social control- this is a concept in sociology, meaning a purposeful activity to check the functioning of an object for compliance with some criteria. As a rule, public order is maintained in this way. And most often in practice, social control is control over the individual, although nothing prevents you from monitoring different organizations, enterprises, etc. in a similar way. This also often happens.

It should be noted that deviant behavior and social control are inextricably linked. Without one there would be no other and vice versa. It is quite easy to give examples here, for example, alcoholics, drug addicts, representatives of certain subcultures attract the most public attention. Which is quite easy to explain: others involuntarily expect them to violate the order. And this happens quite often.

It should be noted that due to social control, the deviation is either corrected or removed one way or another from society. As a result, stability and security are ensured in this way. And the protective functions of social control are carried out.

But it also has back side. Controlled behavior often limits individuals in the ability to realize themselves. And in traditional societies quite strongly.

The implicit prohibition of deviant behavior may not be expressed in any written form. Sometimes it exists in the form of morality, traditions, customs. And in this manifestation it is periodically quite rigid, interfering with development.

The development of social control led to the emergence of new varieties. At the same time, the old ones often remain relevant. Thus, their number is increasing. So, social control is presented in the form:

1. moral impact. It is both positive and negative. These are all sorts of ways of moral encouragement, approval of behavior, support, congratulations, expressions of gratitude, gratitude, growing popularity, etc. At the same time, a boycott, a sharply negative reaction, public ridicule, reprimand, censure in other ways act as a negative reaction.
2. State measures. Here the concept of social control is somewhat transformed. Many even put this option in a separate category.
3. legal influence. Law as a means of social influence, obstacles to deviant behavior turned out to be one of the most effective. At the same time, abuse can itself become a violation.
4. Production incentives and punishments. In fact, these are the norms and sanctions that apply to a single enterprise. Often the stimulation of the desired behavior occurs in an economic way.

It is worth noting that social science today distinguishes other varieties. For example, some researchers consider it necessary to point out family control, it is especially strong in relation to adolescents due to the power of parents over children, including legal ones.

Also, social control and deviation in close interaction can be observed in different religious groups. Here moral encouragement and punishment can alternate with quite real hardships and punishments.

Forms of social control

If we talk about the forms of social control, they were replaced as society developed. Historically, these were unspoken rules of conduct, customs and instructions. In the present, they have taken on a more formal character: laws, decrees, orders, instructions, regulations, etc.

Elements of social control

The main elements of social control are norms and sanctions. The first refers to the rules, a specific variant of behavior. It can be either quite strictly regulated (only one way and nothing else, for example, a certain procedure for filing a tax return), or it can involve different options.

Sanctions concern the reaction of society to human behavior. They reward or punish, depending on whether the individual has done what is expected of him or not. In addition, the structure of social control also considers informal and formal sanctions. Let's take a closer look at each variety.

So, formal positive sanctions are official rewards from government agencies, legal entities, officials, etc. Can be expressed in the form of medals, orders. There is a ceremony of presenting diplomas, honorary awards, memorable gifts and other things.

Informal positive sanctions - public reaction, compliments, praise, smiles, gifts, applause and so on. Often come from relatives or from strangers.

Formal negative sanctions are punishments that are provided for in the legislation. They mean arrest, fine, dismissal, prison term, restriction of some rights to certain time, deprivation of privileges, etc.

Informal negative sanctions - refusal to communicate with loved ones, neglect, censure, breaking friendships. The individual is periodically perceived much worse than the official ones.

It should be noted that the structure of social control fully allows for the application of different sanctions, including the direction, for the same act. And one more thing: norms are also divided into technical and social. The latter reflects social life, trends and much more. Social norms and social control are very closely related to each other.

A social control mechanism?

How exactly does public control work? There are 3 main areas in total:

1. Socialization. As we grow, communicate, build a certain line of behavior in contact with others, we learn to understand what is condemned by society, and what is approved, why. Here, the methods of social control act slowly and imperceptibly for many, but at the same time they are the most effective. And it is not easy to overcome them even for an outright rebel. Many criminals, for example, reacted more strongly to the reaction of their inner circle than to the fact of breaking the law.
2. Group influence. Every individual is part of some social group. This is a family, a work team, some kind of community with which he identifies himself. And such a unit can have a rather strong impact on him.
3. Various forms of coercion. If for some reason the first 2 methods did not affect a person, then in this case the state, represented by law enforcement agencies, begins to use its force.

Often, all 3 methods mentioned can act simultaneously. Of course, within each group there is a division, since these categories are themselves very general.

Functions of social control

Security has already been mentioned. In addition, social control also stabilizes, so that the foundations do not change with each generation. And the norms themselves are often a kind of yardstick with which an individual compares his actions and evaluates his own behavior. It makes sense here to talk about inner work with yourself and about self-control.

What is combined with external control. It is a combination of different institutions that act on the individual, forcing him one way or another to socially useful behavior and forcing him to abandon what is really dangerous for others.

The Importance of Social Control

The exercise of control by society is a basic condition for the survival of society. Otherwise, individual individuals could simply destroy it. Protection and stabilization have already been mentioned above. It should also be noted that such control acts as a kind of border. It also acts as a deterrent.

That is, any single individual could try to express his dissatisfaction with a neighbor or business partner in a criminal way. Moreover, the effectiveness of the work of law enforcement agencies in certain regions of Russia is so low that not everyone is afraid of the law.

However, the fear of judgment from parents or elders in the settlement is much stronger. He was entrenched in the process of socialization. And therefore, now for individual representatives of society, the word of the head of the family is more important than the law. This can not be called unequivocally positive, but such a deterrent works. Therefore, its importance should not be underestimated.

In sociological science, 4 fundamental forms of social control are known:

External control;
internal control;
control through identification with a reference group;
control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "multiple possibilities").

1) The first form of control - external social control - is a set of social mechanisms that regulate the activities of the individual. External control can be formal and informal. Formal control is based on instructions, prescriptions, norms and regulations, while informal control is based on the reactions of the environment.

This form is the most well-known and understood, but in modern conditions seems to be inefficient, since it involves constant monitoring of the actions of an individual or a social community, therefore, a whole army of controllers is required, for whom someone must also follow. Thus, the classical "pyramid of controllers" characteristic of a totalitarian state is built on the scale of society.

2) The second form of control - internal social control - is self-control carried out by a person, aimed at coordinating one's own behavior with the norms. Regulation in this case is carried out not within the framework of interaction, but as a result of feelings of guilt or shame that arise when the learned norms are violated. This form involves the internalization of norms and values. That is, the controller is no longer something external to the individual. Such control is more effective in modern conditions, it shifts responsibility from the external controller to the actor himself. For successful functioning This form of control in society should be a well-established system of norms and values.

The third and fourth forms of control are less known and require the use of more subtle socio-psychological mechanisms.

3) The third form - control through identification with the reference group - allows you to show the actor possible and desirable for society models of behavior, seemingly without limiting the freedom of choice of the actor;

4) The fourth form - the so-called "many possibilities" - suggests that by showing the agent a variety of possible options achievement of the goal, society will thereby protect itself from the choice by the actor of those forms that are undesirable for society.

Kasyanov V.V. considers a slightly different classification. He has social control in the following forms:

Coercion, the so-called elementary form. Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral standards and hence through the informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal controls, laws, and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If the individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and there is a need for formal control.

Thus, in the presence of a high population, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. Modern societies have rigorously developed rules, or a system of control through coercion, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with various types deviations from the norms;

Influence public opinion. People in society are also controlled with the help of public opinion or with the help of socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, due to the customs, habits and preferences accepted in this society. Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that is made and assimilated not in accordance with public opinion seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. This is the way most of the internal control personality behind their behavior;

Regulation in social institutions and organizations. Social control is provided by various institutions and organizations. Among them are organizations specially created to perform a controlling function, and those for which social control is not the main function (for example, school, family, mass media, administration of institutions).

group pressure. A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also affected by his involvement in public life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.

Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. Necessary condition This inclusion is served by the fact that the individual must share a certain minimum of the cultural norms accepted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Every deviation from this order immediately leads to a condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions on the part of the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group.

The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is far from always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual who violates the norms depends on many factors, and, above all, on the status of this individual. Individuals with high and low status in the group are subject to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or group leader has as one of his main duties the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line that he cannot cross. Beyond this limit, he begins to experience the effect of group social control on the part of the rest of the group members and his leadership influence ends.

The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, group cohesion is high, group loyalty to the group's cultural patterns also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. The group pressure of loyal group members (i.e. group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disunited group. For example, it is much more difficult for a group that spends only free time together and is therefore divided to exercise intragroup social control than a group that performs regular joint activities, for example, in a brigade or family.

The first three forms were identified by R. Park, the fourth form was described by the American sociologist S. Ask.

This list does not include in its composition such an important element as the presence of common values ​​acquired by individuals in the process of socialization. The fact is that social control based on coercion does not always ensure a decrease in the number of deviations. Naturally, there are many individual reasons by which people violate social norms. However, breaking the rules can become a practice that is tacitly approved or simply tolerated by society. This usually happens when the rules are too strict (or people think they are too strict). For this reason, tough police action against a particular type of offense rarely brings positive results, although connivance towards deviant behavior also not allowed.

Based on this, two conclusions can be drawn:

1) social control can be effective only if it adheres to the "golden mean" between freedom of choice and responsibility for this choice;
2) this feature indicates that social control operates mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values ​​and the stability of society, and social groups.

In addition to the above forms of social control, there is also general and detailed control.

Sometimes control is equated with management. The content of control and management are similar in many respects, but they should be distinguished. The mother or father controls how the child performs homework. Parents do not manage, but rather control the process, since the goals and objectives were set not by them, but by the teacher. Parents only monitor the progress of the task.

Thus, control is a narrower concept than management.

The difference between management and control lies in the fact that the former is expressed through leadership style, and the latter through methods. Control methods can be general and detailed. For example, a manager gives a task to a subordinate and does not control the progress of its implementation - he resorts to general control. If the manager intervenes in every action of his subordinates, corrects, corrects, etc., he uses detailed control.

Detailed control is also called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a minor social institution. Surveillance grows to the size of a large-scale social system covering the entire country. Such a system includes: detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant service, prison guards, courts, censorship.

Since control is included in management as an integral part of it, but a very important part, we can conclude that management itself will change depending on the type of control. The part, if important enough, determines the character of the whole. So control methods affect the management style, which, in turn, has two types - the authoritarian style and the democratic style.

Most often, the basis for dividing social control into different kinds is the subjectivity of its implementation. The subjects here are workers, administration, public organizations of labor collectives.

Depending on the subject, the following are usually distinguished: types of social control:

1. Administrative control. Carried out by representatives of the administration of the enterprise, heads of various levels in accordance with normative documents. This type of control is also called external, since its subject is not included in the directly controlled system of relations and activities, it is outside this system. In an organization, this is possible due to managerial relations, so here the control exercised by the administration is external.

Advantages administrative control primarily due to the fact that it is a special and independent activity. This, on the one hand, frees the staff directly involved in the main production tasks, from control functions, on the other hand, it contributes to the implementation of these functions at a professional level.

The disadvantages of administrative control are manifested in the fact that it cannot always be comprehensive and operational; it is quite probable that he is biased.

2. Public control. Implemented public organizations within the limits provided for by the statutes or provisions of their status. The effectiveness of public control is due to the organization, structure and cohesion of the relevant public organizations.

3. Group control. This is the mutual control of the members of the team. Distinguish between formal group control (working meetings and conferences, production meetings) and informal (general opinion in the team, collective moods).

Mutual control occurs when the bearers of social control functions are the subjects of organizational and labor relations with the same status. Among the advantages of mutual control, first of all, the simplicity of the supervisory mechanism is noted, since normal or deviant behavior is observed directly. This not only ensures the relatively constant nature of the control functions, but also reduces the likelihood of errors in normative assessment associated with the distortion of facts in the process of obtaining information.

However, mutual control also has disadvantages. First of all, it is subjectivism: if relations between people are characterized by competition, rivalry, then they are naturally predisposed to unfairly attribute to each other some violations of discipline, to prejudice each other's organizational and labor behavior.

4. Self-control. It is a conscious regulation of one's own labor behavior based on self-assessments and assessments of compliance with existing requirements and standards. As you can see, self-control is a specific way of behavior of the subject of organizational and labor relations, in which he independently (regardless of the factor of external coercion) supervises own actions behaves according to socially accepted norms.

The main advantage of self-control is the limitation of the need for special control activities by the administration. In addition, self-control allows the employee to feel freedom, independence, personal significance.

Self-control has two main drawbacks: each subject in assessing his own behavior is inclined to underestimate social and normative requirements, is more liberal towards himself than towards others; self-control is largely random, that is, poorly predictable and manageable, depends on the state of the subject as a person, manifests itself only with such qualities as consciousness and morality.

Depending on the nature of the sanctions or incentives used, social control is of two types: economic (encouragement, penalties) and moral (contempt, respect).

Depending on the nature of the implementation of social control, the following types are distinguished.

1. Solid and selective. Continuous social control is of an ongoing nature, the entire process of organizational and labor relations, all individuals included in the organization, are subject to supervision and evaluation. With selective control, its functions are relatively limited, they apply only to the most significant, predetermined, aspects of the labor process.

3. Open and hidden. The choice of an open or hidden form of social control is determined by the state of awareness, awareness of the social control functions of the object of control. Hidden control is carried out with the help of technical means or through intermediaries.

The efforts of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing and correcting deviants, are defined by the concept of "social control".

social control- a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society. AT narrow sense of social control - is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of people's activities and behavior.

Social the control includes two main element: social norms and sanctions. Sanctions- any reaction on the part of others to the behavior of a person or group.

Kinds:Informal(intra-group) - based on the approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or through the media.

Formal(institutional) - based on the support of existing social institutions (army, court, education, etc.)

In sociology, it is known 4 principal forms of social control:

External control (A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws)

Internal control (self-control);

Control through identification with a reference group;

Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "multiple possibilities").

In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt, pangs of conscience.

Generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere of consciousness, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, or unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses. Self-control means containment of the natural elements, it is based on volitional effort. There are the following mechanisms of social control:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

B.46 Civil society and the state.

Civil society is a set of social relations, formal and informal structures that provide conditions political activity person, satisfaction and realization of various needs and interests of the individual and social groups and associations. A developed civil society is the most important prerequisite for building a state of law and its equal partner. Signs of civil society: the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; developed democracy; legal protection of citizens; a certain level of civic culture, a high educational level of the population; the most complete provision of human rights and freedoms;

self management; the competition of its constituent structures and various groups of people; free-forming public opinion and pluralism; strong social policy of the state; mixed economy; large specific gravity in a middle class society. The state of civil society his needs and goals define the main features and social purpose of the state. Qualitative changes in the structure of civil society, the content of its main areas of activity, inevitably lead to a change in the nature and forms of state power. At the same time, the state, having relative independence in relation to civil society, can significantly influence its condition. This influence, as a rule, is positive, aimed at maintaining stability and the progressive development of civil society. Although history knows the opposite examples. The state as a special phenomenon of social power has qualitative features. It is organized in the form of a state apparatus; manages society through a system of functions and certain methods. Externally, the state is represented in various forms. State signs- its qualitative features, expressing the features of the state in comparison with other organizations that carry out power-management functions in society. The main features of the state include: sovereignty, the territorial principle of the exercise of power, special public power, inextricable connection with law

B. 47 Mass consciousness and mass action. Forms of mass behavior.

mass consciousness- base of mass actions, behavior. Mass actions can be poorly organized (panic, pogroms) or sufficiently prepared (demonstration, revolution, war). Much depends on whether the situation is realized or not, whether there are leaders who are able to lead the rest.

Bulk Behavior(including spontaneous) is the term of political psychology, which denotes various forms behavior of large groups of people, crowds, circulation of rumors, panic and other mass phenomena.

The forms of mass behavior include: mass hysteria, rumors, gossip, panic, mayhem, riot.

mass hysteria- a state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear caused by unfounded rumors (medieval "witch hunt", post-war " cold war", trials of "enemies of the people" in the era of Stalinism, forcing the threat of a "third world war" by the media in the 60-70s, mass intolerance towards representatives of a different nationality.)

rumors- a set of information that arises from anonymous sources and is distributed through informal channels.

panic- this form of mass behavior, when people who are faced with danger show uncoordinated reactions. They act independently, usually interfering and injuring each other.

pogrom- a collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrolled and emotionally agitated mob against property or a person.

rebellion- a collective concept denoting a number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, unrest, confusion, uprising.

B. 48. Culture as a system of values

culture is a system of values ​​accumulated by mankind over the long history of its development. including all forms and ways of human self-expression and self-knowledge. Culture also appears as a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity (character, competencies, skills, abilities and knowledge). Basic elements of culture: language, customs, traditions, mores, laws, values.

Values- these are socially approved and shared by most people ideas about what kindness, justice, love, friendship are. No society can do without values. Values ​​are the defining element of culture, its core. They act like a) desirable, preferable for a given social subject (individual, social community, society) state of social ties, content of ideas, artistic form, etc.; b) criterion for evaluating real phenomena; c) they determine the meaning of purposeful activity; d) regulate social interactions; e) internally motivate to activity. AT value system social subject may include various values:

1 ) meaningful life (ideas about good and evil, happiness, purpose and meaning of life);

2 ) universal: a) vital (life, health, personal security, welfare, family, education, qualifications, law and order, etc.); b) public recognition (industriousness, social status, etc.); in) interpersonal communication(honesty, disinterestedness, benevolence);

d) democratic (freedom of speech, conscience, parties, national sovereignty, etc.);

3 ) particular: a) attachment to small homeland, family; b) fetishisms (belief in God, striving for the absolute).

Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

3.9. social control

3.9. social control

social control - it is a system of social regulation of people's behavior and maintenance of public order; the mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence; social practice use of means and methods of social influence.

Functions of social control: protective; stabilizing (consists in the reproduction of the dominant type social relations, social structures); target.

Types of social control

1) External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms behavior. There are two types of external control:

– formal control based on official approval or condemnation; carried out by public authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions; aims to make people respect law and order with the help of government officials. Formal social control may include the dominant ideology in society. Formal control is exercised by such institutions modern society like courts, education, army, manufacturing, media, political parties, government.

– Informal control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. Agents of informal social control are such social institutions like family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

2) Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. self control is formed in the process of socialization of the individual and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds.

Allocate: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Social control is inextricably linked with the management of people's actions, social ties and social systems. Internal controllers are needs, beliefs, and external controllers are norms, values, as well as orders, etc.

Mechanisms of social control:

psychological support for conformal motivation, role behavior, status ( mother's love, support of friends and team, etc.); habits, traditions, rituals; mass youth culture; insulation; isolation; rehabilitation, etc.

Social control consists of two elements - social norms and social sanctions. Social sanctions- means of encouragement and punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms. The sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance with the norms.

Types of sanctions:

A) Formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons

– formal positive sanctions: public approval from the authorities, official institutions and organizations (government awards, state awards, career advancement, material rewards, etc.);

– formal negative sanctions: legal punishments, regulations, administrative instructions and orders (fine, demotion, dismissal, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, etc.).

B) Informal, expressed by informal persons

– informal positive sanctions- public approval from the informal environment, i.e. parents, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, etc. (compliment, friendly praise, benevolent disposition, etc.);

– informal negative sanctions – punishments not provided for legal system society, but applied by the society (remark, ridicule, break of friendly relations, disapproving review, etc.).

Ways to implement social control in a group and society:

- through socialization(socialization, shaping our desires, preferences, habits and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society);

- through group pressure(each individual, being a member of many primary groups, must share a certain minimum of cultural norms accepted in these groups and behave appropriately, otherwise condemnation and sanctions from the group may follow, ranging from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group) ;

- through compulsion(in a situation where an individual does not want to comply with laws, regulations, formalized procedures, a group or society resorts to coercion to force him to do like everyone else).

Depending on the sanctions applied control methods:

a) direct: hard (the tool is political repression) and soft (the tool is the operation of the constitution and the criminal code);

b) indirect: hard (tool - economic sanctions of the international community) and soft (tool - the media);

c) control is exercised in organizations: general (if the manager gives a task to a subordinate and does not control the progress of its implementation); detailed (such control is called supervision). Supervision is carried out not only at the micro level, but also at the macro level. At the macro level, the state is the subject of supervision (police stations, whistle-blower service, prison guards, convoy troops, courts, censorship).

Elements of social control: individual; social community (group, class, society); individual (controlled) action; social (controlling) action.

The general mismatch of the social structure in the field of normative-value parameters of social behavior is called anomie. The term "anomie" (introduced E. Durkheim) means: 1) the state of society in which the significance of social norms and prescriptions has been lost for its members, and therefore the frequency of deviant and self-destructive behavior (up to suicide) is relatively high; 2) the lack of standards, standards of comparison with other people, allowing one to assess one's social position and choose patterns of behavior, which leaves the individual in a "declassed" state, without a sense of solidarity with specific group; 3) a discrepancy, a gap between universal goals and expectations approved in a given society, and socially acceptable, "sanctioned" means of achieving them, which, due to the practical inaccessibility for all these goals, pushes many people onto illegal ways to achieve them. Anomie refers to any kind of "violations" in the value-normative system of society. As a result of anomie, the lack of effective norms for their regulation makes individuals unhappy and leads to manifestations of deviant behavior.

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