above, the following models can be distinguished:

Electronic trading platforms, which can be organized in the form of Internet auctions, tenders and electronic exchanges.

Online shopping;

Internet trading;

Corporate portals

Online Auction- electronic trading system in which the sale of goods takes place directly between people. This direction allows people who experience certain restrictions to conclude transactions at any time convenient for them; as a result, overhead costs are reduced, which, in turn, saves the end user's money.

The turnover of Internet auctions already almost exceeds the turnover of the rest of the retail Internet trade. On one of the most popular Internet auctions (eBay), about 3.5 million types of goods are put up for auction daily in more than 2900 different categories. And if, until recently, all the world's largest portals included online stores, now they are acquiring their own auctions with the same haste. On the other hand, the world's largest auction firms are also moving online, using the experience of e-commerce leaders. One can cite as an example the joint project of Sotheby-s and Amazon.com or a similar project of the Lycos portal and Skinner, the fourth largest auction house in the US. The popularity of auctions is so great that their varieties have already appeared. Rules for conducting auctions are being formed.

All this has led a number of analysts to predict that a significant part of retail e-commerce will turn into the form of Internet auctions in the near future.

E-Trading - electronic trading (Internet trading), Having appeared a couple of years ago, it quickly gained popularity. The reason is simple - the Internet has given clients a convenient and quick means of communicating with their broker. There is another reason for the success of Internet trading - the Internet has opened the possibility of playing on American stock exchanges to almost any inhabitant of the Earth. Gradually, a circle of the largest online brokerage houses was formed in the United States, some of them arose on the wave of interest in Internet trading, and some were historical brokerage houses that offered additional services in time. For example, E-Trade today serves more than 4.5 million clients around the world with about $ 100 billion in assets.

Consulting. The demand for consulting services on the Internet is growing. By mid-2000, the market for consulting services in this area had reached $1.6 billion, with half of all new consulting projects in 2000 related to e-business. It should be noted that in this market, the largest consulting companies increasingly have to compete with firms involved in and developing information technology such as IBM and EDS.