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History of the development of social entrepreneurship, prerequisites and reasons. Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia

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All-Russian State Tax Academy

Faculty of Finance and Economics

Department of Management Psychology

Course work

in the discipline "Sociology and psychology of management"

Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia

Performed

student of group UPO-201

Sorokopud Yu.S.

Scientific director

Professor Osipova O.S.

Moscow, 2012 G.

Introduction

We live in a world that is far from ideal. It is not easy for disadvantaged people and people with limited opportunities and resources to realize themselves in the modern world; society often does not provide them with the necessary opportunities and resources. It is precisely the fact that the modern world and its system do not ensure the equitable development of society, especially that part of society that is often considered “outcasts” - the poor layers of society and people limited in their capabilities - that is one of the reasons for the growing popularity of the ideas of social entrepreneurship.

One of the most important stages in the fight against poverty in the world is the creation of jobs, and social entrepreneurship is the most competitive and successful in this direction. The task of social enterprises is to contribute to solving social problems of society and to help provide people with a means of subsistence. Social enterprises provide jobs for hundreds of thousands of people in various fields: food production, sales, lending, insurance, transportation, etc. Social enterprises open up employment opportunities for people with disabilities, marginalized groups of the population, youth, and women.

In many countries around the world, social enterprises work quite closely with government organizations, both at the national and local levels.

Today, entrepreneurs and socially responsible businesses around the world receive support from non-profit organizations, foundations, governments and individuals. However, despite the fact that the benefits of social entrepreneurship are clear to many, there are many difficulties with its development. There is still no consensus on what is a “social enterprise” and who can be called a social entrepreneur. Some believe that the term “social entrepreneur” should only apply to the founders of organizations whose main source of income is fees from their clients. Others believe that a social entrepreneur is someone who performs work under government contracts, while others consider a social entrepreneur to be someone who relies primarily on grants and donations.

Disputes between scientists, experts and practitioners of social entrepreneurship about which organizations are considered a social enterprise and which are not are ongoing.

The purpose of my course work is to explore the main aspects of social entrepreneurship. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the important role of the object of study in the conditions of transformation of socio-economic relations in Russia. Social entrepreneurship has become an integral part of modern society and significantly influences its further development. Thus, my course work helps to understand what “social entrepreneurship” is in the modern world, in particular in Russia, its functioning as well as prospects for further development.

Coursework objectives:

1) reveal the concept of social entrepreneurship and its essence;

2) consider the functioning of social entrepreneurship, especially in Russia;

3) conduct testing among students to determine their aptitude for social entrepreneurship and analyze the results obtained.

The object of the study is students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The subject of the study is the individual’s ability to engage in social entrepreneurship.

Chapter 1. Basics entrepreneurial activity

1.1 Key Features entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurial activity is distinguished by a number of characteristics, which allows us to speak of entrepreneurial activity as a concept narrower than the concept of “economic activity”.

The main and mandatory features of entrepreneurial activity are:

independent activity;

the purpose of the activity is to make a profit;

the systematic nature of making a profit;

economic risk;

fact of state registration of participants.

The absence of any of the five signs means that the activity is not entrepreneurial.

1. Entrepreneurial activity can be carried out both by the owner himself and by the entity managing his property on the basis of economic management with the establishment of the limits of such management by the owner of the property.

Independence in organizing production is complemented by commercial freedom. A business entity determines the ways and means of selling its products, selects counterparties with whom it will deal. Economic ties are secured by agreements.

An important condition for commercial freedom is free pricing. However, in economics there is no absolute freedom for producers. the entrepreneur has complete independence in the sense that there is no authority above him issuing commands: what to do, how and how much. He is not free from the market, from its strict requirements. Therefore, we can only talk about certain limits of independence.

2. Entrepreneurial activity involves systematic obtaining profit, which is a product of a specific human resource - entrepreneurial abilities. This work is not easy and combines, firstly, the manifestation of initiative to combine material and human factors for the production of goods and services, secondly, the adoption of extraordinary decisions on the management of the company, the organization of labor and, thirdly, the introduction of innovations through the production of new type of product or radical change in the production process. All this gives reason to talk about entrepreneurship as a professional activity aimed at making a profit.

Having independence, organizing production in his own interests, the entrepreneur takes responsibility, within the limits determined by the organizational and legal form of the enterprise, for the result of his activities. The property liability of an entrepreneur is his obligation to suffer adverse property consequences resulting from offenses committed on his part. Its size depends on the organizational form of the enterprise.

3. The Civil Code specifies the main subjective feature, i.e. an indication of systematic profit generation is introduced. Isolated cases of making a profit do not constitute entrepreneurial activity. Systematicity is characterized by the duration and regularity of profit, which is determined by the professionalism of the entrepreneur. Thus, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that for an entrepreneur it is not so much the field of activity itself that is important, but the systematic receipt of profit.

4. A sign of entrepreneurial economic relations is economic risk. Risk constantly accompanies business and shapes a special way of thinking and behavior, the psychology of an entrepreneur. Risk is the possible adverse property consequences of an entrepreneur’s activities that are not caused by any missed opportunities on his part. The risky nature of the activity can lead not only to bankruptcy, but also be detrimental to the property interests of citizens and organizations.

The entrepreneur is responsible for the risk with his property, but not only with it. There may also be losses that affect his status in the labor and capital markets (competitiveness, professional reputation, psychological assessment, etc.).

5. State registration of participants in entrepreneurial activity is a legal fact preceding the start of entrepreneurial activity. To obtain the status of an entrepreneur, business entities must be registered in this capacity. Engaging in systematic profit-making activities without state registration entails legal liability.

Both legal entities and citizens can engage in entrepreneurial activity. Among legal entities, commercial organizations fully enjoy this right. However, for some types of activities a commercial organization must obtain a license. There are types of activities for which a monopoly is established by state enterprises (production and trade in weapons).

1.2 The essence of social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is a business activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems, characterized by the following main features:

social impact - targeted focus on solving/mitigating existing social problems, sustainable positive measurable social results;

innovativeness - the use of new, unique approaches to increase social impact;

self-sufficiency and financial sustainability - the ability of a social enterprise to solve social problems as long as it is necessary and at the expense of income received from its own activities;

scalability and replicability - increasing the scale of social enterprise activities (nationally and internationally) and disseminating experiences (models) to increase social impact;

entrepreneurial approach - the ability of a social entrepreneur to see market failures, find opportunities, accumulate resources, develop new solutions that have a long-term positive impact on society as a whole.

Social entrepreneurship is successful when there is some innovative idea that results in an unusual combination of resources. These kinds of companies are often exotic, taking on what others have abandoned, using free or underutilized resources, and creating social good in ways that others have missed.

Social entrepreneurship is a new way of socio-economic activity that combines the social purpose of an organization with entrepreneurial innovation and the achievement of sustainable self-sufficiency. It is based on the functioning of so-called social enterprises - enterprises created to solve a specific social problem or problems, operating on the basis of innovation, financial discipline and business practices adopted in the private sector.

In this work, the concepts of “social entrepreneurship” and “social enterprise” are considered as conjugate, where social entrepreneurship means a process, an activity, and a social enterprise means its carrier, the organizational structure within and through which the corresponding activity is reproduced, achieves social and economic result.

The definition itself indicates several fundamental features of social entrepreneurship:

1). the primacy of the social mission over commerce, which means that the enterprise is intended to solve a real social problem or significantly reduce its severity; at the same time, the social effect is not a by-product of activity, as in entrepreneurship, but a direct, purposeful result (in turn, this determines the direction of the received profit for the social purposes of the organization, and not into the pockets of investors or owners);

2). the existence of a sustainable commercial effect that ensures the self-sufficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise (the best guarantee of this is the receipt of income primarily from the sale of goods and services, and not from grants and charity, which are additional financial resources, however, are not excluded);

3). innovation with which social and economic resources are combined - without which neither the sustainability of the social mission nor economic sustainability is possible, once the organization has taken upon itself the task of solving an unresolved social problem - i.e. transforming an existing undesirable social order into a more favorable one.

It is the existing undesirable social order in some area that can be a natural prerequisite for the emergence of non-standard socio-economic organizations, such as social enterprises. Otherwise, the social problem would already be solved by means of traditional sectors of the economy - public, private or non-profit. Such problems of a sustainable but undesirable “social order” may include problems found in many countries, such as persistent unemployment among ethnic minorities, social exclusion of the disabled, and local ones, such as the decline of traditional fishing villages or environmental damage from mass seasonal burning garbage.

If we talk about economic consequences, then social entrepreneurship increases overall economic efficiency, as it introduces into economic circulation resources that were not previously used in this capacity. This concerns unused material and human resources - production waste, socially excluded groups, solidarity and trust of people when they are united by a common goal, etc. New combinations of available resources also lead to a similar effect, for example, using the concept of wrestling to re-educate young people, uniting fishermen into a company for direct online sales of fish for restaurants; creation of a non-profit power plant to finance social projects, etc.

According to experts, the idea of social entrepreneurship gained popularity because it “touched a nerve” and was “very suitable” for the modern era. This idea is confirmed by a variety of facts and considerations.

1.3 History of the development of social entrepreneurship

entrepreneurship social testing

The terms “social entrepreneurship” and “social entrepreneur” were first mentioned in the 1960s in the English-language literature on social change. They came into widespread use in the 1980s, thanks in part to the efforts of Bill Drayton, founder of Ashoka: Innovation for Society, and Charles Leadbeater. From 1950 to 1990, Michael Young played a major role in the development of social entrepreneurship. Harvard professor Daniel Bell has called Young "the world's most successful social enterprise entrepreneur" due to his role in founding more than 60 organizations around the world, including several Schools of Social Entrepreneurship in the UK. Another well-known British social entrepreneur is Lord Mawson OBE. Andrew Mawson was given a peerage in 2007 for his work on economic and social renewal and improvement of urban areas. He is the author of The Social Entrepreneur and runs Andrew Mawson Partnerships, a company that shares his expertise.

Although the term “social entrepreneurship” is relatively new, the phenomenon itself has a long history. Some examples of social entrepreneurship include Florence Nightingale, founder of the first nursing school in the UK, who developed progressive nursing standards and helped spread them widely; Robert Owen, founder of the cooperative movement; Vinobu Bhave, founder of the Indian Gift of Land movement. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, some of the most successful social entrepreneurs helped spread innovations whose usefulness was so highly regarded that they were introduced nationally with government or business support.

One of the well-known modern social entrepreneurs is Muhammad Yunus, who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, founder and manager of Gremin Bank and the associated group of social ventures. The activities of M. Yunus and Grameen Bank are an example of an important feature of modern social entrepreneurship: enormous success is often brought by the implementation of social tasks using business principles. In some countries, including Bangladesh and to a lesser extent the United States, social entrepreneurs undertake tasks that the government, which plays a limited role, does not undertake. In other countries, particularly in Europe and South America, they work quite closely with government agencies, both nationally and locally.

1.4 Social entrepreneurship in Russia

In Russia, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. An example of social entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Here everyone in need (from single mothers to the homeless) could find a job, receive shelter and care. The idea of houses of hard work subsequently spread throughout Russia.

Social entrepreneurs in modern Russia Today they are divided into three categories.

The first are representatives of specialized enterprises (for example, enterprises working with the visually or hearing impaired), which were modernized after perestroika and became commercial organizations (for example, Volgograd enterprises for the visually impaired - “Standard” for the production of lids for canning and “ Luch", which produces paper household products: napkins, toilet paper).

An example from the second category is non-profit and charitable organizations that have taken a commercial route. There are a majority of these in Russia. The Nadezhda charity foundation operates in St. Petersburg, producing rehabilitation equipment for the elderly, disabled, and people who have suffered serious trauma. “Nadezhda” entered into an agreement with the Social Insurance Fund and all products - strollers, crutches, etc. -- people receive it free of charge by providing medical certificates about the need to purchase rehabilitation equipment for medical reasons. “Nadezhda” also opened a paid rental point that provides rehabilitation equipment for the period of collecting certificates (after the necessary certificates are collected, the rental cost is returned to the client). In Rybinsk, the women’s social support society “Woman, Personality, Society” works with low-income mothers with many children, and there is a workshop called “Merry Felt”, where they produce felt toys, costume jewelry and other art products. In Tula, an example of social entrepreneurship can be called the Berezen household services salon - here, in a social hairdressing salon, a photo workshop or a clothing tailoring and repair shop, a shoe repair shop, citizens with disabilities are served. For large families, disabled people, pensioners and low-income citizens who come to the salon, prices for services are provided at a discount. In Nizhny Novgorod, the charitable public organization “Care” works with both older people and young people; it has several social projects under its belt. Labor exchange, sewing workshop, computer Club, production and packaging of various kinds of goods, psychological trainings, legal advice - not charitable, but profitable, successful social and commercial projects.

The most advanced category of social entrepreneurs are representatives of small businesses, new businesses, whose goal is not profit, but a methodical solution to the problems of socially vulnerable categories of citizens. Armor LLC is successfully operating in Moscow, an organization engaged in the production of an orthopedic system that allows people with injuries or diseases of the spine that have led to paralysis of the legs to move independently. In Yekaterinburg, LLC “Scientific and Social Center “Elfo”” is engaged in the psychological and physical rehabilitation of children using hippotherapy.

1.5 Prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to limit small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory authorities and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products.

It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly increases costs, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for beginning entrepreneurs, primarily in such types of activities as innovation, production, construction, repair and construction, and medicine.

Attention should be focused on concentrating all financial resources intended to support small businesses (federal and regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, all kinds of extra-budgetary sources) on the most important priority areas, and create a system of loan guarantees for it. Newly created small businesses require extensive use of leasing and franchising. While the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, leasing is only in its infancy. Further development These forms of activity among small businesses should be promoted by large enterprises.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, the development of the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should have the opportunity at any moment to receive advice and free assistance on issues of opening and functioning, on problems marketing strategy, protecting your interests, on any other issue.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurs. About 8 million people work in the small business sector, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, footnote?, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people are joining small businesses. Meanwhile, according to sociological surveys, over 70% of young entrepreneurs believe that they need to acquire special knowledge in the field of small business. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent. Today there are about 900 thousand small businesses operating in the country footnote?. According to some estimates, only 20-30% of them have managers with special vocational education. Consequently, at approximately 700 thousand enterprises, managers act on a whim, taking into account their abilities and experience. This hinders further development and improvement of the efficiency of small businesses.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Licensing of Certain Types of Activities” dated August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ, local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than the licenses listed in this law. However, permits for trade or some other type of activity, from fire inspection to sanitary and epidemiological inspection, remain common practice. The majority of respondents to the survey responded that competition is currently a more serious problem for them than government regulation. For the first time since Russia's transition to a market economy, entrepreneurs named competition as the most important issue. This attention to competition indicates that the Russian economy is becoming a truly market economy; entrepreneurs are more concerned about the behavior of competitors than the behavior of officials. They have adapted to the behavior of officials to a certain extent, but they will have to constantly adapt to competition.

Thus, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development. According to rough estimates, in the coming years the number of small enterprises in Russia may increase to 1.4 - 1.5 million units. The products they produce can be valued at 2.8 - 3.2 trillion. rub. Thus, occupying approximately 14 - 15% of the country's GDP, small businesses can take their rightful place in the Russian economy.

Chapter 2. Identifying entrepreneurial abilities in a team

Methodology: testing

Purpose of testing: The purpose of testing is to obtain independent objective information about students’ preparedness for social entrepreneurship.

Testing task: Analysis of test results and compilation of objective information about the presence of social entrepreneurship abilities among students.

Working hypotheses of the study:

1) Formation of an objective view of students’ abilities for social entrepreneurship under test conditions.

2) Application of the obtained test results will increase knowledge about students’ abilities for social entrepreneurship.

The practical part of the course work is based on testing, which includes 21 questions and is aimed at determining an individual’s aptitude for entrepreneurship.

The survey was conducted among students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

15 people took part in the study - 2nd year students of the Faculty of Finance and Economics. The age of the respondents ranges from 18 to 20 years. Respondents were asked to answer questions by choosing one of two pre-given answers. Based on the points received, the number of which is added up depending on the answer to a particular question, the degree of expression of entrepreneurial abilities is determined. According to this questionnaire, it can be “weak” - if the respondent scored less than 12 points, “average” - from 12 to 16, “strong” - from 16 or more. The answer scheme is a choice of two options: yes, no. Each positive answer gives one point. Below is a table showing the questions and the number of answers given. The test allows you to assess the level of your entrepreneurial abilities (Author T. Matveeva).

Methodology: mini-questionnaire

Do you know what social entrepreneurship is?

Yes 4 people 27%

No 11 people 73%

Would you like to engage in social entrepreneurship? (This question was asked only to those who know what social entrepreneurship is.)

Yes 4 people 100%

There was no answer “no”.

Analysis of results

Based on the testing results, 5 people were identified among the respondents

33% who would be inclined towards entrepreneurship are above average, 4 - 27% of people showed average results, and 6 - 40% - below average.

This is partly due to the fact that not everyone is not always able to objectively assess themselves and their capabilities. The mood and age of the respondents are also of great importance. All this tells us that, after time, the same people will most likely answer the same questions differently and, accordingly, will show different results, therefore, any technique cannot guarantee absolute reliability. Thus, only 5 out of 15 people are fully ready to engage in entrepreneurial activity at this stage, i.e. every third. Also, respondents were asked two questions related specifically to social entrepreneurship. Based on the results, you can see that social entrepreneurship is much less popular and is known to only 27% of respondents. I believe this is due to the fact that social entrepreneurship is a fairly new phenomenon for the modern world as a separate institution, although it appeared quite a long time ago.

Conclusion

The idea of “social entrepreneurship” has touched the hearts of many people. This phrase is perfectly suited for our time. It combines a passion for social mission with the discipline of business. It is definitely time for an entrepreneurial approach to social issues.

While the concept of “social entrepreneurship” is gaining popularity, different people interpret the phrase differently, causing confusion. Many people associate social entrepreneurship exclusively with non-profit enterprises that become commercial or begin to make a profit. Others use the term to describe only the activities of those who organize non-profit enterprises. Still others by this phrase mean a business that integrates the principles social responsibility into your business processes.

Many government and philanthropic efforts fall far short of our expectations. Mainstream social sector institutions are often incompetent, ineffective and unresponsive. And today we need social entrepreneurs to develop new models for the new century.

The language of social entrepreneurship may be new, but the phenomenon itself has been known for a long time. Social entrepreneurs have always existed, although they were never called that. It was these people who originally built many of the institutions that we now take for granted. However, the new name plays an important role, because it implies the blurring of the previous boundaries of different areas of activity. In addition to innovative non-profit enterprises, social entrepreneurship can also include socially oriented businesses (such as community development banks), or hybrid organizations that combine commercial and non-profit elements (such as shelters for homeless people, whose business is based on training and employing their wards).

The new language allows social entrepreneurs to expand their previous field of activity and find even more effective methods for realizing their social mission. Social entrepreneurship describes rather extraordinary principles of behavior. These principles should be encouraged and nurtured in those who have the ability and temperament for this kind of work. Then we could achieve much more.

Should everyone strive to be a social entrepreneur? No. Not every good social sector worker is well suited to be an entrepreneur. And also in business. Not every good businessman is an entrepreneur. Society needs different types and styles of leaders. Social entrepreneurs are just one breed of leader and should be seen as such. This study aims to highlight their distinctive features and show that being a social entrepreneur is not easy. And we need social entrepreneurs to help us find new ways of social improvement as we turn to a new century.

List of used literature

1. Small business in Russia: Textbook, Chapek V.N., Maksikov D.V., ed. Phoenix, 2010

2. Kabachenko T.S. Psychology in management by human resourses. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

3. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1980.

4. A. A. Timofeeva. History of entrepreneurship in Russia: textbook. M.: Flinta, 2011

5. Lawton A., Rose E. Organization and management in government agencies. M.: 1993.

Application

Questionnaire

	Do you know how to finish what you start, despite all the obstacles?
	Do you know how to insist on a decision made or are you easily persuaded?
	Do you like to take on the responsibility of leading?
	Do you have the respect and trust of your colleagues?
	Does your health allow you to engage in entrepreneurial activity?
	Are you ready to work 12-14 hours a day without receiving immediate returns?
	Do you like to communicate and work with people?
	Do you know how to convince and infect others with your confidence in the correctness of your chosen business?
	Do you understand the actions and actions of others?
	Do you have experience in the field in which you want to start your business?
	Are you familiar with the current procedure for taxation, payroll, drawing up an income statement, maintaining accounting?
	Will there be a demand in your city or region for the product or service you are going to offer?
	Are other small entrepreneurs of your profile doing well in your city (region)?
	Do you have a premises in mind that can be rented? If you do not have a premises, does the area of your apartment (house) allow you to organize your own business at home?
	Are you ready for the fact that your business will not generate income for six months or a year?
	Do you have sufficient financial resources to support your business during its first year?
	Do you have sufficient initial capital to start a business?
	Do you have the opportunity to attract relatives and friends to finance the business you are creating?
	Do you have any suppliers in mind for the materials you need?
	Do you have any smart specialists in mind who have the experience and knowledge that you lack?
	Are you sure that having your own business is your main goal?

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General information

Social entrepreneurship is an area in which activities are carried out independently of external funding. All work is carried out on the basis of proven business schemes. In this connection, it cannot be said that social entrepreneurship is a form of initiative. In this area, not only time-tested, but also new, scientifically based approaches to solving existing and relatively recently emerging problems are used.

Mission

Small businesses and socially-oriented organizations can work in a variety of areas. They implement socially oriented programs as part of their core activities. It could be healthcare Agriculture, service, education and so on. Currently, there is no exact definition of social entrepreneurship, since it affects many areas of human life and has a huge number of directions and facets. This activity can most succinctly be described with the following phrase: “Earn money by helping others.” Social entrepreneurship is about solving tangible and concrete problems in society to promote positive, sustainable change. It should be emphasized that this work is not charity. Help is provided according to the principle of “giving not a fish, but a fishing rod.”

Historical reference

How did socially-oriented entrepreneurship begin? In Russia, back in the 19th century, there were so-called houses of industriousness. They can be called an example of domestic comprehensive labor assistance. These houses were founded by Father John Sergiev in Kronstadt. His main idea was the idea that often ordinary charity and alms corrupt a person, depriving him of the incentive to work. “Houses” were centers in which work was carried out in three directions at once. Here they were engaged in charity work, educational activities and employment. In the middle of the 19th century. Cooperatives emerged in Great Britain. They were a source of financing the public needs of the population.

Development of social entrepreneurship

It is worth noting that the phenomenon in question was noticed abroad much earlier than in Russia. There are several studies that illustrate the diversity of the content and forms of social entrepreneurship organization. The concept itself was first introduced in the 60s. 20th century in Great Britain. Then the trends of social freedom began to spread. In this wave, issues of public importance were widely covered by English-language publications. A more stable use of the concept of social entrepreneurship dates back to the 70-80s. Several prominent individuals contributed to this. Thus, Gregory Deese pointed out in one of his articles that the reason for the emergence of small businesses and socially oriented non-profit organizations lies in the ineffectiveness of individual public institutions. It is worth noting here that in advanced countries with fairly progressive structures, this form of business is more common. In this regard, for the emergence of social entrepreneurship, the appearance of a subjective assessment of existing institutions as ineffective by an individual member of society is sufficient.

Specifics

Michael Young

This man not only created social enterprises around the world. Michael Young became serious about educational programs. Thanks to him, the College of Enterprise (Social), the University of the 3rd Millennium, the Institute for Community Studies and many other institutions emerged. One of the Harvard professors called Young the most successful businessman in the field of social initiatives. Thanks to his activities, many ideas for consumer protection have been implemented. Young performed and wrote books. The main idea of his works was the idea of evaluating people not only by education, merit, mental abilities, type of activity, but also by the level of their honesty, ability to sympathize, show kindness and generosity.

Modern realities

Currently, commercial companies are more actively involved in social reforms. At the same time, all enterprises have in common the desire to introduce innovative approaches to business. There is a growing interest in social entrepreneurship from the academic community. A special course was opened at Harvard Business School in 1989. The training was carried out directly according to the social entrepreneurship program. Since that time, America's leading business schools have begun to include additional courses in their educational plans. In 2004, about a quarter of Stanford graduates had degrees in social entrepreneurship. At the beginning of the 21st century, several large companies. Among them:

Russian companies

In the Russian Federation, the most significant contribution can be called the contribution of the Our Future Foundation. It was founded by the co-owner and president of the LUKoil company V. Alekperov. The Foundation provides information, financial and consulting assistance to social entrepreneurs, organizes project competitions, and analyzes the effectiveness of supported enterprises based on specific indicators. In addition to “Our Future”, it is worth noting the “School of Farmers” in the Perm Territory, the “Merry Felt” workshop, operating at the Women’s Society in Rybinsk, the salon consumer services"Berezen" in Tula, LLC "Armor" in Yekaterinburg "Elfo", the public association "Caring" in Nizhny Novgorod, the "Nadezhda" foundation in St. Petersburg. In 2010, the concept of “social entrepreneurship” was officially included in the regulations of the Ministry of Economic Development. Due to this, regional authorities began to pay more attention to this social phenomenon. Educational institutions began to develop more actively. Among them, for example, one can highlight the Novosibirsk school “Territory of Development”.

Conclusion

The social problem to which the entrepreneur’s actions are aimed is the starting point of his business. If there is no pressing issue requiring intervention, then there will not be special work. There will be a conventional enterprise with traditional purposes. Social entrepreneurship is a balance of social objectives and a business component. Here money is not a goal, but a means that allows not only to solve problems, but also to remain independent from constant investments from outside. From the point of view of world history, social entrepreneurship is considered a fairly young phenomenon. Abroad, it has existed for just over 30 years, and in Russia - about 10. However, despite this, social enterprises today are on a par with charity, non-profit initiatives, and corporate responsibility. At the government level, draft regulations are being developed that would clearly describe the mechanism for interaction of enterprises solving public problems with citizens and government agencies. Today, social entrepreneurship is based on general business rules. At the same time, companies are constantly introducing innovative methods work. There is no doubt that this sector must expand.

The transition of the Russian, like any other, economy to market relations is inevitably associated with the formation and development of entrepreneurship. So, speaking about the economy in general and the market economy in particular, we inevitably have to focus on entrepreneurship as an integral part of economic activity. Entrepreneurship in different economic areas differs in form and, especially in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. But the nature of the activity leaves a significant imprint on the type of goods and services that the entrepreneur produces or provides. An entrepreneur can produce goods and services himself by purchasing only factors of production. He can also purchase finished goods and resell it to the consumer. Finally, an entrepreneur can only connect producers and consumers, sellers and buyers. The general rejection of entrepreneurship is gradually turning into an awareness of the need to create conditions for it. fast the fastest and most effective development. There is no doubt that entrepreneurship is the future in Russia.

The purpose of this work is to study the theoretical and practical problems of entrepreneurship.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the following tasks:

Consider the prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship;
Study the essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship;
Consider the problems of entrepreneurship;
Consider subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity;
Analyze the main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship;
Consider entrepreneurship support funds.

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

The economic reforms carried out in Russia, with all their contradictions and inconsistencies, were a condition for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. As the experience of countries with developed market economies shows, entrepreneurial activity plays a very important role in the economy, affecting economic growth, saturation of the market with goods, and the creation of additional jobs. In other words, entrepreneurial activity contributes to solving many pressing economic, social and other problems.

In the transition economy of Russia, economic prerequisites for the development of enterprises with various forms property. The private sector is being formed, which is accompanied by the liquidation of old, pre-reform structures, the creation of new institutions of a market economy, a new financial and credit mechanism.

Russia's transition to a market economy has updated the problem of entrepreneurship, which is a necessary component of a market economy.

It should be noted that in modern literature on economic theory, much attention is paid to the content of entrepreneurship and the assessment of its impact on the economy. Thus, the classic of modern microeconomic theory A. Marshall, speaking about the main feature of a market economy, draws attention to “freedom of production and entrepreneurship.” R. Cantillon drew attention to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of modern times, replacing the feudal Middle Ages and proved that in addition to landowners and mercenaries of various kinds, people appeared who, at their own peril and risk, rushed to market exchange in order to make a profit. This approach to the interpretation of the concept of entrepreneurship is quite legitimate.

It should be noted that in economic theory there was another approach to understanding entrepreneurship. Thus, a hundred years after Cantillon, the theoretical concept of J.B. Say, which is based on such economic concepts as capital, land, labor, factors of production, and a combination of factors. Entrepreneurship itself was interpreted as operating factors of production. This means that factors of production are extracted in one place where they give little income, then they are moved, and a new combination of them in another place gives more income.

Say's concept is applicable to any form of entrepreneurial activity and therefore has acquired the authority of a classical formula of entrepreneurship. Almost all studies on entrepreneurship contain direct or indirect references to Say's concept.

Entrepreneurial activity involves risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who has taken the risk of decisions made on his personal initiative. Indeed, in a market environment, any economic entity operates in conditions of uncertainty and therefore takes risks.

The Austrian scientist J. Schumpeter connected entrepreneurship with innovation. In accordance with this concept, the result of the entrepreneur’s activity leads to changes in the material content, forms and methods of labor. It is the influence on the acceleration of economic processes that is a specific property of an entrepreneur.

When talking about entrepreneurship, one should take into account its relationship with the socio-economic environment. Free enterprise can emerge as a phenomenon if four groups of interrelated prerequisites are implemented: political, economic, legal and psychological.

A group of political prerequisites presupposes the political stability of society in the country and its democratization. Free enterprise as a mass phenomenon can take place if the government enjoys the trust of the people.

The group of economic prerequisites means the transformation of state-owned enterprises into joint-stock companies and the emergence in the country of various economic structures with various forms of ownership.

The group of psychological prerequisites includes the elimination of the misunderstanding of social justice as equality - equality of opportunity.

A group of legal premises suggests that free enterprise can function successfully if the country has a set of laws that support entrepreneurs and do not outlaw their activities.

The beginning of the formation of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is considered to be the adoption of the decision in 1992 Russian government destroyed the institutions of administrative regulation of production. Thus, the State Planning Committee, which developed centralized plans and forecasts of socio-economic development, was abolished. The State Committee for Material and Technical Supply, which, in accordance with the national economic plan, provided all sectors with means of production, ceased to exist.

For example, Russian small business (the main part of entrepreneurship) originated on July 18, 1991, when Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 446 introduced criteria for classifying enterprises as small and defined general conditions and rules for their functioning.

The beginning of the reforms saw a powerful rush of people into private entrepreneurship, primarily in its small forms. In 1992, about 190 thousand new small enterprises were created, 1.4 times more than in 1991. This process played a decisive role in the emergence of the private sector in Russia, the filling of which came mainly from small enterprises. By 1995, about 65% of all Russian private enterprises were small.

Over the past years, a regulatory framework has been created to regulate business activities. The goals and objectives of state policy in the field of support and development of entrepreneurship are defined. Mechanisms for implementing targets have been developed and structures have been created to bring them to life. A network of service organizations has been formed that provide educational, information, consulting, and financial services to enterprises.

The achieved level of entrepreneurship development is clearly reflected by state statistics: by the end of 2000, the number of small enterprises was about 891 thousand, approaching the 1994 level. The total number of permanent employees in small enterprises by the end of 2006 was about 12.0 million people or 12% of the total number of employees Russian enterprises. At the beginning of 2008, the number of small enterprises was already 1.137 million units, which indicates the progressive development of the small business sector.

Entrepreneurship does not go smoothly. There are still many people in Russia who do not accept entrepreneurship; they trust the previous totalitarian system of centralized control, and the most conservative circles dream of restoring command and administrative structures and declaring entrepreneurship illegal.

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the subject of study in many disciplines. Hence the multiplicity of its interpretations and definitions. The essence of entrepreneurship as an economic category is determined by its nature and characteristics as a specific type of economic behavior, the ability of business entities to respond to a potential source of benefit.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity associated with economic risk and aimed at finding the best ways to use resources, carried out with the aim of generating income and increasing property.

By its economic nature, entrepreneurship is inextricably linked with the market economy and is its product. As a property of economic activity, it externally manifests itself in the desire to extract additional benefits in the exchange process. Meanwhile, exchange in itself is not yet a source of entrepreneurship. It becomes such when it turns into an integral part of a single economic turnover, and production for exchange becomes the determining function of economic entities. Commodity production is historically and genetically the starting point of entrepreneurship. Exchange, firstly, stimulates the search for new opportunities, i.e. initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of possible benefit, which is both a motive and an assessment of the success of the initiative he has undertaken. Thirdly, when faced with similar people in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive. Fourthly, as a mechanism for satisfying social needs, exchange determines the social nature of entrepreneurial activity.

The essence of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is revealed in its functions: economic and social.

Economic function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it ensures continuous institutional change and development of the entire economic system of society, constantly updates the environment with innovations, breaks old routine structures, and opens the way to various transformations. The economic function of entrepreneurship helps to increase production efficiency, quality of products and services, and the introduction of scientific and technological progress.

Social function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it softens the spontaneous impact of the market by resolving issues of social security for people and groups. This function contributes to the growth of the cultural and educational level of the population, protects its low-income strata from inflation, etc.

Considering in more detail the explicit functions of small, medium and large businesses, it is clear that in their main features they coincide. The differences lie in the potential capabilities of each type of business to implement these functions in the most effective way. For example, the function of organizing production, which involves assessing the economic situation, developing an action plan, organizing administrative management and monitoring the implementation of the plan, is most effectively implemented by large businesses due to the superiority of internal organization and the resulting savings due to the scale of production. For these reasons, it is large, and not small, businesses that derive the main benefit from scientific and technological progress, since they can relatively quickly increase their fixed capital and use the most productive methods and production technologies.

A socially significant latent function of small business is the function of creating an environment and the spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible. Unlike large businesses, small businesses in most of their forms are accessible to many people simply because they do not require large initial investments of capital. Low capital intensity and short construction or reconstruction time compared to large facilities are important advantages of small business forms. It is also necessary to highlight the essential function of small business - the function of maintaining and strengthening political and social stability in society. This is achieved through the creation of new jobs by small businesses, as well as expanding the layer of owners. An important role is played by the public function of small business - financial filling of the revenue side of local budgets, since its taxation in most Western countries is carried out at the municipal level. Gradually, a similar situation is beginning to develop in Russia.

The public functions of large enterprises are specific. First of all, these include the function of exercising real economic power in the country. The function of foreign economic representation of the national economy can also, to a certain extent, be classified as one of the latent social functions of large enterprises. It is big business that is the dominant subject of international foreign economic activity. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) that dominate the market is especially great in this area. international markets products.

A socially significant function of large businesses is the function of ensuring stable employment, professional and career growth for the overwhelming majority of the population. Due to the virtual lack of opportunities to obtain loans, high degree business risk, small businesses go bankrupt much more often than large ones. Among the social functions of large businesses is the function of filling the revenue side of the country’s state budget.

However, the function of the multiplier, the driving force of economic growth, is especially socially significant and at the same time latent for entrepreneurship. The economic nature of entrepreneurship is characterized through its principles : initiative, commercial risk and responsibility, combination of production factors, innovation.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity. The constant desire to search for something new, be it the production of new goods or the development of new markets, in a word, the search for new opportunities for profit, is a distinctive feature of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative is the desire to realize the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself, which is carried out for the mutual benefit of the participants in this process. Entrepreneurship should not be associated with deception and violence, but with extracting profits by satisfying social needs - with the “spirit of non-violent acquisition.”

Initiative requires a certain amount of economic freedom. When the level of regulation of business activity is too high, initiative activity decreases, resulting in business stagnation. In this sense, creating conditions for intensifying initiative among business entities is a key task of the transition to entrepreneurship.

Although risk is an organic component of entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship itself is not associated with risk-taking. The entrepreneur's focus on addressing market uncertainty and his own benefit is a decisive factor in his decision-making. It is not human qualities in the form of a propensity to take reckless risks, but the expected reward that forces the entrepreneur to take risks. Therefore, the amount of risk he takes directly depends on the likely increase in income.

Commercial risk differs from risk in general in that it is based on sober calculation and consideration of possible negative consequences. The desire for success here is always balanced by economic responsibility. The economic responsibility that accompanies risk confronts the entrepreneur with the task of mastering and managing risk. And if the entrepreneur is not able to eliminate market uncertainty, then it is quite possible for him to reduce the risk. The most well-known mechanism for reducing risk is insurance, which allows you to transform the risk into insignificant additional costs. The problem, however, is that the innovative nature of business activity makes it extremely difficult to reliably assess the probable risk, thereby narrowing the possibilities for using insurance specifically in the field of business. Entrepreneurial initiative, on the contrary, involves the creation of new, previously unheard-of situations, the probable outcome of which is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to assess. Consequently, the possibilities for insuring entrepreneurial activities are reduced. Another way to reduce risk is to share it with other stakeholders. Meanwhile, while helping to reduce risk (possible losses for an individual participant), this method undermines entrepreneurial motivation, since entrepreneurial income will be divided among the participants of the enterprise.

Risk as a property of entrepreneurial activity characterizes not only the specifics of entrepreneurship. It also has general economic significance. The presence of risk forces the entrepreneur to scrupulously analyze possible alternatives, choosing the best and most promising of them, which leads to progressive shifts in productive forces and increased efficiency social production. On the other hand, the presence of risk in business activity requires the application of certain restrictions and regulations in relation to it.

Moving resources for the purpose of their more efficient use is only a general formula for a more complex process of increasing the efficiency of resource use. Another, more complex form of increasing the efficiency of resource use is combination of factors of production . Its essence is to find the most rational combination of factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, an entrepreneur not only ensures a transition to a more efficient use of resources, but also, manifesting itself in new technologies, ensures the forward progress of social productive forces. In the process of industrialization of the economy, combination based on the “principle of substitution” becomes the determining factor in generating income, and the “spirit of rationalism” permeates the entire content of entrepreneurship and is identified with it.

At the same time, it would be an unforgivable omission to reduce the essence of combination only to the issue of efficient use of resources. The entrepreneur also combines more complex parameters that ensure the stability of the business structure itself. When the market mechanism, for some reason: scarcity of resources, instability of supplies, difficulties in monitoring the fulfillment of obligations, does not provide the required level, the entrepreneur begins to combine elements of the mechanism itself. He removes individual elements from the market sphere and includes them in the structure of his own organization, changing the nature of the mechanism for redistributing resources. Therefore, the content of the combination function is broader than the “substitution principle,” and it itself can act as a factor in transforming the resource distribution mechanism.

Being social in nature, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at meeting social needs. But the entrepreneur does not take on property risks for charitable reasons. Material interest expressed in income is an incentive for entrepreneurial activity. It should, however, be borne in mind that not every income is the result of entrepreneurship. It appears as such only when it appears to be the result of better use of factors of production. Therefore, various types of rental income and interest on capital cannot be considered as income from business. In reality, entrepreneurial income is represented in the form of economic profit, which is a direct form of motivation for entrepreneurship. Profit is a source of income for an entrepreneur and the development of a company, serves as an indicator of the efficiency of using resources and assessing investment opportunities, and finally, an assessment of success and a psychological stimulus. This suggests that, even if it does not appear outwardly, profit nevertheless occupies a dominant place in the hierarchy of the entrepreneur’s goals.

Thus, as a business manager, an entrepreneur strives to provide stable conditions for the implementation and development of his entrepreneurial function. From this side, his task is to balance multidirectional forces, allowing him to effectively carry out the entrepreneurial function in the long term. At the same time, realizing the function of the owner, he must ensure the greatest return on the resources used, expressed in maximizing profit. Resolving this contradiction can take many different forms, but they all ultimately boil down to ensuring an acceptable rate of profit. Profit satisfaction means nothing more than a compromise between various aspects of the entrepreneurial function.

However, it would be unfair to focus attention only on the acquisitive motivation of entrepreneurship, losing sight of the creative work it performs.

Basic principles that entrepreneurs should follow in their activities:

1) Right choice business strategies based on marketing research.

2) Creation of conditions for rapid adaptation to the requirements of the production market, product range and quality, management system for the company’s production and sales activities

3) Active influence on demand, the market and the consumer through advertising, pricing policy, and an effective system of control over the distribution of goods

4) An entrepreneur should not be afraid of competition

5) Carry out business planning

6) Don’t be afraid to take loans

7) Diversify your production

8) Mechanize and automate your production.

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

During the transition to a market economy, Russia encountered many problems that had to be resolved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, through what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. Capital markets, banking, financial and currency systems also had to be created. It was necessary to develop effective planning and accounting systems in order to assess the value of firms and more objectively judge the results of their activities. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.

It was necessary to select and train managers capable of working in a market system and competing in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.

The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policies and to find a way to resolve the problems arising from the fact that simply privatizing giant, inefficient enterprises created a system of giant, inefficient private monopolies.

It was necessary to determine the procedure for ending government subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide financing for government activities.

Finally, it was necessary to decide whether and when the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take on the social problems arising from the inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after it. completion.

Most of these problems fully apply to small businesses. The problems of further development of small business in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of Representatives of Small Businesses:

failure initial capital and own working capital;
difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
increased pressure from criminal structures;
lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
limited opportunities to obtain leasing services;
lack of proper social protection and personal safety of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.

It's no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference small enterprises, held in March 2001 in Moscow, was called “Reasonable regulation for civilized entrepreneurship.” The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.

The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, excessive administrative barriers come in second place after the tax burden. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another government problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.

At the beginning of 2003, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, conducted an inventory of the control functions of government bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that common system There is no state control in Russia. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1,065 thousand people. More than 423 of them are vested with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors pay the main attention to small businesses, limiting, constraining, and often stopping their activities.

Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at no less than 40% of the gross national product. At the same time, there is a gradual decline in the share of the shadow economy in Russia in last years.

1) high level of taxation;

2) unavailability of credit resources;

3) administrative barriers.

Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both material, technical and financial. Practically we're talking about on the creation of a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant extent. This, in particular, meant a lack of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived “from paycheck to paycheck,” could not form the reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. It is clear that an extremely strained state budget cannot become a source of these funds. We can only hope for credit resources. But they are also insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant inflation.

The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small businesses. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.

Therefore, it is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, and various types of preferences, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their purpose is to ensure better satisfaction of people's needs while creating conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.

The next problem is the legislative framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far it is, to put it mildly, imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. The difficulty is that, firstly, there is no single legislative basis for the current activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are far from being fully implemented.

Currently, small businesses find themselves in conditions that are very distant from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-encompassing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.

There is no system for conducting an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, and there is practically no reporting on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to take advantage of tax benefits.

Small businesses' access to high technology, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.

Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to protect small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory authorities and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products. It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly increases costs, and distorts competition.

Attention should be focused on concentrating all financial resources intended to support small businesses (federal budget, regional budgets, Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, all kinds of extra-budgetary sources) on the most important priority areas, and create a system of loan guarantees for it.

Newly created small businesses require widespread use of leasing and franchising. While the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, leasing is only in its infancy. Large enterprises should facilitate the further development of these forms of activity.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, the development of the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should have the opportunity at any moment to receive advice and free assistance on issues of opening and functioning, on problems of marketing strategy, protecting their interests, and on any other problem.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people are joining small businesses. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent.

In recent years, the number of applications for new licenses has decreased, which has undoubtedly simplified the life of small businesses. At the same time, 80% of all issued licenses cost entrepreneurs more than the fee established by law, and 77% of all licenses and decisions held by the heads of companies were issued for a period less than the five years prescribed by law.

In accordance with Federal Law No. 128-FZ of August 8, 2001 “On licensing of certain types of activities,” local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than those listed in the Licensing Law.

Thus, despite a fairly large number of problems and obstacles, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development.

4. Subjects and objects of business activity

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with consumer as its main counterparty, as well as with state, which in different situations can act as a helper or adversary. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee (unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if production is not isolated from public relations) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Business entities

In the relationship between an entrepreneur and a consumer, the entrepreneur belongs to the category of an active subject, and the consumer is primarily characterized by a passive role. When analyzing the side of this relationship the consumer serves as an indicator of the entrepreneurial process. This is understandable, therefore, everything that constitutes the subject of an entrepreneur’s activity has the right to be implemented only in the case of a positive consumer expert assessment. This assessment is carried out by the consumer and acts as the latter’s willingness to purchase a particular product. An entrepreneur, when planning and organizing his activities, cannot in any way ignore the moods, desires, interests, expectations, and assessments of the consumer.

An entrepreneur in a market system of relations has no other way to influence the consumer other than to act in unison with his interests. However, this situation does not mean at all that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the already identified interests of the consumer. The entrepreneur himself can shape consumer demand and create new purchasing needs. This is precisely what the provision about two ways of organizing entrepreneurial activity boils down to: on the basis of the identified interest of the consumer or on the basis of “imposing” a new product on him.

Thus, the goal of the entrepreneur is the need to “conquer” the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

The role of the state as a subject of the entrepreneurial process may vary depending on social conditions, the situation developing in the field of business activity, and the goals that the state sets for itself.

Depending on the specific situation, the state may:

. a brake on the development of entrepreneurship, when it creates an extremely unfavorable environment for the development of entrepreneurship or even prohibits it;

. an outside observer, when the state does not directly oppose the development of entrepreneurship, but at the same time does not contribute to this development;

. accelerator of the entrepreneurial process, when the state is constantly and actively searching for measures to involve new economic agents in the entrepreneurial process (often such purposeful activity of the state causes an “explosion” of entrepreneurial activity and leads to a “boom” of entrepreneurship).

An employee, as an implementer of an entrepreneur’s ideas, also belongs to the group of subjects of the entrepreneurial process. The effectiveness and quality of the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea depends on it.

It is known that each economic entity has its own interests. As for the entrepreneur and the employee, some of their plans coincide (the higher the profit, the higher the wages, for example), and some are of a polar opposite nature (the entrepreneur is not interested in high wages, but the employee is interested). In such cases the parties are forced to search for compromise options, which, in general, forms the basis of the relationship between these two subjects of the entrepreneurial process.

Partnerships (real and potential) play a very important role in entrepreneurship. Every entrepreneur, when planning his activities and developing a business plan, must take into account the possibility of establishing the necessary partnerships. For example, if you plan to produce, say, kitchen furniture, then you, naturally, will definitely try to determine where, from whom and on what conditions presumably (and whether there is such an opportunity) you will be able to purchase everything necessary for organizing production (wood, other components, fittings, equipment, machines, etc.). Without such an approach, business planning is impossible.

Thus, when planning his activities, an entrepreneur considers his partner (partners) as a subject of the entrepreneurial process, the form of relationship with whom determines the level of efficiency of his activities.

Objects of commercial activity comprise fixed assets and working capital, as well as other tangible and intangible assets and financial resources, the value of which is reflected in the company’s independent balance sheet. Shareholders exercise the right to own, use and dispose of the company's property.

The company has the right to dispose of its property at its discretion, including selling, transferring to other enterprises for a fee or free of charge, and writing off the balance sheet.

Possession and use of property that does not belong to the company by right of ownership is carried out on the basis of its lease with or without subsequent purchase and other legal grounds. The company owns and uses land and other natural resources in accordance with the procedure established by law.

The company is liable for its obligations with all its property, which, according to current legislation, can be foreclosed on.

Authorized capital The company is formed from cash, property contributions, and income from the sale of intellectual property of shareholders. The authorized capital can be replenished with the personal property of shareholders, transferred to the company for subsequent sale and crediting of the proceeds to the shareholder’s contribution to the authorized capital.

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

According to the Civil Code in the Russian Federation, there are the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises: business partnerships, societies and production cooperatives.

Business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants). Property created through the contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activities, belongs to it by right of ownership.

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and limited partnership. Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships can be individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations.

A full business partnership is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants who bear full responsibility for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. It may be established by at least two persons. Therefore, in the case where a single participant remains in an existing partnership, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, investors whose liability is limited to the amount of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference that it must include at least one investors (limited partners). In the event of the withdrawal of all investors, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

Business companies can be created in the form of a joint stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company. Participants in business companies and investors in limited partnerships can be citizens and legal entities. State bodies and local government bodies do not have the right to act as participants in business companies and investors in limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided by law.

A limited liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of capital of a limited number of participants who do not bear property liability for the company’s obligations.

A limited liability company can be established by one or more participants, the number of which should not exceed the legally established limit on their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the Founding Agreement signed by the founders and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company. The formation of the company's assets is carried out through the contributions of the founders. And although the capital of a limited liability company is divided into shares, the company does not have the right to issue shares and similar securities. The minimum size of the authorized capital for companies of this type is regulated by law and must be at least 100 minimum monthly wages, and if the volume of net assets of the company decreases below the established value, the company is liquidated.

A company with additional liability is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of capital of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability for the company’s obligations determined by them.

Joint-stock company (JSC) is a formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations other than in the amount of the value of what they acquired valuable papers society.

A distinctive feature of a JSC is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a JSC by one person, who in this case acts as the holder of the entire block of shares. Taking into account the specifics of the functioning of a joint-stock company, the formation of its capital is regulated by law. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company consists of the nominal value of shares placed among the founders. At the same time, its minimum value is determined at 1000 minimum monthly wages, and open subscription to shares is allowed only after full payment by the founders of the authorized capital. An increase in the authorized capital to cover losses is not allowed, and its reduction is possible only after notifying all creditors. JSC also does not have the right to pay dividends, either until the authorized capital is fully paid, or in the case when net assets the company is less than the authorized capital or may become less than it after the payment of dividends. JSCs can use such a tool for increasing assets as bonds only after the third year of their existence and for an amount not exceeding the size of the authorized capital. At the same time, the law allows for the possibility of overcoming these requirements, provided that the issue of bonds is ensured by third parties.

The main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have the following gradation. (Fig.2)

Fig. 2 Main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

Currently, the role of small enterprises is significantly increasing. Their creation is of great importance, as it helps to increase employment of the population: it ensures the development of production, goods and services. Funds to support entrepreneurship are being formed at the federal and regional levels. Regional funds and centers for supporting small businesses have been created in 73 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Special government bodies carry out financial, credit and other measures to support small businesses.

The development of small enterprises is stimulated by tax incentives for the production of goods and services, preferential lending, the provision of equipment under leasing agreements and other measures.

In the Russian Federation, state support for small businesses is provided in the following areas:

formation of infrastructure for support and development of small businesses;
creation of preferential conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, material, technical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies;
establishing a simplified procedure for registering small businesses, licensing their activities, certifying their products, submitting state statistical and accounting reports;
support for foreign economic activities of small businesses, including assistance; development of their trade, scientific and technical, military production, information relations with foreign countries;
organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

Financial support for state and municipal programs to support small businesses is carried out annually from the federal budget, funds from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as from other sources. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of funds for its implementation.

The following financing measures are provided:

provision of state guarantees to foreign credit organizations providing loans to support small businesses;
provision of state guarantees for loans issued by banks and other credit organizations of the Russian Federation to small businesses;
allocation of state preferential investment loans;
allocation of at least 40% of funds from the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation to create new jobs in the field of small business.

A number of measures are provided for the development of small businesses.

Preferential lending. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation for the corresponding difference to credit institutions from the funds of small business support funds.
Insurance. Insurance of small businesses is carried out on preferential terms. Small business support funds, under an agreement with an insurance organization, have the right to compensate it in whole or in part for lost income.
Government order. When forming and placing orders, as well as concluding government contracts for the supply of products and goods (services) for government needs for priority types of products, government customers are required to place with small businesses at least 15% of the total volume of supplies for government needs of this type of product.

Works in the Kemerovo region State Fund for Support of Small Business of the Kemerovo Region, The main goal of the Foundation is to accumulate resources for financial support of programs state support small business, participation in the financing of regional programs, as well as projects and events aimed at supporting and developing small business.

In addition, to solve the problems of small business development in Kemerovo, a small business support infrastructure has been created, which includes: Municipal non-profit Fund for Support of Small Business of Kemerovo (MNFSP) , uniting Kemerovo Business Incubators, City Business Center, Training and Consulting Center and City Innovation Center. The Small Business Support Fund actively cooperates with the Council for the Support and Development of Small Business under the Mayor of the city, the Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and the Kuzbass representative office of OPORA Rossii.

The main activity of the Business Center is providing financial support to small businesses by issuing loans. A prerequisite for receiving financial support is the creation of new jobs.

The educational and consulting center of the Municipal Non-Profit Fund for Support of Small Business of the city of Kemerovo, having gone from teaching the basics of entrepreneurship to developing special courses in popular areas of doing business since 1999, today especially highlighted the direction of coaching as professional support and solving problem situations in the workplace of a businessman by a specialist in specific area on the stated problem.

In turn, Business incubators are created to solve the following problems: supporting start-up entrepreneurs by providing production space; establishment and development of healthy competition in the area; creation of new jobs.

The main task of the City Innovation Center is information and financial support for the commercialization of an innovative project that is in the initial stage of creating a prototype. It is planned to create a bank innovative projects, search for project implementers thanks to the State Research Center for Technology Transfer Center, business incubation, consulting support for the activities of innovative enterprises, assistance in protecting intellectual property.

This will make it possible, through the development of producing small and medium-sized businesses, to provide additional opportunities to significantly improve people’s living conditions, increase their standard of living, health, educational and intellectual potential, and solve acute social problems of the city’s economy. Thus, a comprehensive system of entrepreneurship support has been formed in the Kemerovo MNFPE: from training and consulting to the implementation of a business idea.

Such municipal, non-profit funds for supporting entrepreneurship exist not only in the regional center, but also in almost every city and district of the Kemerovo region (Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Osinniki, Kaltan, Berezovsky, etc.)

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is an indispensable force for economic dynamism, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator who introduces new technologies and new forms of business organization on a commercial basis; the initiator of combining factors of production into a single process of producing goods and services in order to make a profit; production organizer, who sets up and sets the tone for the company’s activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company’s behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

Market relations pose many complex challenges to our society, among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

The nature of Russia's entrepreneurial potential is determined by the state of the Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the class of entrepreneurs itself, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively in the country over many previous decades.

To develop entrepreneurship in Russia, a special program is needed, which should include:

creation of stable economic legislation;
formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;
building regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certificate centers);
introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

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Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities that connects a social mission with achieving economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of so-called social enterprises - i.e. business enterprises organized for social purposes and to create social good and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business practices established in the private sector. 1 In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries, such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., and in third world countries, for which a new way of combining economic and social resources is a means to escape from deep poverty significant sections of the population. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship, it has recently gained popularity because "very suitable for our time." This is due to the fact that “many of the results of the activities of government and charitable organizations turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the institutions of the public sector are increasingly viewed as ineffective, ineffective and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed in order to create new models of socially significant activities” for new century." 2

The concept of social entrepreneurship is just beginning to circulate in Russia. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, it is important not only correct self-identification, which can come with increased information exchange, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small businesses, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in socio-economic sphere capable of acting as “mother structures” for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the existing experience in the functioning of some of the listed forms indicates the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

2. Microfinance and social entrepreneurship

The content of microfinance technologies comes down to making it economically feasible for a lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to low-income people and micro-businesses in such a way that recipients can use financial services for the purposes of their own development. Traditional lending technologies, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is the fundamental difference between microfinance and usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.

The invention of microcredit technologies as an alternative to standard bank loan schemes and usury is associated with the name of the founder of the bank and then the Grameen group, a university professor from Bangladesh, Mohammad Yunus. Grameen Bank was founded by Yunus in 1976 with the dual mission of providing financial services to poor women and poor families to help them overcome poverty through income-generating businesses. 3 This was the world's first microcredit experience, which simultaneously received worldwide recognition as a successful example of social entrepreneurship. For his services “in the field of socio-economic development...” M. Yunus became a laureate in 2006 Nobel Prize peace. 4

Due to the fact that consumers of microfinance services are, as a rule, classified as high-risk, a set of systems and procedures for providing services to microloan recipients has been developed in world practice. However, in itself, a technical solution to the problem of lending to small borrowers, taking into account the limitations of their economic resources, is not social entrepreneurship. In order to become such a social enterprise, firstly, it must have a social goal as the primary and leading objective of the activity, and not its by-product. Secondly, when solving a social problem, it must offer an innovative economic solution - non-trivial from the point of view of a combination of economic social resources. The latter distinguishes “entrepreneurship” from just “business”. In the case of Grameen Bank, the goal was to eradicate poverty in a rural community. In other words, it was necessary to offer a lending system for such a modest percentage that it would allow the manufacturer to keep the surplus from the sale of products for their own development (and escape from stagnant poverty), in contrast to the practice of complete economic dependence on local moneylenders that existed at that time. The mechanism that was proposed for this served as both an economic and social innovation - a new social enterprise united those being credited into a social network connected by relationships of trust, mutual assistance and responsibility, which served both as a consumer and a resource for the services offered by the enterprise.

3. Credit cooperatives in Russia: distribution and social and entrepreneurial features

The main objectives of credit cooperatives are to provide loans to their members and pool their financial resources to provide mutual financial assistance focused on production or social goals. The nature of co-op 5 helps avoid risky use savings of shareholders, including through the formation of a reserve fund, the development of a system of internal control and insurance, but first of all - through collective democratic management, implemented by all shareholders on the principle of “one participant - one vote” and the presence of subsidiary liability of members for the obligations of the cooperative . Consumer credit cooperatives are classified as low financial risk organizations.

According to the Ministry of Finance, as of October 1, 2008, about 2,500 credit cooperatives were registered in Russia with a total number of members of about a million people, which accumulate about 15 billion rubles of citizens’ personal savings. Such cooperatives are usually formed on a territorial, production or professional basis; they develop most actively in small towns of Russia and in rural areas. The shareholders are mainly public sector workers, pensioners (up to 65% of shareholders), entrepreneurs and trade workers. The structure of the membership base of rural credit cooperation is dominated by citizens running private farms - more than 80%. However, only a portion of them are active borrowers. As for pensioners, they generally prefer to place their savings in a cooperative. For shareholders, participation in credit cooperatives is beneficial, first of all, due to fairly high interest rates on deposits, on average from 16 to 24% per annum, which is approximately one and a half times higher than interest rates on deposits in banks. For borrowers, the average overpayment on a loan per year can be 28-46%. 6 Higher loan fees than in the banking sector are compensated by the speed of the decision to issue a loan and the absence of many formalities. The period for making a decision on issuing a loan is usually no more than three days. At the same time, a higher loan price is not at all a prerequisite for cooperative lending; in a number of cooperatives, the loan fee is the same amount as the deposit fee. Differences in the credit policies of different organizations are due to the “specialization” of the cooperative and the composition of depositors and borrowers.

On average, credit cooperatives issue 100-120 thousand loans per month in Russia, the average loan amount is 70 thousand rubles for a consumer loan, 250-0300 thousand rubles for an entrepreneurial loan. In the last two years, the share of business loans in the total number of loans has been constantly growing, and by this moment has already reached 40%. The average savings contribution in Russia as a whole is about 60 thousand rubles, but it varies significantly by region. Regional credit cooperation systems have so far received the greatest development in the Kemerovo region, Altai region, Volgograd region, Rostov region, and in the Far East (in particular, Primorye).

The highest density of rural credit cooperatives is observed in the Central, Southern, Volga and Siberian federal districts. Rural credit cooperatives are widely represented here not only in regional centers, but also in rural municipalities.

The largest cooperative in terms of the number of shareholders is the credit cooperative "Chest", registered in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd region, whose members are more than 35 thousand people. The leader in terms of assets is the "Eco" cooperative from the city of Urai, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug- 1 billion 300 thousand rubles of assets.

IN new Russia The revival of domestic credit unions began in 1991 in response to the growing problem of consumer credit for citizens and the need to save family budgets from rapidly growing inflation. The decisive role was played by the adoption in 1992 federal law"On consumer cooperation in the Russian Federation." Credit unions began to register as consumer cooperatives or consumer societies. The first credit union in Russia was registered in 1992 (CS Suzdalsky). In January 1993, the first forum took place in Suzdal, at which the basic principles of the Credit Union Movement were formulated. The growth of their numbers and the accumulation of operational experience required organizational design. In November 1994, the founding assembly of the Union of Consumer Societies "League of Credit Unions" (SPO LKS) was held. 7 Today, this league includes more than 200 KS. In turn, LKS is an official member of the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 8 and is also represented in the National Partnership of Microfinance Market Participants (NAUMIR). 9

The development of the movement required the creation of a fundamental legal field. In August 2001, a new law No. 117-FZ “On credit consumer cooperatives of citizens” was signed. It established the non-entrepreneurial nature of the main activities of credit unions, their non-profit status, the mutual and internal nature of their work, the principles of membership, prescribed measures to protect the financial interests of shareholders, limiting the financial and managerial risks of the credit union's activities.

The advantages of credit cooperation can be summarized as follows:

Accessibility for low-income segments of the population. Using the principle of personal and group guarantees instead of collateral allows the cooperative to extend its activities to such sections of society that cannot provide collateral.

Transparency and ease of control over resources. Members of the credit cooperative provide control over the issuance of loans. Since they usually know each other well, this is usually more effective than monitoring by an external financial institution.

Low business costs. This is due to the fact that the group takes on part of the administrative work in the process of issuing loans (formation of a credit group, evaluation and monitoring of projects).

Mutual support among group members. This strengthens social ties and reduces the need for advisory services from an external financial institution.

These factors ensure a high level of payments and an affordable interest rate on loans.

The prerequisites for transforming a credit cooperative into a social entrepreneurship are already laid down in the given principles of credit cooperation, combining social and economic components. Since this is a significantly less formalized and regulated procedure, it is based on close interaction with the client, his business and social environment (family, friends, neighbors). This allows you not only to focus on the specific financial needs and capabilities of a person, adapting lending opportunities to them, but also to carry out different kinds business consulting and even mediation in concluding transactions. The latter is a distinctive feature of a credit cooperative compared to other types of microfinance institutions in Russia. Another feature of Russian microfinance is the focus on small businesses, which is primarily due to institutional and organizational barriers to its development. The latter are, to a certain extent, overcome by the flexibility of the combination of economic and social levers of support and control on the part of the members of the cooperative, as well as the use of the resource of informal social connections.

1 Alter. S. K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007 (revised vers.), p.12.

2 Dees, J.G. The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Duke University's Fuqua School of Business, 2001 (revised vers.)

3 For more information about the experience of M. Yunus, see his book: Yunus, M. Banker to the poor: Microlending and the battle against world poverty/ New York: Public Affairs, 1999, http://www.grameen-info.org

4 For more information about the experience of well-known social entrepreneurship organizations abroad, see M. Batalina, A. Moskovskaya, L. Taradina “Review of the experience and concepts of social entrepreneurship, taking into account the possibilities of its application in modern Russia.” M., State University-Higher School of Economics, 2008. WP-1/2008/02.

5 A cooperative - in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - is a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities in the form of a non-profit organization on the basis of membership in order to satisfy the material and other needs of the participants, carried out by combining property share contributions by its members. The activities of specialized credit cooperatives are regulated by a number of special laws.

History of the development of social entrepreneurship, prerequisites and reasons. Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia

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Similar documents

General information

Mission

Historical reference

Development of social entrepreneurship

Specifics

Michael Young

Modern realities

Russian companies

Conclusion

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

4. Subjects and objects of business activity

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

Conclusion

Bibliography