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Labor resources of the state. Labor force and employment statistics

Labor resources - part of the country's population, which, in terms of physical development, acquired education, professional and qualification level, is capable of engaging in socially useful activities. The labor force includes the entire working-age population aged 16 to 54 for women and 16 to 59 for men, as well as persons older and younger than working age actually employed in the national economy (working pensioners and schoolchildren).

Labor resources statistics is necessary in the formation of a base for the assessment, analysis and implementation of labor and socio-economic potentials in order to determine a policy to increase the efficiency of the use of labor resources, develop tools for increasing employment, incomes of the population, and developing a competitive labor market.

The tasks of labor resources statistics are to develop and improve the system of indicators, the methodology for their calculation and analysis in order to comprehensively study labor resources, identify patterns of their formation and movement. In particular, they include:

- characteristics of the presence, composition and structure of labor resources and the economically active population;
- studies of employment and unemployment;
- characteristics of the natural reproduction of labor resources;
- study of migration and the factors that determine it;
- calculation of the prospective number of labor resources;
- assessment of the state and development of the labor market, supply and demand, conjuncture and tension in the labor market.

Sources of statistical information are current reporting on labor, population censuses, sample surveys and specially organized observations on employment problems conducted by state statistical bodies.

For analysis, planning, accounting and management of labor resources, taking into account domestic and world practices, the composition of labor resources is distinguished, shown in fig. 12.1.

Rice. 12.1.

Employed population includes persons working in enterprises various forms property, including self-employed entrepreneurial activity, as well as employees of religious cults.

The unemployed are people of working age who are not currently working, are looking for work and are ready to start working at any time. Persons who have reached the age of 16, are studying off-duty, pensioners, disabled people are counted among the unemployed if they were looking for work, i.e. applied to employment services, employers, etc., and were ready to start it.

The total number of employed and unemployed constitutes the category of the economically active population.

The population of working age, schoolchildren, full-time students, persons engaged in raising children, housekeeping, conscripts belong to the group of economically inactive population or to the mobile reserve.

The number of labor resources is calculated by two methods: demographic (according to the sources of formation) and economic (according to actual employment).

Using the demographic method, the labor force is calculated as the sum of the population of working age, minus disabled people of groups I and II and adding the number of working adolescents under the age of 16 and working persons of retirement age.

When calculating economic method the number of labor resources represents the totality of the entire actually employed population, including those employed in personal subsidiary, farms, persons of working age employed in household and childcare, out-of-work students over 16 years of age, the unemployed and other unemployed persons of working age.

The number of labor resources changes under the influence of natural and mechanical movement.

The natural movement of labor resources consists of:

1) from the natural replenishment of labor resources at the expense of persons who have reached the age of 16, as well as at the expense of the population of retirement age and adolescents under the age of 16 involved in economic activity;
2) natural retirement of labor resources due to:
- a) persons who have reached retirement age,
- b) persons of working age who have become disabled,
- c) persons belonging to the labor force who died during the analyzed period,
- d) working persons of retirement age and teenagers who have finished taking part in social work;
3) natural increase (loss) of labor resources, which is calculated as the difference between the natural replenishment and retirement of labor resources.

Under the natural replenishment of labor resources is understood the number of those who have entered working age, and under natural disposal- the number of those who died at working age and reached retirement age, as well as those who received disability groups I and II.

The ratio of the natural increase in labor resources to the average number of labor resources is called the coefficient of natural increase in labor resources.

The mechanical movement, or migration, of labor resources consists of:

1) from the mechanical replenishment of labor resources - the number of persons belonging to the labor resources and arrived for permanent residence in this settlement;
2) mechanical retirement of labor resources - the number of retired persons accounted for in the composition of labor resources;
3) mechanical increase (loss) of labor resources, defined as the difference between the arrivals and departures of persons related to labor resources.

The ratio of the mechanical growth of labor resources to the average number of labor resources is called the coefficient of mechanical growth of labor resources.

The sum of the coefficients of natural and mechanical growth of labor resources is the coefficient of the total growth of labor resources.

One of the most important analysis tools modern processes emerging in the labor market is the balance of labor resources. It is compiled on the basis of materials not only of labor statistics, but also of other branches of statistics. The balance reflects the sources of the formation of labor resources, the directions of the use of labor resources in the system public division labor. It is necessary to obtain a comprehensive picture of the formation of the labor potential of the country, the creation of a labor market, the study of employment and unemployment, the structure of the employed by sectors of the economy, forms of ownership, regions and other areas; identification of labor reserves for the country as a whole, sources of replenishment and directions of disposal and other issues. The balance of labor resources is of great importance for the study social structure society, forecasting supply and demand in the labor market.

The balance of labor resources includes two interrelated sections. The first section characterizes the availability and reproduction composition of labor resources. The second section of the balance sheet characterizes the distribution of labor resources by spheres and types of activity.

These balances make it possible to calculate a number of indicators that characterize the working capacity and employment of the population: the working capacity coefficients of the entire population, the population of working age; employment rates of the entire population, the population of working age, the employment rate of labor resources, the coefficient of economic activity of labor resources.

The number of labor resources can be determined on any specific date or on average over a certain period.

average strength labor resources are calculated using the formulas of the arithmetic mean (when data is available only at the beginning and end of the reporting period) or chronological average (if population data are available at the beginning of each period for equal periods of time). If there is information for unequal time intervals, then the chronological weighted average formula is applied.

Calculation example: the number of labor resources of the region (thousand people) amounted to 948 as of January 1; May 1 - 956; September 1 - 958; November 1 - 952; January 1 next year - 950.

The average number of labor resources is equal to:

The system of indicators of labor resources statistics includes the calculation of working capacity coefficients.

The working capacity coefficient of the entire population is equal to the ratio of the working-age population of working age to total strength population.

The working capacity ratio of the working age population is calculated by dividing the working age population by the total working age population.

The pension burden coefficient is determined by dividing the population of retirement age by the population of working age, the result is multiplied by 1000 (per thousand people).

The labor force replacement rate is equal to the ratio of the population of pre-working age to the population of working age, the result is multiplied by 1000 (per thousand people).

The total load factor (coefficient of efficiency of the age composition) reflects the degree of load of the population of working age by the population of all non-working ages. It is determined by the sum of the pension burden factor and the labor force replacement rate.

the most important integral part socio-economic statistics is labor statistics. Its indicators characterize the number, composition, regional distribution and use of labor resources; use of working time; the level and dynamics of labor productivity; costs for labor force, wages, conditions, protection and safety of labor and other phenomena and processes. The issues of labor statistics are considered in full in the sectoral statistics course. In this topic, indicators of the number of labor resources and working hours are considered.

The main tasks of labor market statistics are:

collection of information on the number of employed and unemployed as two constituent parts work force;
study of the state and trends in Russian market labor with the help of indicators of the level of employment and unemployment;
studying the composition of the employed and unemployed by different characteristics (gender, age, industries and sectors of the economy, by regions of the country and other characteristics) in order to regulate the labor market, develop programs to increase employment, employ the unemployed, professional retraining etc.

Employed and unemployed

The entire population of the country can be divided into two groups: economically active and economically inactive population.

- This is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services.

The economically active population (also called labor force) includes two categories - employed and unemployed.

Employed persons include persons of both sexes aged 16 years and older, as well as persons of younger ages who, during the period under review:

performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid in kind, as well as other work that generates income;
temporarily absent from work due to: illness or injury; days off; annual leave; various types of vacations, both with pay and without pay, time off; vacations at the initiative of the administration; strikes and other reasons;
did work without pay in a family business.

When classifying or not classifying a person as employed, the criterion of one hour is used. In Russia, when surveying employment, the number of employed includes persons who worked one hour or more in the surveyed week. The use of this criterion is due to the fact that it is necessary to cover all types of employment that may exist in the country, from permanent to short-term, casual and other types of irregular employment.

The unemployed include persons aged 16 and older who, during the period under review:

did not have a job (or an income-generating occupation);
looking for a job;
were ready to start working.

This definition is in line with the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO). When classifying a person as unemployed, all three criteria mentioned above must be taken into account.

This is the population that is not part of the labor force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for a job, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who are able and willing to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

- ensure the supply of labor in the labor market for the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services. That is, they want to work, but at the same time they can both work and look for work. In accordance with this, the economically active population is divided into two categories: the number of people employed in the sectors of the economy and the number of the unemployed.

The economically active population is part of the labor force. The number of economically active population changes in individuals with respect to a certain period of time.

Number of people employed in sectors of the economy is an indicator that characterizes the demand for labor in the labor market. The higher the demand for labor, the higher the employment rate in the economy. Every economy strives for population indicators.

Number of unemployed is the excess of supply over demand for labor in the labor market. Usually, the supply exceeds the demand for labor, which objectively determines the availability. This does not exclude the opposite situation in certain sectors of the labor market (regional, by type of activity).

Economically inactive population

Economically inactive population- these are persons capable of work (they are included in the labor force), but they cannot be attributed to either to or to.

Economically inactive population is the population that is not part of the work force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for a job, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who are able and willing to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

The categories of economic activity of the population discussed above do not imply that once a person has fallen into a group, he remains there forever. The labor market has a highly dynamic nature, so one should consider not only the size of each group for a certain period of time, but also the movement (flows) of people between different groups. The diagram below illustrates the dynamic model of the labor market.

AT market economy the possibility of unemployment of the able-bodied population is allowed. The reasons for the economic passivity of this part of the population are social status, material security, housekeeping, raising children, or the futility of employment. In Russia, this category of the population has several million people. The primary task of statistics is to study employment, that is, the degree of satisfaction with the supply of labor. The number, composition, territorial distribution and reasons for economic passivity are also subjected to research.

Employment and level indicators are among the main characteristics of the socio-economic situation of the country and the state of the labor market.

In the 90s. in the Russian labor market, there was a decrease in the supply of labor, the largest decline was in 1998. The number of economically active population, despite a slight increase in 1999 and 2000, did not reach the level of 1992, was less by 3.3 million people. On a large scale, there was a decrease in the demand for labor. The number of people employed in the economy over this period decreased by 6.4 million people, or 9%. There was a release of labor force from state enterprises and organizations due to the decline in production, the redistribution of labor between sectors of the economy, the transition from the state to the private sector, but in general, with a decrease in the number of employed, the number of unemployed systematically increased. The unemployment rate (the proportion of the unemployed in the economically active population) reached 13.2% in 1998 and remained at a high level until 2000.

Economic activity rate

It is the ratio of the economically active population to the total population.

Task

The number of economically active population in Russia in November 2009 amounted to 72.8 million people

number of employed 65.0 million people
total population - 144.9 million people.

Find the number of unemployed, the coefficients of economic activity, employment and unemployment.

The economically active population includes both the employed and the unemployed, therefore,

The number of unemployed = 72.8 - 65 = 7.8 million people.
Economic Activity Rate = (72.8 / 144.9) * 100% = 50%
Employment rate = 65 / 72.8 = 0.9
= 7,8 / 72,8 = 0,1

Task

Average annual population: 148300 thousand people
Total employed in the economy: 67100 thousand people.
Number of unemployed: 6410 thousand people

Find: the number of economically active population (EAP), the coefficient of economic activity of the population, the employment rate and the unemployment rate of the population.

EAN \u003d 67100 + 6410 \u003d 73510 thousand people.
EAN coefficient = 73510 / 148300 = 0.5
Employment rate = 67100 / 73510 = 0.91
Unemployment rate = 6410 / 73510 = 0.09

Task

The number of employed and unemployed on the dates was:

Find: the average number of employed, unemployed, economically active population for the year, employment and unemployment rates for this period.

1. We calculate the average number of employed and unemployed using the simple average chronological formula.

2. The economically active population is the sum of employed and unemployed.

EAN \u003d 718 + 73.25 \u003d 791.25

3. To employment = 718 / 791.25 = 0.91
4. Unemployment K = 73.25 / 791.25 = 0.09

Economically active population

Based on the materials of sample surveys of the population on employment problems: 1992, 1995. - at the end of October; 2000-2007 - at the end of November. Since 2006 - including data for the Chechen Republic.


	Thousands of people
- Total	75060	70740	72332	72421	72835	72909	73811	74156	75046
including:
employed in the economy	71171	64055	65273	66266	67152	67134	68603	69157	70813
unemployed	3889	6684	7059	6155	5683	5775	5208	4999	4232
Men	39197	37338	37499	36997	37206	37079	37511	37627	37967
including:
employed in the economy	37161	33726	33754	33709	34199	34177	34710	34996	35702
unemployed	2036	3613	3745	3288	3007	2902	2801	2631	2264
Women	35863	33401	34833	35423	35629	35831	36300	36529	37079
including:
employed in the economy	34010	30330	31519	32557	32953	32958	33893	34161	35111
unemployed	1853	3072	3314	2866	2676	2873	2407	2368	1968
	As a percentage of the total
Economically active population- Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
including:
employed in the economy	94,8	90,5	90,2	91,5	92,2	92,1	92,9	93,3	94,4
unemployed	5,2	9,5	9,8	8,5	7,8	7,9	7,1	6,7	5,6
Men	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
including:
employed in the economy	94,8	90,3	89,8	91,1	91,9	92,2	92,5	93,0	94,0
unemployed	5,2	9,7	10,2	8,9	8,1	7,8	7,5	7,0	6,0
Women	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
including:
employed in the economy	94,8	90,8	90,5	91,9	92,5	92,0	93,4	93,5	94,7
unemployed	5,2	9,2	9,5	8,1	7,5	8,0	6,6	6,5	5,3

An important role in studying the population of a particular territory (country) is played by the analysis of labor resources. Under labor resources refers to the part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work. The number of labor resources characterizes the potential mass of living labor or the "reserve" of labor, which society has to meet its needs. In Russian scientific journalism, the concept of " labor resources” was first formulated in the 1920s. Academician S. G. Strumiliy.

AT Russian Federation The labor force includes the population able-bodied(or, according to B. C. Urlanis, - working) age, with the exception of non-working disabled people, as well as people employed in the economy older (and younger) than working age. Speaking of "working age", it is necessary to define the term "working capacity". Under ability to work It is customary to understand a person's ability to work, a state that allows a person to perform work without harm to health. certain work. The difference in the types of work determines the variety of options for working capacity. There is a concept general working capacity, i.e. the ability to perform any work at all under normal working conditions. There are also professional performance - as the ability to perform work in the relevant profession (specialty), and special work capacity the ability to work in certain industrial or climatic conditions (in the mountains, in the Far North, in a mine, etc.).

The amount of labor resources depends on several factors that can vary significantly over time. These include: 1) age limits of working age officially established at the state level; 2) the share of persons with general working capacity among the entire population of working age; 3) the number of persons participating in the economic life who are beyond the working age.

Since labor resources are part of the entire population, the natural movement of the population is of decisive importance for the dynamics of their number and sex and age composition. In the case of expanded reproduction of the population, the number of labor resources also tends to increase, in the case of a narrowed mode of population reproduction, to decrease. But in the second case, the decrease in the number of labor resources does not occur immediately, but as the most numerous age cohorts of the population retire, which are not quantitatively replaced by young people entering working age.

The main indicators characterizing the change in the number of labor resources over a certain time period are absolute growth and growth rates. Absolute growth is calculated as the difference between the number of labor resources at the end and the beginning of the time period under consideration. The growth rate of labor resources is calculated as the ratio of their absolute number at the end of a given period to the number at the beginning of the period.

Quantitative, qualitative and structural characteristics of labor resources can be expressed in absolute and relative indicators. Key indicators include:

average number of employees for the accounting period;
staff turnover rate;
the share of employees with higher and secondary specialized education in the total number of employees;
average length of service for certain categories of employees;
the share of employees of certain categories in their total number.

One of the main qualitative indicators of labor resources is their gender and age structure. There are several different approaches to identifying age groups. The simplest and most frequently used three-level classification: 1) labor resources at working age; 2) employed in age groups younger and 3) older than working age. Sometimes a more detailed age scale is used, for example, in 10 groups: 16-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60 years and more.

In the period after the Great Patriotic War the change in the size of the labor force in Russia, as well as the change in the growth rate of the entire population, occurred in waves (see paragraph 7.1). Thus, the minimum increase in the population of working age occurred in 1959-1961, the maximum - in 1971-1975. The quantitative difference in the values of population growth in working age between these time periods was almost fourfold. The next minimum increase in labor resources occurred at the end of the 1980s - beginning of the 1990s, which practically coincides in time with the decline in the birth rate 1 . Since 2006, there has been an absolute reduction in the number of labor resources in Russia, caused, first of all, by a reduction in the working-age population due to negative natural growth.

An increase in the number of labor resources is possible in several cases: 1) due to the natural increase in the population of working age; 2) by reducing the proportion of disabled people among people of working age; 3) by increasing the number of people younger and older than working age employed in the economy. The number of labor resources may also increase in the event of a revision of the age limits for working capacity, primarily by raising the retirement age.

The tool for studying the use of labor resources is the balance of labor resources. Workforce balance- This is a system of indicators reflecting the number and composition of labor resources and their distribution among the employed but by sectors of the national economy and forms of ownership. When compiling the balance of labor resources, the following are also taken into account unemployed and economically inactive population.

Terminology issues

According to the terminology adopted in the Russian Federation economically active population persons aged 15-72 years who are considered employed or unemployed during the period under review are considered. In the same time economically inactive population - these are persons aged 15-72 who are not considered employed or unemployed during the reference period.

To unemployed, in relation to the definitions of the International Labor Organization (ILO), includes persons aged 15-72 years who, during the period under review, simultaneously met the following criteria:

did not have a job (profitable occupation);
engaged in job search, i.e. applied to the government or commercial service employment, used or placed advertisements in the media, the Internet, directly addressed the administration of the enterprise or the employer, used personal connections, etc. or took steps to start their own business;
were ready to start work during the survey week.

Students in educational institutions, pensioners and persons with disabilities are counted as unemployed if they are unemployed, looking for work and ready to start it .

The balance of labor resources can be of various territorial and production levels - from a separate enterprise to the state economy as a whole. The consolidated balance of labor resources reflects their number and qualitative composition (by gender, age, types of employment, sectors of the economy and professions). Using the balance of labor resources, you can determine the need or surplus in workers.

The balance of labor resources consists of two parts: in the first part, the number and composition of labor resources are fixed, in the second, their distribution by industry and areas of employment. So, when compiling the balance of labor resources among people of working age, the following age groups are separately distinguished: 16-17 years old, 18-29, 30-44 and 45 years old and older. Age gradations are important in determining differences in labor productivity, professional characteristics of workers, their territorial mobility, and a number of other qualitative characteristics.

The concept of demographic burden is closely related to labor resources. The demographic burden is understood as a generalized quantitative characteristic of the age structure of the population, showing the burden on society of the unemployed population. The demographic burden shows the ratio between the able-bodied part of the population, on the one hand, and the unemployed (children and the elderly), on the other.

There are several types of demographic load. calculated as the ratio of the total number of children aged 0-14 years to the number of people of working age. In turn, it represents the ratio of the number of people of retirement age to the number of people of working age. The total (total) demographic burden is the ratio of the total number of children and the elderly to the working-age population. The indicators of the demographic load and the forecast of their changes have great importance for economic calculations related to the functioning of the pension system, the social security system and health care.

AT various countries In the world, the concept of "working age" is different, which is associated with the peculiarities of national labor legislation, which determines the boundaries of the retirement age and the age at which one can officially start working. By international standards working age includes the population of both sexes in the age group of 15-64 years. Accordingly, the proportion of this group in the total population will vary significantly depending on the age structure of the population of each particular country.

Today in the world, the total demographic burden is on average 52 people per 100 people of working age. The maximum demographic burden is observed in countries with high birth rates, due to the very large proportion of children in the total population. Among the states with a total demographic load of more than 80 - countries Tropical Africa

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Working age: Men 16-59, Women 16-54. This is a set of people capable of working by age and health status.

The population of working age minus non-working disabled people of this age, minus the number of pensioners at this age.

Labor resources. This is the part of the country's population that is employed in the economy or not employed, but capable of age and health. This is the working-age population of working age, working teenagers under 16 years of age, people over working age, employed in the economy or unemployed.

Also taken into account balance of pendulum migration. natural movement – change in the number without taking into account migration. Replenishment - the entry into the working age of adolescents and the involvement of disabled people. Departure - mortality, retirement, exit from working age and termination of work and disability. To characterize the intensity, the following are used: the coefficient of natural growth and the coefficient of migration growth .

Workforce balance - statistical table.

Section 1 - The number and reproduction composition of the population (the number of labor resources in total, including:

a) working-age population of working age,

b) working teenagers,

c) working pensioners.

Section 2 - Distribution of labor resources by types of employment in total, including:

a) number by industry,

b) students of working age, studying with a break from work,

c) able-bodied population of working age not employed in the economy).

Economically active population - part of the country's population that provides labor supply (employed + unemployed). busy - having an occupation that generates income. Unemployed - over 16 years old, had not recently had a job, were looking for it, were ready to start it. Economically inactive population - unemployed and not looking for work (children, housewives, students and others).

Distribution by age and employment.

1. Working-age population = C+D+E+F

2. Working-age population = V+D+E

3. Labor resources = B+C+D+F+W+H

4. Employed in the economy = B + C + F

5. Unemployed = G+G

6. Economically active = B+C+D+W+W

7. Economically inactive = A + D + E + I

7.1 Economically inactive working-age population = D+F

7.2 Economically inactive non-working age population = A+I

8. Labor resources \u003d 6 + 7.1 -D

1. The working capacity of the population- the share of the working-age population in the total number.

2. Employment rate of the population of working age is the proportion of the working-age population in the working-age population.

3. Employment rate of the total population– the share of employed people in the total number.

4. Employment rate of the population of working age.

5. Total load factor is the number of people of working age per 1,000 people of working age.

6. Labor force replacement rate- the number of children, adolescents per 1000 people of working age.

7. Pension load ratio- the number of pensioners per 1000 people of working age.

8. Unemployment rate is the share of the unemployed among the economically active.

9. Economic activity rate is the share of economically active people among the total population.

labor personnel cost management

Man is the source of labor. But every person can be a worker. The population of a country may be: 1. before working age; 2.working; 3.After working age.

Human Resources- this is the part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work.

Children and the elderly are not part of the labor force. Also, persons who have lost their ability to work or do not have, for example, disabled people or patients who have been treated for a long time, are not labor resources. Therefore, the number of labor resources in the country is always less than the total population. The increase in the share of labor resources depends on the total number of inhabitants, their gender and age composition, as well as the state of health of the nation.

The gender composition of the population is changing. According to statistics from previous years, there are 600,000 fewer women aged 15 to 35 than men in the country, but approximately 300,000 more aged 35 to 45. Human. Russian women live on average 10 years longer than men (74 and 64 years respectively).

Share of urban population in Russia in last years stable and accounts for about 73% of the total population.

Opportunity to work is determined by working age. It has certain physiological limits. Able-bodied (working) age includes the period of life within certain years, during which a person is able to work without prejudice to his health. The lower limit of this age in Russia is 16 years. The working age for men is set from 16 to 60 years, for women - from 16 to 55 years.

In terms of employment, any person can be classified into one of three groups: employed, unemployed, and outside the total labor force.

Employed persons include persons of working age who perform work for hire for remuneration at enterprises of any form of ownership, as well as other income-generating work, engaged in entrepreneurial activities; self-employed; working without pay in a family business; performing work under civil law contracts. Employed are persons who are military service and service in the internal affairs bodies; full-time students vocational training and persons who are absent from the workplace for a good reason (vacation, disability, retraining, etc.). The employed also include the unemployed and that part of the active population that needs work but is not registered as unemployed.

The unemployed are able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have work and earnings, registered with the employment service, want to work, are able and ready to work, but do not find a corresponding demand for their professional abilities in the labor market.

The employed and the unemployed form the economically active population or the total labor force. The economically active population or the total labor force is the part of the country's population that provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services. The total labor force does not include groups of people that make up the economically inactive population. These are preferential pensioners; disabled people of working age who have completely lost their ability to work; persons in places of deprivation of liberty; people of working age who are temporarily not working for any reason, but who are potentially able to replenish the labor market in the future; housewives; people who have stopped looking for work; persons who do not need work as a way of sustenance. Regardless of the reasons that prompt a person to be included in the production process, he must comply in his labor activity the requirements of that production organization which gives him the necessary conditions for the realization of his professional abilities. Professional abilities are understood as a set of skills, knowledge, production skills and experience that an individual possesses. The presence of professional abilities is one of the prerequisites for the inclusion of an individual in manufacturing process along with others. This is the availability of appropriate jobs, i.e. certain demand for professional labor; the presence of a positive motivation for the employee to take these jobs based on their professional and vital interests; the existence of appropriate socio-economic mechanisms and institutions that provide the necessary connection of workers with specific jobs. Inclusion in production activities through employment. Employment is a process of official registration, securing for an individual the right to occupy a certain workplace and perform specialized, labor functions.

Each worker, being included in the production process, pursues certain goals:

* he seeks to satisfy the needs for the means of life support for himself and his family members;
* realizes the steady need to connect his professional activity with the institutionally fixed means and institutions existing in society;
* implements the values he has learned and standard social behavior.