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How to maximize usage work force workers involved in production? They need to be properly timed.

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By analyzing a photo of a working day, compiled by name, you can achieve success through increased productivity.

The order of successful work, the purpose of which is to optimize labor costs and time, will interest every reader of this article.

What it is?

In the process of performing work duties, each employee performs a series of actions. Enterprises periodically study how many minutes it takes on average to complete each individual operation by an employee.

This process is called timekeeping.

After describing a minute-by-minute photograph of operational movements during manual or machine labor, all data is analyzed to improve performance and more. effective use work force.

Thanks to such painstaking work, timekeeping helps to optimize the costs of the physical forces of the people involved in the company.

During research worker work process study the following:

• what working conditions apply;
• technologies used;
• professionalism and qualifications of the worker;
• organization and maintenance of his workplace;
• psychophysiological abilities of a person;
• other characteristics of the employee that help him in his work.

There are 3 types of studies to describe the chronicle of working time:

• Continuous surveillance. It consists in taking measurements of the time of each part of the overall process, which is repeated cyclically in sequential execution until the final stage.
• Cycle timing. It combines into separate groups for convenience in further study, cyclically repeated quick actions;
• Selected moments. Such studies are carried out only for a strictly defined operation.

When choosing a methodology and processing the created description, first of all, they are guided by the goal of conducting chronological studies.

Purpose of compilation

Why do you need to periodically study in detail how an employee works in production?

The answer here cannot be ambiguous, since there are quite a few reasons for analysis.

The objectives of conducting research on the labor process of employees can be very different:

• clarification of the detailed structure of the operation;
• how much time is spent on processing the object of labor;
• to rationalize the methods used in production;
• discovering the reasons for non-compliance with established standards;
• identification of irrational losses of time;
• analysis of unnecessary labor costs that delay the work process;
• obtaining data on negative factors affecting the prolongation of the cycle;
• to develop standards for the planning and use of working time;
• analysis and assessment of the quality of calculated and approved norms;
• to solve other production problems.

The main goal among all these moments is one: approve such time standards for the implementation of production cycles that will allow for a really quick increase in labor productivity with a minimum of negative factors.

Use of photography labor activity workers allows to solve two most important tasks:

• Determine what time costs are actually used to complete the elements of operations.
• Establish a detailed time structure of production processes throughout the work shift.

A competent analysis of the results obtained will allow any enterprise to develop optimal standards and choose the most rational methods of work.

Advantages and disadvantages

A detailed analysis of the actions of employees during labor processes has a number of advantages:

• increases the personal productivity of each employee without unnecessary effort and cost;
• timing allows you to identify inefficient moments in the work of workers, which can be eliminated in the future;
• thanks to the analysis, it is possible to establish the best time standards for performing operations.

However, with all the positive aspects, timing has its drawbacks:

• To perform verbatim records, you need to have sufficient perseverance and patience. However, not every employee possesses such qualities.
• The creation of a photo of a working day should be carried out without negotiations with the performer of the task and other people, since this distracts the performer from observation, which in reality is very difficult for a person.
• You can not entrust an employee with the implementation of a description of his own actions on a work shift, since there will be an error in the measurements due to the fact that he will spend some time entering data into the chronocard.

There is another drawback, which concerns the cost. When hiring an outside performer to perform the duties of a stenographer, he will have to pay.

How to track working hours?

There is a certain procedure that regulates the relationship between the employer, the contractor and the employee under investigation.

It includes the following items:

• Prior to the start of the research, it is necessary to notify the involved employees about the deadlines and rules for their implementation.
• Select the method of taking measurements and describing the chronicle during the work shift.
• Provide the stenographer with appropriate time mechanisms, timing sheets.

All these activities must be carried out at the preparatory stage before timing.

Who should conduct?

To appoint an employee responsible for monitoring work processes, you need to focus on the following qualities:

• the presence of a certain qualification so that he can be able to break into parts and describe in detail the entire cycle of the employee's actions;
• experience and mastery of research technique during timekeeping;
• can highlight negative points or vice versa, assess the degree of their effectiveness.

The location of the observer must be equipped so that he can see everything and at the same time have minimal influence on the worker being examined.

The stenographer should not interfere with the work process. If this cannot be done, then his actions should be reduced to the minimum interference in the operation of the observed when observing his actions.

At the same time, he needs to be able to have a good overview of the entire production cycle.

Methodology and rules

When compiling a photograph of work processes, you need to adhere to some requirements and rules:

• In order to minimize the error in the course of measurements, it is necessary to avoid talking with employees and especially with those who are being tested.
• It is necessary to fulfill the conditions prescribed in.
• The observer must adhere to the approved regulations of the enterprise on timely informing the administration of the enterprise and other departments about the execution of verbatim studies of their chronicles of work processes.
• It is impossible to start timekeeping on an employee without notifying him in advance.
• The subject must know in advance the purpose of the study.
• The completed form of the timing form belongs to the category of reporting documentation, therefore, errors and corrections cannot be made in it. Initially, a draft version is created by hand, and then the entries are transferred to the sheet using technical devices.
• In the process of carrying out measurements of duty cycles, the safety regulations must be strictly observed.

Note! During the development of an action plan for the stenographer and employee, the human factor must be taken into account, because. a person cannot work like a robot. He rests if he is tired, or absents himself for other personal needs.

These factors affect the error in the timing of working hours.

For example, a milling machine operator must rest for at least 5 minutes after each working hour during complex machining of parts on a machine.

A significant influence on the measurements is influenced by the experience and qualifications of the workers.

To obtain an average value for the study, several workers are selected. If timekeeping is carried out for turners, locksmiths or other repairmen, then it must be borne in mind that the higher their category, the faster the work is done.

Training

Be sure to conduct preliminary preparation before research.

It includes several stages:

• An object is selected for compiling timing, depending on the goal: when clarifying or evaluating the norms, the study is carried out among different members of the team; to develop standards, they study the work activities of typical performers in the process certain work suitable for their psychophysiological qualities and qualifications; when considering best practices, the most successful employees who use effective methods to achieve production tasks are selected.
• The employee responsible for timing first conducts an acquaintance with the operation.
• Separate the boundaries of the elements of the operation, which are called fixing points. They are set with some pronounced effect (sound or visual) at the moment when the beginning and end of the period of one of the elements of the operation occurs. For example, a flash during metal welding or a sound when cutting a pipe due to the touch of the cutting disc of an angle grinder. Then the observer will enter data into these positions with a description of all the details on the chronomap sheet.
• The required number of measurements during the study during the observation period is determined. For example, as indicated in Table 1 below.
• A conversation is held with all employees to explain to them the purpose of research. This explains the order of timing. Immediately before the start of the research, a check is carried out for compliance with normal working conditions in the selected workplaces.

Table 1. Number of measurements for timing observations

Documenting

Timekeeping is carried out using a stopwatch or chronometer.

Time measurements are made until their number reaches the previously established quantities for a specific element of the operation specified at the preparation stage. All records of the results obtained are recorded in the observation sheet.

During the study, the observer monitors the order in which the individual elements of the operation are performed.

It should be noted in detail what deviations they saw when measuring time. This is necessary in order to exclude such defective measurements from further calculations.

Map (sample)

All data obtained during the study of the time intervals spent on carrying out specific elements of operations are entered into a special chronocard.

Filling it starts from the front side during the preparatory stage.

On the title page make the following entries:

• name and other data about the operation under study;
• describe the characteristics of the equipment;
• the presence of a tool;
• material properties;
• information about the unit within the organization;
• employee data.

Prior to timing, it is necessary to distinguish between operations for various periods or elements. The breakdown depends on the type of production, the purpose of the study, the systematic nature of repetitive actions, as well as the availability and ability to measure for each of the procedures.

Typical sample of the chronocard:

An example order

To conduct research on the cost of working time, the head issues a special order to inform selected employees about the event.

An example of such a document on the appointment of responsible persons:

We give an example of filling out a document on the conducted studies of the timing of the working day with the chief accountant.

An example of filling out a chronocard for the chief accountant:

Results and their interpretation

The system of labor rationing in healthcare institutions is established by the employer on the basis of standard labor standards. If there are no standard labor standards, the medical organization can independently develop such standards or contact specialists (clause 16 of the Methodological Recommendations, approved by order of the Ministry of Labor dated September 30, 2017 No. 504).

In the recommendation, the experts presented step by step plan how to conduct timing in the clinic, prepared a regulation on timing, a list of timing observations, and other documents that can be downloaded and used in the work.

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Ways to measure the cost of working time

To measure the cost of working time, timing, photography of working time and photo timing are used. This is necessary in order to determine the norms of labor and norms of time.

Timing is carried out with the frequency prescribed in the collective agreement.

The methodology for timing working time is contained in the order of the Ministry of Labor dated May 31, 2013 No. 235. When conducting timing, also be guided by the order of the Ministry of Labor dated September 30, 2013 No. 504.

Presentation. Rationing of the work of outpatient doctors

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Algorithm of actions to conduct timing

1. Issue an order to conduct labor rationing.
2. Select an employee to supervise. Such a specialist must have work experience, high qualifications and a good knowledge of the technology of the diagnostic and treatment process.
3. Gather all the information and describe the workflows that need to be measured. Also determine the "point" of the beginning and end of the workflow, the cyclical nature of the work. Such "points" are called fixing points.
4. Prepare timesheets.
5. Warn the worker about timing. The law does not establish certain period. We recommend doing this within a week. When timing, be sure to follow the diagnostic and treatment process. Eliminate all conversations with the employee.
6. Make a protocol in any form. If you are timing the doctor's working hours, record all his labor operations in relation to the patient, regardless of what disease it is associated with.
7. Based on the results of photochronometric observations, calculate the average time spent on each labor operation. Based on these data and the expert coefficient of repeatability of labor operations, determine the estimated time for the labor process.

Example of an observation timesheet

Time Card

• Date of observation: December 1, 2016
• Start of observation: 9 hours 00 minutes
• End of observation: 18 hours 00 minutes
• Purpose of observation: optimization of planning and organization of work of office workers
• Position: clerk
• Structural unit: office
• Full name of the observed: Ivanova A.A.
• Education: secondary vocational
• Experience: 10 years

No. p / p	the name of the operation	Time of completion		Duration, minutes
		Start	the ending
	Workplace preparation

Properly monitor and take into account work time timekeeping helps. An example of the use of these records can be found in almost every factory or enterprise where you need to normalize the working day. Time measurements using timing is a way to study the time spent on performing an action. In this case, measurements imply a description technological process, working conditions, production methods.

Measurements will help to fix working hours

Timing as a way of studying working time depends on the conditions for its implementation and the goals for which it is done. For example, the requirements for timekeeping, which will be used to calculate wages and the price of services, differ from those that must be observed when compiling timekeeping to determine the level of staff workload.

The correct measurement of the time spent on the performance of work helps to draw up the correct schedule for recording working hours, as well as to bring the unoccupied capacities of both manpower and used equipment to full load.

Who should deal with the normalization and measurements?

This is usually done by professional standardizers who are trained at enterprises. A well-trained and experienced standardizer is an indispensable employee who helps the management to control the working time of the staff, as well as to properly distribute the workload.

What is the best place to start?

First of all, determine the purpose of the timing. For example, you need it in order to draw up a schedule for recording the working time of an employee whose remuneration does not depend on output, but is made simply on an hourly basis

Remember that such staff is not interested in working faster. There is no incentive to work more efficiently, since this does not directly affect the level wages. Therefore, the performance of such employees will also depend on the quality of the timing.

If we talk about large enterprises, then work orders are made for the working staff, which indicates the list of work that the employee must perform. Study it carefully, see which will be implemented. If you don't have an understanding about some kind of work, you need to find such a workflow. Basically, each enterprise has either a technical department or a production department that deals with this. You can contact them with a request to draw up a technological map, as well as consult on the work to be performed.

After you have decided on the list of works and the order in which they are performed, it is necessary to draw up a description of the work processes that will be measured. Make up the criteria that you need to focus on when measuring: determine the start point of the process and the point at which the process will end, the use of working time, the cyclical work, and other nuances.

After collecting all the necessary theoretical information, proceed to the measurements. You will need pre-prepared timing forms, or you can keep notes in a draft (this is more convenient to make comments on the records).

The regulation commission must observe

It is necessary for more than one person to fix working hours - examples of such fixing will not be completely objective, since an employee, being without additional control, can delay the workflow. It is recommended to measure the time with the participation of representatives technical management (production department). They will control the correctness and sequence of work. It is also recommended to invite representatives of the management of the service whose employee is measuring the use of working time. Believe me, when he sees such a commission, he will immediately work much more productively, and he will be less tempted to try to outsmart you.

When taking measurements, you need to be careful. There are works that are carried out in a cycle. And there are those that happen only once. In works that are done in a cycle (for example, cutting pipes), not all work can be taken into account for each such cycle. Preparation of the workplace, setting up the machine and other equipment, installing cutters - after measurements, all these works will need to be evenly divided into each part that was produced.

Workflow cycles

Then you need to correctly fill out the form with measurements. In order to do this, you can use the following example of filling in the timing of working hours. It is not difficult to compile it if you understand the basic principles of measurements. At the same time, the process should be divided into periods of working time: operational, maintenance, preparatory and final stages, and it is also worth considering the time for rest and own needs.

Operational time of work - the period of time that it took the worker to complete the tasks. This paragraph takes into account the period of time that the worker would need if he did not leave workplace, would not be distracted, and all the equipment would be in one place and already in operation.

Service Time production process consists of time spent on ancillary work, which are necessary so that the production process does not stop. For example, replace equipment that has worn out, change a damaged drill, replace engine oil, and the like.

The preparatory and final stage includes preparatory operations, setting up devices and other work to prepare the workplace. The following example of filling in the timing of working hours will help you correctly write down all the values.

By conducting a detailed analysis of records by measurements, you will find works that are not included in the technological map workflow. Also, they cannot be included in the list.

What is not related to the process of performing work must be excluded. Basically, these are moments such as: conversations on mobile phone, performing related work, performing urgent instructions from management and other activities not related to the performance of the measured work.

How to fill out the form correctly?

In order to grammatically display the measurements, it is necessary to draw up the timing of the working time. The form and an example of its completion are given below.

Work code	Name of the workflow	Name and sequence number of the timekeeping					Mean
		12.01.15	13.01.15	13.01.15	13.01.15	14.01.15
		1	2	3	4	5
		Duration, s
1	Get a job from the master	40	15	15	15	38	24,6
2	Bring a pipe from the warehouse	61	24	24	24	55	37,6
3	Prepare a workplace	65	21	21	21	74	40,4
4	Set up the machine	41	17	17	17	60	30,4
5	Prepare machine for cutting	20	9	9	9	25	14,4
6	cut pipe	25	15	17	21	17	19,0
7	Put pieces in place	10	12	10	11	12	11,0
8	Clean machine and clean work area	35	10	10	10	27	18,4
9	Hand over the work to the master	40	17	17	17	30	24,2
Total	seconds	337,0	140,0	140,0	145,0	338,0	220,0

As the sample of filling in the timing of working hours shows, the type of pipe cutting work was measured. Three measurements were taken on the same day. Since they were produced in a row, the worker did not spend time on each part to receive a task from the master, go to the warehouse for pipes, prepare the workplace, etc. Therefore, the time spent on the first part for these types of work is divided into two others measurement.

You want to display the average value in man-hours

After the measurements are taken, the average value is displayed. According to the data that this example of filling in the timing of working hours shows, the average duration of such work is 220 seconds. If converted to hours, you get 0.061 people / hour.

When scheduling labor day you can use this data. For example, if you want to load an employee 100% with this work, then you can calculate how many pipes he should cut. If we consider that the working day consists of eight hours, then:

8: 0.061 = 131.15 pcs.

It turns out that the worker must cut pipes about 131 times.

Consider all factors when doing work

This is a straightforward calculation and approach to measuring working time. But when planning for an employee, there are other factors to consider. A person simply physically cannot, like a robot, stand at the machine 8 hours a day. He will be absent for personal needs, rest, from which the timing of working time may be distorted. An example is the following: complex work at least 5 minutes of rest after each hour of work is required at the machine.

The skill of a particular employee also plays a significant role. It is necessary to take measurements from several workers in order to derive the real one. You cannot be guided by the results of one “experimental” one. If we talk about locksmiths, turners, repairmen, then the following pattern is often observed: the higher his discharge, the faster they do the work. The experience of the employee also plays an important role.

Other temporary losses

There are various types of lost time. For example, a locksmith can cut records, and someone from another service will come to him and ask for some tools or help to do some urgent work that cannot be postponed.

Usually such losses are difficult to describe. It is best to derive the wastage factor and multiply it by the norm of time, thereby giving employees the opportunity to take a breath while working.

For example, at enterprises that are engaged in the production of parts in workshops, rationing allow 8-10% loss of time when rationing the working day and take them into account in the schedule.

Also, before filling out the final timing, it is recommended to read all the footnotes in the already approved standard time standards - usually they describe the nuances that need to be taken into account, and describe the features of the rationing of a particular work.

Timekeeping is a technology for studying various time costs by measuring and fixing the duration of actions to be performed.

What does he represent?

Timing includes description working system, and in particular production technology, working conditions and methods, and also determines the relative quantity, degree of effectiveness, influence parameters and actual time for various stages of the work process. After that, the actual time is already directly estimated in order to determine the required time to complete the various steps in the process, and this is main goal, which carries the timing of working time.

Together with other methods of studying the workflow, timekeeping depends quite strongly not only on the type of work tasks being studied, but also directly on the purpose of the study. Thus, for example, if the planned time, which determined the timing of working hours, should be used in the current wage system to accurately determine wages, then in this case the requirements for timing will be different from those situations where time data is determined in order to calculate the level of utilization of funds available for production. In addition, it is important to keep a record of the frequency of use of the information received.

Other options

Other timekeeping options already depend on other conditions:

• Timekeeping of working hours determines the time related to a particular person.
• The time that is determined as a result of the timing is used for further management, including control and accurate calculation of employees' salaries.
• Timing must be carefully planned in such a way as to ensure that its results can be used for detailed calculation of planned time.

At the same time, the timing of working time, a sample of which can be seen in modern companies, provides for careful recording of the results of the observation. To do this, the person who is responsible for collecting information has a specialized device for measuring time, as well as the corresponding sheets.

What to Consider

The protocol in which the timing of working hours is included (a sample of this document or any other format) must be reproducible. The various concomitant circumstances under which the measured values ​​were obtained must also be taken into account as parameters for the influence of time values. If the person who is responsible for recording information receives an order for the timing of working hours, then he should be able, using such data, to compile a completely new working system that can deliver comparable results, comparable to those recorded in the already used working system. If this condition is ultimately met, then it can be said that the methods used for timing working hours are reproducible. This is enough important point, which must be taken into account.

These requirements are important in the first place in order to answer the basic questions that the timing of working hours includes. An example of such questions:

• What operating system conditions should be taken into account?
• How detailed should be various stages process?
• How much time can be devoted to each individual step in the process?

Why is this needed?

When determining the purpose of use in parallel with the possibilities mentioned above, one should first determine whether the selected timing system will be evaluated to determine the planned time values. In addition, in most cases, the timing of working time, an example of which can be observed in modern companies, makes sense only if the process under study is organized in such a way that in the future it will already occur under the same production variant, labor technology and the same conditions. .

When timing, it is necessary to carry out various regulations and, in particular, to inform the relevant persons. After that, before timing the working time nurse or any other employee, you will need to decide how exactly time will be measured, as well as what tools will be used. These questions are in the vast majority of cases freely resolved in advance. At this stage, it is quite important to prepare the timing sheet, including carefully filling out its front side. During serial work on reverse side different stages of production can already be added, for which time values ​​are determined.

Requirements and rules

Regardless of whether the timekeeping of the working time of a nurse, an accountant or any other employee is carried out, a certain number of requirements and rules must be taken into account:

How is it carried out?

Each individual stage of the measurement procedure begins with a certain initial and ends with a final event. The last represents, respectively, the initial event of the next. In this case, the start event of each individual stage of the process must be set by the beginning of the first element, and the end event is set, therefore, by the end of the last element. The final action of the process step is taken as the moment of time measurement. An exception to this rule can be called the beginning of timing, which is the same as the initial action of the first stage.

If earlier, when the timekeeping of the working time of an accountant or representatives of other professions was carried out, all the results were both read and entered into the corresponding sheet exclusively manually, today specialized electronic devices are used for the same purposes, which measure time.

What could be such devices?

There are several types of devices:

• Devices, with the help of which a thorough measurement of the time of the studied stages of the process is carried out directly during the observation period.
• Image storage devices, with which the workflow is recorded as a film, in connection with which it will be possible to process it later and determine the exact time.

At the same time, it is worth noting the fact that, regardless of the type of device, it must fully comply with the following criteria:

• High-quality design ergonomics, that is, acceptable weight, body, size and interface.
• The device must ensure the concentration of the observer on his main task - the observation of work processes.
• This device must achieve an acceptable level of measurement accuracy, and turning it on or off must not affect the accuracy.

Technical requirements

Among other things, to ensure the operation of electronic devices, it is necessary to ensure compliance with the following technical requirements:

• With the help of the device, it should be possible to work in the mode of hundredths of a minute.
• The size of the installed storage device, as well as the power supply of the device, must allow continuous measurement for at least one shift.
• The device must have a warning function in case of lack of energy. If there is a break in operation due to a lack of energy in the device, then the data that has already been obtained during its operation should not be lost.
• The device must be suitable for installation and use at those workplaces that are characterized by harmful conditions labor, including oily surfaces, humidity, dust, temperature changes and more.

The capabilities of the device you purchased must fully comply with production costs as well as delivery costs. Among other things, it is expedient to have functions in the device for conducting multi-moment observations and, if necessary, analyzing the given time values ​​when using these systems.

What should be used?

The most common today are specialized electronic time measurement systems. In this case, measurement, recording, as well as a thorough evaluation of time data are carried out using electronic systems, which makes it possible to:

• The most accurate ordering of data, as well as the effectiveness of the stages of the processes.
• Fully self-maintaining and further preparation of this information during the evaluation process, as well as at its completion.
• A quick intermediate evaluation is enough, as well as a graphical representation of the most important results in the measurement process.
• As quickly as possible evaluation of the received data in accordance with pre-defined criteria, while eliminating the possibility of any errors.
• Further support in the development of the planned time system.

At the same time, almost any timing of working time (sample filling) provides support for the timing system of distributed time during group work, and also supports the function of multi-moment observation.

Taking a measurement

There are two main timing technologies - single time or progressive time.

Progressive time represents the time from the beginning of the timing procedure to the end event of a certain stage of the process. If we are talking about a single measurement, then a completely new countdown begins at each individual measuring point, as a result of which the individual stages of the process are measured one at a time.

The structure, as well as the subsequent entry of information into the forms, already directly depends on the order of the measured stages of the process, which are divided into several categories:

• Processes without cyclical repetition. They are standard for single-piece production, and are often used in individual labor conditions. The division of the entire workflow, a detailed description of its individual stages, the determination of measurement points, as well as the registration of the number and parameters of influence is carried out directly in the timing process.
• Processes with cyclic order. After a unit of the product goes through absolutely all the stages, the same process is repeated again in relation to the next unit. In this case, the separation and determination of the different measurement points is carried out before the timing starts.
• Sequential order. Single values ​​of time are measured, while measurements are initially carried out for all units of products at each stage of the process, and only after that it will be possible to proceed to the next stage.
• Changing order. This technology provides for a combination of the indicated sequences of stages. This may occur regularly after a certain number of cycles, or it may occur in an irregular manner.

Depending on the type of work, as well as the features that the timing of working hours has (see above for a sample filling), a specific technology is also selected.

All observations consist of four stages:

1) preparation for observation: setting the goal of observation, selection of the object of observation, selection of the subject based on the purpose of observation, familiarization with the organizational and technical conditions of work and working conditions at the selected objects, filling out observation sheets and checking technical means for measuring time or registering processes, as well as explanation to the performers of the work under study, the goals and objectives of observation;

2) monitoring: fixing the sequence of elements of the work performed, identifying the compliance of the actual operating modes of the equipment with the recommended technologies, determining the duration of breaks and their causes, filling out the observation documentation;

3) processing the results of observations: deciphering and checking the correctness of recording, when filming - developing materials, calculating the duration of each of the elements of the work performed and the duration of each of them, determining the duration of breaks and their causes, filling out observational documentation;

4) final stage: analysis of materials, identification of opportunities for streamlining processes, development of measures to eliminate failures in work, proposals for improving workplaces.

The processing of the obtained data is a rather laborious process, especially when the observations are carried out by the method of direct measurements. It is exacerbated by the need to assess the quality of observations. It follows from this that the complexity of processing is determined by the type of observations, the accuracy of time measurements and the form of data recording.

According to the form of recording the results of observation, digital, index, graphic, combined methods and filming are distinguished.

With the digital method, the record of the current work execution time is made in numbers. If you need high accuracy of the observation results, this method is preferable.

The index method involves recording data with previously known conditional abbreviations (indices). It is used for group or team photography. However, it is necessary that the objects of observation be homogeneous (workers of the same profession, performing work of the same composition).

In the case when digital and index are inconvenient, a graphical method is used. Its essence is that the amount of time spent is fixed in the form of straight horizontal lines, the length of which, on a certain scale, corresponds to the amount of time spent on a particular action. The graphical method gives a visual representation of the duration and alternation of certain types of work, however, if the number of workers exceeds 6, then the quality of registration of actions decreases sharply.

Combined recording is a combination of digital and graphic recording, in which segments of horizontal lines are applied in the observation sheet, and a digital designation is placed above them.

However, a detailed study of labor methods by these methods is difficult, and sometimes impossible, because. the observer does not have time in the short periods of time during which some actions take place, to follow the readings of the instruments, while simultaneously recording their readings on the form.

In this case, filming helps, because. it allows you to accurately capture the labor process, and when playing back, view some details in slow motion. This type records are used when choosing the most rational methods of observation. However, filming is very laborious and costly compared to visual observations. A large amount of time is spent on preparing the equipment, processing the film, deciphering the footage. High material costs are due to the high cost of filming and auxiliary equipment, film, equipment for viewing and deciphering the footage. Therefore, it is expedient to use filming with repeated use of materials generalized and developed on its basis.

Modern means of studying labor processes include video-magnetic recording. Its advantages are:

1) high level remote control;

2) the presence of a synchronous sound signal (for explanations of time signals);

3) no need to process the film, use appropriate equipment and a special room;

4) the possibility of playback immediately after the end of the recording;

5) the possibility of synchronous demonstration on several screens at once;

6) the possibility of playing several takes on one screen;

7) the possibility of computer processing of the recording, which, in particular, facilitates the editing process.

Timing is the study and measurement of individual, cyclically repeating elements of an operation.

It is carried out, as a rule, at works that are characterized by frequent repetition and constancy of the degree of influence of factors on the time of their execution. The main task of timing is to determine the factors that affect the duration of each element of the operation under study in order to design its rational structure as a whole and the normal duration of its individual elements.

With the help of timing, only the actions that are part of the operational work are determined, because. of all types of productive work, only this is cyclically repeated.

Although the duration of operations studied in the course of timing is not theoretically limited by limit values, it is not advisable to use it to observe an operation of a long duration. Such data is accumulated by means of a photograph of a working day, which we will consider below. It is most appropriate to use this method to study short-term operations that cannot be measured in the process of photographing a working day.

Timing is divided into individual and group (brigade) depending on the number of observed workers.

With the help of individual timing, the time spent by individual performers is determined, which allows you to study the work with the maximum degree of detail.

With group timing, one observer studies the work of a group of workers performing one production operation. It is used to study the composition of the group and the rational distribution of work among the workers in it. To achieve greater accuracy, two timekeepers are set up to observe independently of each other, and at the end of the work, the data obtained by each of the observers are compared.

Chronometric observations of all varieties are carried out only by the method of direct measurements of time.

Time studies are distinguished by the completeness of coverage of the elements of operational work, as well as by the method of fixing time. Based on these features, continuous and selective timing is distinguished.

With continuous timing, continuous study and measurements of the duration of all elements of the operation in their technological sequence are carried out.

With selective timing, the duration of not all operational work, but only its individual elements, is studied and measured.

Since during timing they encounter unevenness in work, it should be determined at what number of cycles the deviations will be mutually canceled. It is obvious that one cannot limit oneself to a small number of observations, since the results may be random, however, starting from a certain number, an increase does little to increase the degree of reliability, while at the same time increasing the complexity of observation in direct proportion.

There are several most used methods for determining the number of observations:

1. The number of measurements is determined by calculation, using mathematical methods, according to statistical tables.

2. The number of measurements during timing is set depending on the required accuracy of the norms as a percentage of the normative coefficient of stability of the time series (table 5).

3. The number of observations is set depending on the type of production and the duration of operations (table 6).

4. The number of necessary measurements is determined depending on the duration of the operation under study, the nature of the work and the participation of the performer in it (table 7).

5. The number of observations required for each selected element depends on the type of production, the duration of the manual work and the total duration (Table 8).

Table 5 - Required number of observations during timing

Table 6 - Approximate number observations (at least)

Table 7 - Number of observations required for timing

Table 8 - Required number of observations during timing and allowable stability factors of the timing series

Type of production	Duration of operation elements, s	Permissible coefficient of stability of the time series K y		Number of measurements
				For machine work				For manual work
				Observation accuracy, %
		Machine work	Handmade
Mass large-scale Serial Small-scale

There are also no unified recommendations for determining the required number of observations in the practice of foreign enterprises. Thus, at the enterprises of the General Electric Company (USA), it is considered necessary to make the number of observations dependent on the duration of the operation (Table 9).

Table 9 - Dependence of the number of observations on the duration of operations

Another company, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, takes into account not only the duration of elements and operations, but also their frequency during the year (table 10).

Table 10 - Influence of the duration of operations and their frequency during the year on the number of measurements

Number of operations per year

Number of measurements at the duration of operations, min

Preparation for it significantly affects the quality of timekeeping. Determining the content, volume and timing of the preparatory work, the choice of research objects, proceed from the goals of timing. Its main goal is to obtain scientifically based materials that allow for the rationalization of production, increase the efficiency and content of labor. Subgoals include:

1) accumulation of data on the duration of individual elements of the operation in order to use them for the subsequent development of time standards, the calculation of reasonable standards in the absence of standards or their insufficient completeness;

2) adjustment of existing and establishment of new standards in large-scale and mass production, assessment of the time spent on performing an operation in terms of their rationality and expediency;

3) studying the achievements of production innovators, selecting the best methods of work before designing rational labor processes based on them;

4) identification of irrational, redundant methods for determining the optimal composition and sequence of elements of the operation;

5) assessment of organizational and technical conditions and their impact on the time spent in the performance of individual elements of the operation.

When choosing objects, it should be borne in mind that they must have a certain generality and comparability.

In all cases, except when it is used to identify the causes of non-compliance, the workplace should be carefully prepared in terms of equipment, order, lighting and work safety.

Having chosen the object of observation, they make up a detailed description of the operation under study. A special place in the description is occupied by the organization and maintenance of the workplace. You should carefully understand the layout of the workplace, the location of the tool, the supply of the workplace with everything necessary for work.

The operation under study is divided into constituent elements.

The degree of division of the operation depends on the type of production, the purpose of the observation, the design of the measuring device, the method of measurement, and the qualifications of the observer.

To correctly determine the duration of each element of the operation for each measurement, they are clearly delimited by fixing points.

Fixpoints are distinct external signs that determine the start and end points of each of the measured elements of the operation.

If continuous observation is carried out, the final fixing point of the previous element is at the same time the starting point for the next one.

Consider the measurement of time spent and the analysis of its results using the example of the timing of the operational time of the cashier's work (table 11).

Table 11 - Chronocard

Organisation: ZAO Gradient Department: Showroom	Operation timeline		Date of observation		Start of observation		End of observation		Observed Kuznetsova S.A.
	Cash payment processing								Processed Kuznetsova S.A.
					Operation
Speciality Experience in the specialty Experience for this job		Kuznetsova S.A.			Name Cash payment processing

The stability coefficient, which characterizes the degree of fluctuations in the time series, is calculated by the formula, where t max is the maximum duration of the operation element, and t min is the minimum.

We determine the normative coefficients according to table 12.

Table 12 - Standard values chronological sequence stability coefficients

In our case, all coefficients do not exceed the standard, therefore, the observation was carried out qualitatively. The average duration of each element of the operation is determined as the arithmetic mean of all valid measurements of the time series.

The obtained values ​​of the duration of the operation element are recorded in the timing variation series, where the top line - option - is the measurements in ascending (descending) order of the measurement duration (t), and the bottom line of frequencies (p) - shows how often this option occurs in the timing series.

The total sum of frequencies must be equal to the number of measurements.

Inaccurate (defective) measurements are preliminarily excluded, and then the quality of the time series is evaluated using the following indicators:

1) coefficient of stability: Bush. = tmax / tmin(1)

If the actual stability coefficient is less than the normative stability coefficient, then the series is stable (not scattered), otherwise the observation should be repeated;

2) modality coefficient: Kmo = Pmo / ∑p (2)

where Pmo is the frequency of the mode (the most common variant);

p is the sum of all frequencies of the time series.

If Kmo > 1/3, then the series is modal and qualitative, and, therefore, it is possible to calculate the average duration of the execution of each element of the operation (which will be taken as the norm) using the weighted arithmetic mean formula:

tav = t*p / ∑p (3)

Time series processing methods cannot be uniform and constant for all industries and in all cases. In each industry, the most appropriate method can be adopted, depending on the nature and conditions of work.

Timing studies make it possible to study, first of all, operational time, and therefore, when using timing to establish standards, one has to use normative materials and photographs of the working day.

In addition, timing has a number of disadvantages:

1. The labor rate in the traditional timing procedure is based on average actual costs working hours by those performers whose jobs were the objects of observation. Therefore, the reliability of the obtained materials also depends on the correct choice of the latter.

2. The method of labor is not fully fixed in the course of research, although it is he who determines the time and quality of work.

3. Fixing real time performing techniques, the researcher cannot claim that this level is comprehensively justified, because the rater determines the achieved level of productivity, which does not at all mean the productivity possible under the given conditions at each workplace with an average (normative) level of performers' abilities.

4. Because the norm of time is set according to only one criterion - according to the total duration of the execution of the elements of the labor process, then the data obtained through timing will always be more or less subjective.

5. Chronometric data on the time spent on performing individual operations usually contain time losses associated with shortcomings in the organization of labor. To identify them, you need to design a rational labor process.

6. A normative study can be carried out only after the start of production and the full mastery of the work operations.

7. It is almost impossible to avoid errors when measuring individual actions, especially in short-term operations.

It is also difficult to compare timing data for the same operations that were obtained at different enterprises, in different working conditions and at different times. To some extent, these shortcomings can be reduced if more accurate methods of studying labor processes are used.

Working time photo - this is a type of observation, with the help of which they study and analyze the time spent by one worker or group associated with the implementation of a particular process throughout the entire working day (shift) or part of it, regardless of what this time was spent on. The PDF does not reveal the technology and methods of the process, but only fixes its flow.

The purpose of the PDF is to identify reserves for increasing productivity, improving the use of equipment. This is achieved by identifying the expediency, the sequence of certain time costs, their measurement, establishing the degree of possible compaction of the working day of performers, eliminating the loss of working time and equipment downtime.

The purpose of working time photography is to identify deficiencies in the organization of labor and production, causing losses or irrational use of working time, designing a more rational distribution of work shift time by time consumption categories, determining the actual production of products, the rate of its release and uniformity of work during the shift.

By the number of objects of observation, forms of labor organization, etc. PDF is subdivided into individual, group, brigade, mass, route, multi-machine, target, photo of the production process and photo of the use of equipment. A distinction is also made between dubbed and picket photography of a working day.

A duplicate photo of a working day is taken by two workers at the same time. This method is used when the visibility of the object of observation is limited. The observers work independently of each other, and at the end of the work they compare the results to get the big picture.

A picket photograph of a working day is carried out by several observers who are located at certain points and record the moment the observed object passes through this point. This method is most often used in the study of the operation of transport, because. according to the security rules, the observer cannot move along with the transport all the time. In the course of an individual PDF, the observer examines the time spent by one performer working at one workplace, or the time spent using equipment during a work shift or part of it.

Let's consider an example: FRV of a sales manager of a commercial firm.

Date of observation: 20.03.2009

Start of observation: 8 h 30 min.

End of observation: 17:30

Work: customer service, work with suppliers, sales analysis

Working conditions: normal

Sales manager: Novgorodtsev A.A.

Age: 28 years old.

Work experience: 4 years. Work experience: 2 years.

Attitude towards work: conscientious

Observer Kuznetsova S.A.

	Name of working hours	Current time in hours and minutes	Duration (min)
	Arrival at the workplace
	Workplace preparation
	Customer Service
	Receipt and familiarization with email
	Obtaining a list of paid invoices from the accounting department, familiarization with it
	Checking the availability of paid goods in stock
	Customer Service
	personal care
	Placing orders to suppliers
	Customer service
	Discussion of the order with suppliers by phone
	Customer service
	Customer service
	personal care
	Conversation with a colleague on a personal topic
	Customer service
	Making a plan for the next day
	Turn off the computer, clean up the workplace
	Leaving work

PZ=5+15+3+2=25

P=20+30+20+10+25+75+5+85+120+18+10=418

LN=5+60+5+5=75

Conclusions and development of organizational and technical measures to eliminate unnecessary time costs are based on a summary of time costs of the same name, in which the total time is put down for each of their categories and the ratio to the total time is determined. The percentage of operating time is determined:

Ko.v \u003d (top / Tn) 100, (4)

where Tn is the observation time, min;

- percentage of loss of working time, depending on the workers;

Kpr = tot.f. - tot.r+tp.r / Tn * 100%, (5)

where tot.f is the time of actual rest;

tot.r - regulated time for rest and personal needs;

tp.r - loss of working time allowed by the worker;

- the percentage of lost working time, not dependent on the worker:

Kpn = tn.r + tp.o. * 100%, (6)

where tn.r. and tp.o - loss of time for production work and for organizational and technical reasons, respectively.

Losses of working time are a reserve for increasing labor productivity. To determine the possible increase in labor productivity, a normal and actual balance of working time is drawn up. The normal balance is drawn up according to the standards, without seeing the work performed, and the actual balance is based on photographic materials.

The percentages of a possible increase in labor productivity are established by eliminating the loss of working time, depending on the worker:

a1 = (100 Kp.r) / (100 – Kp.r) , (7)

as well as loss of working time due to organizational and technical reasons and unproductive work:

а2 = (100 Kp.n) / (100 – Kp.n) (8)

Overall possible increase in labor productivity:

a = a1 + a2, (9)

Group PDF

A group photograph is called a photograph of working time, in which one observer studies the work of several performers at the same time.

Preparation for observation differs from individual photography in only a few ways:

1. Set in advance and write down on the front side of the photo card the conditional abbreviations for the time spent.

2. Pre-select intervals of time records, which are noted in the observation sheet.

3. Establish a sequence for monitoring jobs.

Group photo features:

1. The observer determines in advance the types of costs and losses to be studied, since he cannot continuously record all the time spent at each location.

2. The observation time is divided into intervals. The accuracy of the results will directly depend on the size of the intervals.

3. To facilitate the entry in the observation sheet, the costs are indicated by easily remembered numerical or alphabetic designations.

In terms of completeness, detail and accuracy, group photography is significantly inferior to individual photography, however, the advantages of group photography include the possibility of simultaneous coverage of large groups of workers by one observer, as well as ease of recording and processing, which leads to a reduction in labor intensity.

Instant Observations

Since the method of direct measurements requires large expenses for their implementation, in the case when it is supposed to cover a large number of objects, the so-called momentary observations are expedient.

A characteristic feature of the method of momentary observations is that the observer is not continuously at the workplace, but visits them periodically at random intervals. With the help of momentary observations, it is possible to analyze the structure of working time at almost any number of objects.

Observations are carried out by sequentially bypassing the selected workplaces and marking the type of activity at the fixing points with conventional signs in the observation sheet. If there are special moment counters, the observation sheet is not used.

According to the results of momentary observations, you can:

1. Determine the degree of use of working time by a large number of performers and the degree of use of a large number of equipment in time.

2. To study the structure and establish the specific gravity and absolute values ​​of individual elements of the costs of the contractor's working time.

3. Establish the causes and determine the proportion and absolute values ​​of downtime for workers and equipment and develop measures to eliminate them.

4. Analyze the state of labor organization and develop measures to improve them.

5. Obtain the necessary initial data for the development of standards for the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, as well as service standards.

To ensure the reliability of the results obtained, which should reflect the actual use of working time, the following conditions must be observed: observations of certain expenditures of working time must be random and equally possible; the number of observations should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

The volume of observations is determined using the rules of statistics for sample surveys. It is found by the formula:

M \u003d a² * (1-K) * 100² / K * R², (10)

where M is the sample size or the number of momentary observations;

K - approximate specific gravity the cost of working time to perform the work under study or the approximate specific gravity of the equipment operation time in fractions of a second (its value is taken from the results of previous observations or is taken approximately on the basis of reporting data);

(1-K) - the proportion of breaks or downtime, i.e. the likelihood of finding a worker or machine inactive,

P is the predetermined accuracy of the observation results, i.e. the permissible value of the relative error of the results of observation (in the practice of studying working time, it is taken in the range of 0.03 - 0.1);

a is the coefficient associated with the confidence probability that the error P does not go beyond the established limits.

In mass and large-scale production, they are usually satisfied with a confidence level of 0.64, which corresponds to a2=2.

In medium- and small-scale production, in order to obtain greater confidence in the reliability of the observational results, a confidence level of 0.92 is used. Depending on the type of production, special tables have been developed to determine the number of observation moments.

The duration of one bypass Tobx is determined by the formula

Tobx \u003d Lbx / 0.6 * 0.01, (11)

where Lobx is the length of the route bypassing workplaces, m;

0.6 – average length of one step, m;

0.01 – average duration of one step, min.

The number of moments M "fixed in one shift will be:

M" \u003d Volume * p / T * m, (12)

where p is the coefficient taking into account the discrepancy between the round trip times (deviations), 0.5< р < 0,7;

m is the number of observation objects during one round.

The number of work shifts C required for observation is determined by formula (13):

Cn \u003d M / M", (13)

To obtain objective and accurate results, you must adhere to the following rules:

1. Each detour must be carried out along the intended route, in a uniform step, without accelerating or slowing down the walk, and begin strictly at the appointed time.

2. Only being in the fixing point for these workers, the observer can register what is happening at the workplace. Even if the observer, being at one point, sees that the worker is idle at another point, he has no right to make a mark until he arrives at that point.

3. If at the moment the observer approaches the object of observation, one state of activity has ended and another begins, then the first state should always be recorded in the observation chart.

The results of momentary observations serve as the basis for the development of measures to eliminate the loss of working time. For their implementation, a plan is drawn up, which indicates the timing of its implementation and those responsible for carrying out the activities. The results of the analysis and the activities developed on its basis are discussed at production meetings.

Thus, the method of instantaneous observations gives very reliable material at a much lower labor input.

self photography

The method of studying labor processes, in which the performers themselves record the duration and reasons for the loss of working time on special forms, is called self-photography.

Self-photography may be due to various circumstances.

First of all, the successful and comprehensive implementation of NAT requires the involvement of all workers, because involving them in the study of the labor process provides an inexhaustible source for improving the organization of labor and production.

The conclusions drawn on the basis of a photograph of a working day may turn out to be characteristic only of the observed object and the corresponding time interval. In order to obtain generalized conclusions about the state of labor organization and production, an objective idea of ​​the use of working time, it is necessary to cover at least half of the working section, department, workshop with a photograph of the working day. The study of working time will be effective only if it is carried out systematically and covers a large group of workers and if the workers themselves take an active part in it. It is the workers who can suggest what exactly causes the loss of time, what reserves of labor productivity growth are at a given workplace.

Although self-photography characterizes the loss of working time due to organizational and technical reasons no less objectively than the FS, it does not give an idea of ​​the loss of working time due to the fault of the performer himself. Therefore, along with self-photography, it is also necessary to carry out PDF.

Self-photography is divided into individual, group and brigade.

The most common is individual self-photography, with the help of which they study the loss of working time from one performer. With the help of group self-photography, they study the loss of working time for performers serving one unit. Less common is brigade self-photography. Unlike individual and group self-photography, not all of its members, but one person, record the loss of working time in a brigade. The brigade self-photo map indicates not only the loss of working time, their cause and duration, but also how many people from the brigade were idle at the same time.

Depending on the object of study, a self-photograph of the working hours of workers and working hours of employees is distinguished.

Employees consistently take into account all the costs of working time throughout the working day, especially those that are not related to their immediate duties. This is due to the fact that the labor process of employees has hidden phases that can only be revealed by participating in the study of the performer himself.

When preparing for self-photography, the areas where losses and unproductive costs are the highest are most often chosen as the object of observation. The following procedure for taking self-photographs is recommended. By order of the enterprise (or its division), they approve the dates for the self-photography and designate those responsible for its preparation.

Then they make a list of performers who will be engaged in self-photography, distribute them into groups of 30-40 people, each of which is assigned instructors from among specialists.

A few days before the appointed date, instructors are given lists of participants for self-photography and observation sheets. On the eve of self-photography, instructors distribute forms and explain in detail the purpose, tasks and technique of observations.

On the day of the self-photography, the instructors periodically help the members of their group to correctly and promptly keep records of data on breaks in work, and after the end of the observation, to formulate and formalize proposals for improving the organization of work. Then the instructors collect the completed cards and hand them over to the administration of the enterprise.

Based on the proposals of the self-photographers, a draft action plan is drawn up to improve the organization of work and the maintenance of workplaces.

Photochronometry

By means of timing, working time is studied when, for organizational and technical reasons or in connection with special rules for production work, it is not possible to conduct timing.

Photochronometry is a combined method of studying working time, based on the combination of timekeeping and photography of working time. Its essence is that the photograph of working time in certain periods of time is supplemented by timekeeping.

A significant advantage of separate timekeeping and FRV is that for the same period of time it is possible to obtain data on the advisability of using shift time, and on the structure of operational time and the rationality of techniques when performing the main work.

This method is of particular importance when studying the work time of performers employed during a shift in several types of work, characterized by cyclical repetition, when it is impossible to predetermine the time and sequence of their performance.

Depending on the objectives of the observation, the number of observed objects, the number of observers and the nature of the production process, individual, group, duplicated and complex photochronometry is distinguished.

Individual photo timing, which studies the work of one performer, is used when increased accuracy of time measurements and a greater degree of detail in the workflow are required.

The main purpose of group photo timing is to study the coherence of the work of the team members, the degree of their workload, the organization of work, identify the causes and duration of lost working time, and explore other issues that do not require accurate time measurements.

Duplicated supervision means that two timekeepers simultaneously observe the workflow. In this case, both observers can work independently or one of them fixes the time, and the other describes the working methods.

Comprehensive observations make it possible to reveal the relationship between individual production processes, study the production rhythm of work, determine the degree of rational use of machines, and develop specific measures to improve work and increase labor productivity. With this type of observation, a group of observers studies the work of a team, workshop, department or enterprise as a whole, allowing them to cover the entire set of production processes or a significant part of them.