Military industrial complex defense industry. The military-industrial complex (MIC) as a special element of macroeconomics
Defense production
Defense production- the area of production (industry) of the state, which is a combination of research, testing institutions, organizations and manufacturing enterprises that carry out the development, testing, production and disposal of weapons, military and special equipment and other property for the armed forces (power structures) of the state. Some authors narrow the concept defense production showing it as the most important, but not the only one, integral part military industrial complex.
Compound
- weapons development and military equipment;
- production of weapons and military equipment;
- testing of weapons and military equipment;
- repair of weapons and military equipment;
- maintenance of weapons and military equipment;
Industries
Defense industries:
- Production of nuclear weapons;
- Rocket and space industry;
- Military shipbuilding;
- armored industry;
- Manufacture of small arms and ammunition;
- Production of artillery weapons;
Russia
In the 1990s, many enterprises of the state, in accordance with the Federal Law, dated April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the conversion of the defense industry into Russian Federation”, were reoriented to the production of civilian products, including equipment for oil and gas companies.
USA
Defense production facilities
The objects of defense production are:
- All enterprises producing systems and elements of weapons, explosives and toxic substances, fissile and radioactive materials, rocket launchers, space and aircrafts, military equipment, enterprises and facilities providing maintenance, launching and tracking of spacecraft, carrying out research and development work in these areas - regardless of the share of military orders;
- Protected working premises of spare control points of all bodies state power Russian Federation, as well as communication and engineering infrastructure facilities intended for use during a special period.
Impact on the economy of individual regions
The share of defense production in the structure of the economy of the Nizhny Novgorod region is extremely high and amounts to various estimates 30-40% (due to well-known difficulties, a more accurate estimate is impossible, but these data are enough to classify the Nizhny Novgorod economy as one of the most militarized regional economies of the country). It should be pointed out that the existence of a developed military production determines the nature of not only the regional economy itself, but also practically all other spheres of life: science, education, construction, social security, and all infrastructure elements. Defense production is, as a rule, the most knowledge-intensive and high-tech, concentrates the most qualified personnel and, in addition, bears a large social burden.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE), Third Edition, "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1969-1978 in 30 volumes;
- Soviet military encyclopedia. - M .: Military publishing house, 1976-1980. - (in 8 tons). - 105,000 copies.
- Military Encyclopedic Dictionary (VES), M ., Military Publishing House, 1984, 863 pages with illustrations (ill.), 30 sheets (ill.);
- "Military Encyclopedic Dictionary" (VES), M., Military Publishing House, 2007;
- Grigoriev M.N., E.Yu. Krasnova; Marketing of military products: textbook / Publishing house Info-da, - St. Petersburg, 2011. - P. 435 - ISBN 978-5-94652-344-8
Links
- The text of the Constitution of Russia on the official website of the President of Russia
- Federal Law, April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the Conversion of the Defense Industry in the Russian Federation"
- Information agency TS VPK - monitoring the current state and analysis of the prospects for the development of the military-industrial complex of Russia
- Military-industrial complex news - daily reviews of news of the military-industrial complex of Russia and other countries of the world
- Breakthrough on the world arms market, "Russia in Global Affairs". No. 2, March - April 2008
- Marriage and divorce contract Novaya Gazeta, 02/27/2008 - 8 biggest failures of the military-industrial complex
Warfare Questions The science Art Military establishment Security Operational (Combat) Rear (Material Transport Technical Medical Veterinary Commercial and household Apartment-operational Engineering and aerodrome Aerodrome technical emergency rescue)
War activities
(Fighting)Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Defence Production" is in other dictionaries:
Main article: Economy The world's top seven military budgets in 2011. Main source SIPRI Yearbook 2012 ... Wikipedia
Not to be confused with Izhevsk machine building plant manufacturer of Kalashnikov assault rifles and Saiga carbines. FSUE "Izhevsk Mechanical Plant" ... Wikipedia
"VPK" redirects here; see also other meanings. Military industrial complex(MIC) a set of research, testing organizations and manufacturing enterprises performing development, production, ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Warfare (meanings). Sun Tzu's treatise, "... Wikipedia
It should not be confused with the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, a manufacturer of Makarov and Yarygin pistols, as well as IZH hunting rifles. The request "Izhevsk Arms Plant" is redirected here. A separate article is needed on this topic ... Wikipedia
Economics of a country- (National economy) The country's economy is public relations to ensure the wealth of the country and the well-being of its citizens The role of the national economy in the life of the state, the essence, functions, sectors and indicators of the country's economy, the structure of countries ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
Federal State Enterprise "Kazan State State Gunpowder Plant" Type Federal k ... Wikipedia
US HOUSE BANKING COMMITTEE- BANKING COMMITTEE, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES For over a century, the House of Representatives Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs of the U.S. House of Representatives has been responsible… … Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance
This term has other meanings, see Tomsk (meanings). City of Tomsk Flag Coat of arms ... Wikipedia
Fighter Su 27 in front of the Ufa engine building plant production association Defense industrial complex of Russia (Military industrial complex, military-industrial complex, defense industrial complex ... Wikipedia
Books
- High pressures in chemistry, I.P. Bogdanov. Application high pressures in chemistry is the main theme of the book. To clarify this, given short description the main issues that chemistry deals with, the reasons that made chemists ...
DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF RUSSIA IN MODERN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Kazakov Pavel Ivanovich
undergraduate, department economic theory, Moscow State University means of communication, Moscow
Zolotareva Vera Petrovna
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. economy Sci., Associate Professor, Department of Economic Theory, Moscow State University of Communications
Moscow
The military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the DIC) occupies a special place and plays a significant role in the development of the economy and ensuring the national security of the country, which consists in protecting its independence, state and territorial integrity.
The main task of the functioning of the defense industry is defined as the creation and production of modern competitive weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as AME), ensuring the rearmament of the Armed Forces, other troops and formations of Russia and strengthening positions in the global arms market.
The defense industry is focused most of advanced technologies for military and civil purposes, highly qualified personnel of the domestic scientific and industrial sphere are concentrated. The total number of employees employed in defense industry organizations is about 2 million people, including about 1.3 million people directly employed in the defense industries. The share of employees under the age of 35 in 2011 was about 27% of the total number of employees in the defense industry. The average age of defense industry workers was 46 years. The age composition of employees of defense industry enterprises is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Age composition of employees of defense industry enterprises (%)
Organizations of the defense industrial complex retain a significant scientific and technical reserve, which makes it possible to make a technological breakthrough in a number of areas (nuclear, laser, aviation, space technologies, special materials and alloys, etc.). Critical directions in the development of the technological base of the defense industry not only coincide, but often form the key directions of scientific and technological progress as a whole.
In accordance with the current edition consolidated register organizations of the defense industry, approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated February 05, 2013 No. 137, 1340 organizations are classified as defense industry . The departmental and sectoral structure of the consolidated register of defense industry organizations is shown in Figures 2 and 3.
An important part of the program for the development of defense industry enterprises at the moment is the technical re-equipment of production and the contribution of funds to the development innovative technologies, without which in the near future it will be impossible to produce a new generation of products that are comparable or superior in their tactical and technical characteristics to the products of competing countries in the arms market, which are currently the United States, France, England, Germany and Israel.
Figure 2. Departmental structure of defense industry enterprises (pcs.)
Figure 3. Sectoral structure of defense industry enterprises (%)
The main component of the financial well-being of an enterprise is determined by the funds allocated within the framework of the state defense order (hereinafter referred to as the State Defense Order), the unconditional fulfillment of which is the main task facing the defense industrial enterprises Russian Federation. Currently, about 45% of the volume of industrial products of the defense industry are military products, which are supplied for internal needs to state customers at regulated prices, about 22% are supplied through military-technical cooperation (hereinafter referred to as MTC), about 33% are civilian products in in the interests of such important sectors of the economy as transport, communications and telecommunications, the fuel and energy sector, healthcare, etc.
A large contribution to the formation of the budget of defense organizations is made by the export of machine and technical products, primarily through the military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states. The defense complex is one of the largest and most stable sources of foreign exchange financial resources through the export of weapons and military equipment. The main deliveries of defense industry products fall on the countries of Eastern Europe, North Africa and China. India retains the status of one of Russia's key partners in the field of military-technical cooperation. Recent confirmation of this is the signing of military contracts between Russia and India worth almost $3 billion.
Russia occupies a leading position in the world arms market. In 2012, Russian arms exports amounted to a record $14 billion, and the amount of new contracts for the supply of military equipment to third countries today already exceeds $15 billion.
Many Russian defense enterprises, as part of the conversion of the 90s, reoriented part of their production to the production of peaceful goods daily demand. The profit received from the sale of civilian products, as a rule, is invested in the development of the enterprise, the improvement of the material and technical part, the preparation of production, the modernization of equipment, the purchase of new high-tech equipment, and the financing of the development of new types of civilian products. For example, output and provision of civilian and dual-use services JSC "VPK "NPO Mashinostroeniya" in 2011 amounted to 15.1% of the total volume of production in the Corporation. By program innovative development for the period up to 2015, the volume of output of civilian and dual-use products and services should increase by another 1.5 times.
Level state support The defense industry indicates that the portfolio of orders in the field of development and production of weapons and military equipment will increase. In the coming years, Russian military enterprises will receive up to 3 trillion. rubles for modernization and technical re-equipment. This is the amount laid down in the Federal target program development of the military-industrial complex for 2011-2020 (FTP-2020).
The main objective of the program is to ensure the production of high-tech military products that are competitive in terms of their combat and operational characteristics. At the same time, in 2011, Russia adopted an unprecedented in terms of funding (approximately 20 trillion rubles) and the nature of the tasks Government program armaments until 2020 (GPV-2020). The largest in history modern Russia the state program in the field of the defense industry is designed to equip Russian army modern means conduct of hostilities and, ultimately, bring it to a new look, fully consistent with global trends in the development of means of armed struggle.
Summing up, we can conclude that the situation at the enterprises of the domestic defense industry is gradually improving. The industry has come out of a protracted crisis, new types of weapons are being developed and launched into a series, the export of Russian military equipment is growing. The state fully fulfills its obligations to defense enterprises, the financing of which is carried out to the full extent of the funds allocated in the federal budget. As part of the program for the accelerated development of the defense industry, a large-scale reconstruction of fixed assets and modernization of the production and technological base are being carried out.
Growth in the volume of purchases of armaments and military equipment, in accordance with SAP-2020, improvement of the placement of the State Defense Order and pricing for military products, the implementation of the FTP-2020 measures in full, the implementation of innovative development programs for defense industry companies and the product policy for the production of competitive civilian equipment, as well as the implementation of measures on professional training and retention of personnel in the military-industrial complex make it possible to predict sustainable development rates of the defense complex of the Russian Federation in the future.
Bibliography:
1.Annual report OJSC VPK NPO Mashinostroeniya for 2012. -[ Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - URL: http://www.npomash.ru/download/godotchet2012.pdf. (date of access: 25.09.13).
2. Dovguchits S.I. On the development of the situation in the defense industry in 2011, the main activities and tasks for the near future // Collection. Defense complex of the Russian Federation: state and development prospects. pp. 213-224.
3. Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - URL: http://www.minpromtorg.gov.ru/docs/mpt/orders/647. (date of treatment 25.09.13).
December 20, 2019 , The results of the bank's work in 2019 and plans for the next year were discussed.
November 18, 2019 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order To the staff of the Vympel State Machine-Building Design Bureau named after I.I. Toropov The design bureau is celebrating its 70th anniversary.
February 27, 2019 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order
During the trip, the Deputy Prime Minister visited a number of enterprises and held a series of meetings on the diversification of shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, as well as on the implementation of individual investment projects.
February 13, 2019 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order
The Deputy Prime Minister visited the Era Military Innovative Technopolis in Anapa, where he inspected the constructed laboratories, talked with the operators of scientific companies and held a meeting on organizing interaction between universities and defense industry enterprises with the Russian Ministry of Defense when performing research and development on the basis of the Era HIT.
February 12, 2019 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order To the team of JSC NPO High Precision Complexes February 12, 2019 marks the 10th anniversary of the formation of JSC NPO High Precision Complexes.
February 1, 2019 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order Yuri Borisov met with scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences Issues of conducting scientific research in the interests of the country's defense and ensuring the security of the state were discussed.
January 22, 2019 , Defense-industrial complex. State defense order
The results of the bank's work last year and plans for the next period were discussed.
December 28, 2018 , Defense industrial complex. State defense order The President of Russia signed the federal law developed by the Government on improving procurement planning for the state defense order Federal Law of December 27, 2018 No. 571-FZ. The draft federal law was submitted to the State Duma by Government Decree No. 1393-r dated July 7, 2018. federal law it is established that purchases under the state defense order in terms of orders for the creation, modernization, supply, repair, service maintenance and disposal of weapons, military and special equipment are not taken into account when forming, approving and maintaining plans and schedules for procurement provided for by legislation on contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, services for state and municipal needs.
October 13, 2018 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order On the submission to the State Duma of a draft law on administrative liability for violations of execution government contracts in the field of state defense order Order dated October 13, 2018 No. 2201-r. The purpose of the bill is to strengthen control over the implementation of state contracts in the field of state defense orders, improve performance discipline, and prevent violations in its implementation.
October 7, 2018 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order
The Deputy Prime Minister told the winners of the Leaders of Russia competition about the structure of the Russian defense industry, its state of the art, main problems and development prospects.
August 21, 2018 , Defense Industrial Complex. State defense order
The forum is held for the fourth time. This year, more than 1.2 thousand Russian and foreign participants presented about 18 thousand samples of their products.
The Stockholm Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) published a report on the situation in the production and sale of weapons in the world. Eleven Russian companies were included in the list of 100 leading world arms manufacturers for 2014.
"RTI Systems"
Place in the ranking: 91
Arms sales, 2014: $840 million
JSC Concern RTI Systems is a Russian engineering company. It carries out scientific, technical and production activities in such industries as radio engineering and rocket technology, integrated communication and security systems, and drive technology.
Created in 2000 by the financial corporation "Sistema" on the basis of two leading Russian radio engineering institutes - RTI and NIIDAR - with the aim of "building a business out of the institute." The company's headquarters is located in Moscow.
The enterprises of the concern produce radio engineering products, aerospace and ground control and communication systems, engines, low-voltage equipment, etc.
Among the areas of activity are the creation of information means of rocket and space defense, the organization technical operation missile attack warning systems, space control, missile defense, mechatronics.
Among the products manufactured by the companies of the concern are unmanned aerial vehicles: "Kaira", "Avius-1", "Vyakhir", "Forpost", based on the Diamond DA42 aircraft, terahertz radio-photon radars, etc.
"Uralvagonzavod"
Place in the ranking: 61
Arms sales, 2014:$1,450 million
JSC Research and Production Corporation Uralvagonzavod named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky is a Russian corporation engaged in the development and production of military equipment, road-building machines, railway cars. The corporation includes research institutes, design bureaus and manufacturing enterprises.
The parent company is the Uralvagonzavod plant located in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region.
Today, one of the largest research and production complexes in Russia includes metallurgical, car assembly, mechanical assembly, mechanical repair, tool and other industries that allow for a closed production cycle.
Four design bureaus, including the head office in the freight car building industry, and two institutes enable the corporation to develop modern technologies, successfully develop and introduce new models of transport and special equipment into mass production.
The general partners of Uralvagonzavod are the largest domestic transportation companies, as well as the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and OAO Rosobornexport.
JSC Concern Radioelectronic Technologies
Place in the ranking: 45
Arms sales, 2014.: $2,240 million
JSC "Concern Radioelectronic Technologies" (KRET) is part of the State Corporation "Russian Technologies" (Rostec).
Today, KRET unites 97 enterprises involved in the development and production of radio-electronic products for military and civilian purposes.
The Concern's enterprises are located throughout Russia, from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok, and total strength their employees are about 50 thousand people.
Currently, KRET produces a wide range of products that can be divided into the following segments: systems and complexes of on-board radio-electronic equipment (avionics); means of electronic warfare and reconnaissance (EW); radar stations (RLS); systems and means of state identification (GO); measuring equipment for various purposes (IA); connectors, electrical connectors and cable products (SC).
NPO "High Precision Complexes"
Place in the ranking: 39
Arms sales, 2014.: $2,350 million
The holding JSC NPO High Precision Complexes was established in 2009 with the aim of consolidating the scientific and technical potential of a group of specialized enterprises to create, on the basis of innovation and technological modernization of the existing production base, advanced weapons, military and special equipment (VVST) in the field of high-precision systems and weapons complexes of the tactical combat zone.It is part of the state corporation "Rostec".
The holding JSC NPO High-Precision Complexes includes 19 enterprises, the number of employees is more than 45 thousand people.
The main field of activity of enterprises is the development, production, modernization, repair and sale of weapons, military and special equipment in several areas:
. operational-tactical missile systems, anti-aircraft missile, including man-portable, short-range and short-range missile-gun and missile-artillery systems for the Ground Forces, the Air Force and the Navy (Iskander-M, Pantsir S-1, Igla- WITH");
. anti-tank missile systems and assault weapons systems ("Kornet", "Chrysanthemum", "Competition", etc.);
. guided artillery weapon systems ("Krasnopol", "Kitolov");
. armament systems for armored vehicles, fighting compartments for lightly armored vehicles ("Berezhok", "Bakhcha", active defense systems "Arena", "Drozd");
. equipment information support and other samples of military equipment.
United Engine Corporation
Place in the ranking: 38
Arms sales, 2014.: $2,600 million
JSC "United Engine Corporation" is an integrated structure that produces engines for military and civil aviation, space programs, gas turbine plants of various capacities for the production of electrical and thermal energy, gas-compressor and ship gas turbine units.
United Engine Corporation is subsidiary United Industrial Corporation "Oboronprom", part of the state corporation "Rostec".
JSC "United Engine Corporation" carries out the development, production and after-sales service of a wide range of gas turbine engines.
The activities of the corporation this moment is focused on the following key business areas: engines for military aviation, ground application engines, helicopter engines, engines for civil aviation, rocket engines, short-life gas turbine engines, marine gas turbine engines.
JSC "Corporation "Tactical Missiles"
Place in the ranking: 34
Arms sales, 2014: $2,810 million
JSC "Corporation "Tactical Missiles" (KTRV) — Russian company, one of largest manufacturers weapons. The company's headquarters is located in the city of Korolev (Moscow region).
The strategic goal of creating the association was to preserve and develop the scientific and production potential of rocket science, ensure the defense capability of the state, mobilize resources for the creation of highly effective guided missiles and air, land, and sea-based weapon systems, and strengthen Russia's position in the world arms market.
The corporation is a recognized leader in the development and production of high-precision weapons, uniting 32 enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex.
Priority activities of the Corporation "Tactical Missiles":
- development, production, modernization of hypersonic weapon systems, complexes of strategic and tactical aviation high-precision weapons of the air-to-surface, air-to-air class and unified systems of naval weapons, domestic rocket and space technology and electronic weapons, as well as products created on the basis of dual-use technologies in the fields of aerospace, information technologies and renewable energy;
- repair, maintenance of previously manufactured products;
- ensuring licensed production of military products supplied for export.
United Instrument Corporation
Place in the ranking: 24
Arms sales, 2014: $3,640 million
"United Instrument-Making Corporation" is a Russian state corporation, established in March 2014 as part of the State Corporation "Rostec" as a specialized Management Company, under the auspices of which the scientific and production structures of the radio-electronic industry of Russia are united.
Today, the control loop of the defense industry includes more than 60 enterprises and scientific organizations of the radio-electronic industry.
Among the main projects being carried out by the defense industry today is the creation of 6th generation army communications and modern airborne communications systems for aviation, in particular, for the T50 fighter.
Creation of modern radar systems for reconnaissance and monitoring for various purposes, including radar systems for A-50U and A-100 aircraft.
Development and implementation of new technologies in the production of systems and means of communication, telecommunications equipment, computer technology.
One of the most significant projects OPK is the organization of serial production of high-density electronics of a new generation - compact 3D microsystems.
"Russian Helicopters"
Place in the ranking: 23
Arms sales, 2014.: $3,890 million
JSC "Helicopters of Russia" is a Russian helicopter-building holding uniting all helicopter-building enterprises of the country. JSC Russian Helicopters is a subsidiary of JSC OPK Oboronprom, which is part of state corporation Rostec.
The geography of Russian Helicopters covers the entire country.
The holding includes design bureaus, helicopter plants, enterprises for the production, maintenance and repair of components, aircraft repair plants, as well as service companies providing after-sales support of equipment in Russia and abroad.
The head office of Russian Helicopters is located in Moscow.
Russian Helicopters holding company was founded in 2007, but key enterprises have over 70 years of history.
As of 2014, the enterprises of Russian Helicopters produced 24% of the world fleet of military helicopters, while the holding's products account for 35% of the world fleet of combat and 50% of medium military transport helicopters.
In the world fleet of civil helicopters, the products of the Russian Helicopters holding account for a record 71% among heavy helicopters (with a maximum take-off weight of more than 20 tons) and 69% in the class of medium helicopters (with a take-off weight of 7 to 20 tons).
United Shipbuilding Corporation
Place in the ranking: 15
Arms sales, 2014: $5,980 million
United shipbuilding corporation- this is 80% of all shipbuilding projects in Russia. USC unites the best shipbuilding, ship repair enterprises and design bureaus.
In military shipbuilding - meeting the needs of the Russian Navy, designing and building a fleet of the 21st century. A significant share of USC military products is exported.
In civil shipbuilding - drilling and production platforms, offshore equipment, specialized ice-class vessels for the development of the Arctic, vessels for work on inland waterways.
USC design bureaus have rich experience in innovative developments in the field of shipbuilding and the production of marine equipment. Dozens of unique innovative projects that have no analogues in the world, and hundreds of ships already tested in a series of ship projects are at the service of customers.
United Aircraft Corporation
Place in the ranking: 14
Arms sales, 2014: $6,110 million
PJSC United Aircraft Corporation is a Russian public joint-stock company, uniting the largest aircraft manufacturing enterprises in Russia.
To date, UAC includes about 30 enterprises and is one of the largest players in the global aircraft manufacturing market. Companies included in the structure of the Corporation have the rights to such world-famous brands as "Su", "MiG", "Il", "Tu", "Yak", "Beriev" as well as new ones - SSJ, MS-21.
The priority areas of the Corporation's activities are the development, production, testing and maintenance of operation, warranty and service maintenance of civil and military aviation equipment.
In the field of work of UAC companies - modernization, repair and disposal aircraft, training and advanced training of flight personnel.
Today, the largest share in the production structure is occupied by military products, both for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and for foreign customers. At the same time, since 2013, the main share of the supply of military equipment falls on the domestic market.
"Almaz-Antey"
Place in the ranking: 11
Arms sales, 2014: $8,840 million
JSC Concern VKO Almaz-Antey is a Russian concern that unites enterprises that develop and manufacture weapons.
The enterprises assembled in the concern develop, manufacture and modernize anti-aircraft missile and radar equipment and its components (the main area of activity of the concern is air defense).
In addition, the tasks of the concern include the implementation, maintenance of operation, repair and disposal for federal state needs and foreign customers of systems, complexes and means of air defense and non-strategic missile defense.
The military-industrial complex (abbreviated as the military-industrial complex) is a part of the industry of the state that is engaged in the production of military equipment and is aimed at R&D in the defense sector. The formation of the military-industrial complex took place in the second half of the 20th century. The main prerequisites for its formation were the growth in the scale of hostilities and the expansion of the armed forces.
At that time, the best results were shown by the military-industrial complex Soviet Union, America, Great Britain, Italy and the Warsaw Pact Organizations (WTO).
In connection with the transition from battles to a peaceful political dialogue between the warring parties, and then the split of the USSR and the Department of Internal Affairs, the number of weapons and armed forces produced was reduced by almost three times. Thus, since the 1990s, the Russian military-industrial complex has established itself at a sufficient level for the security of the state as a whole; there have been no noticeable drops and rises. At the beginning of 2000, it included more than two thousand enterprises, but there was no clear understanding of what the military-industrial complex was. Today, the management commission includes 18 people headed by the President of the Russian Federation - Putin V.V. In addition, the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex (the leader is Mikhailov Yu.M.) and the collegium of the military-industrial complex (the head is D. O. Rogozin, the head of the collegium apparatus is I. V. Borovkov) function under the commission.
The specifics of the military-industrial complex
Distinctive features of the military-industrial complex:
- the customer is always the state;
- non-standard requirements (manufacturability, capital intensity, long-term) to the quality and technical properties of weapons and military equipment;
- confidentiality of innovative projects;
- the inability of enterprises to enter the foreign market;
- high professionalism of the leaders of the military-industrial complex of Russia;
- producers are directly dependent on each other;
- the need for a large supply of material and labor resources;
- huge scale of defense enterprises.
The level of development of the military-industrial complex of Russia plays a key role in maintaining the security of the entire country, is largely responsible for the technical re-equipment of the main segments of the economy (medicine, transport, education, fuel and energy complex (FEC), social security, etc.), is a sign of political sustainability.
By what principle are military-industrial complex enterprises located?
The military-industrial complex includes enterprises that manufacture and develop the necessary equipment for a successful attack, ammunition, firearms and chemical weapons.
The location of the enterprise is determined based on the following factors:
- security;
- convenient logistics interchange;
- availability of qualified specialists and stocks of material resources;
- the city in which the enterprise is based must be closed;
- the possibility of creating duplicate production.
The main principle is the security of the location of the manufacturing enterprise of the military-industrial complex, taking into account the flight time of foreign missiles and aircraft, therefore enterprises and main centers are located in remote regions of Russia (Siberia or the Urals).
Branches of the military-industrial complex:
- manufacture of ammunition. For these purposes, the plant is located in the Central and Western regions of Russia;
- small arms industry (Izhevsk, Volgograd, Klimov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kovrovsk);
- nuclear production, including mining and processing of uranium ore (Zelenogorsk, Ozersk, etc.). Dispose of nuclear waste in Snezhinsk;
- space industry (launch and manufacture of rockets in Moscow, Samara, Omsk, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk);
- production of military aircraft parts and their collection (Kazan, Moscow, Irkutsk, Taganrog, Saratov and other cities);
- tank industry (Volgograd, Arzamas);
- military shipbuilding (Komsomolsk-on-Amur and other closed cities).
In total, the complex includes more than a thousand enterprises throughout Russia, each of which is distinguished by special secrecy. The military-industrial complex includes factories, research centers, design bureaus and test sites.
State agents of Russia
For 2020, the structure of the Russian military-industrial complex includes five state agents:
- RASU. Operates in the field of electronic industry (radio industry and other means of communication);
- RAV. Works in the armaments industry;
- "Rossudostroenie". Engaged in warships;
- RAKA. Enterprise associated with the aviation industry;
- "Rosammunition". A specialized agency that manufactures munitions and chemical weapons.
Each of the functioning agencies is included in the government and oversees the defense industry.
Due to what is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation being revived and what are the prospects for development?
After several years of improvement and restructuring of the production process, Russia began to show positive results and take an active part in the implementation of innovative projects. The update of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is being carried out on the basis of largest corporation state in the field of manufacture and sale of military equipment and weapons - Rostec. Today, the corporation includes more than 660 small enterprises throughout the Russian Federation, which employ almost half a million people. Most political observers regard such an act as copying the industrial model of the development of the USSR. If we analyze in more depth, we can see that Russian government adheres to a mixed position - a centralized type of planning and formation market relations. After Rostec entered the top 10 largest enterprises in the world, the head of the communications service Brovko V. stated with confidence that in the plans by 2035 the year will be firmly fixed in the fifth position. In addition, the state corporation aims at a closer partnership with Latin American countries (today 16% of exports go to this region).
The restoration of the Russian military-industrial complex is based on the experience of the 90s. The main goal of the complex is to achieve independence from imports. To do this, Rostec companies depend on each other by expanding production.
Problems of the military-industrial complex in Russia and the USA
It's no secret that business sharks own the US economy. In this regard, the question arises: why is so much money in the United States inverted into the military-industrial complex? The economic situation leaves much to be desired, as the public debt is growing exponentially. As you know, the military industry does not generate income, and due to the cost of its maintenance, there are fewer funds left for the development of infrastructure, education and other segments of the economy. It is worth mentioning that the US military-industrial complex is the largest employer in the world (more than 3 million employees). In turn, the main problem of the Russian military-industrial complex is that the pricing system does not stimulate the employees of the enterprise to increase productivity. It is unprofitable to increase production efficiency, since most of the profits go to the state budget, so the rationing and regulation of average wages does not bring the expected results.
Outcome
The military-industrial complex contributes to the development of many industries (aviation, electronics, space, science and even the banking sector). Russia is actively integrating the fundamental and practical areas of innovation within the framework of efficient operation military organizations. Due to this, the military-industrial complex is fully functioning and successfully developing. In addition, efforts are being made to ensure that the military-industrial complex produces ideal products that justify investment expectations. It is obvious that in such a current situation of the military-industrial complex, the prospect for a wonderful future and a successful present undoubtedly exists. The government is constantly reorganizing work so that defense enterprises can function as efficiently and efficiently as possible.
If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.
