Refineries are located. Oil refining

Stroygazconsulting (SGK) has returned to the ranks of the largest contractors of Gazprom, being along with the companies of billionaires Gennady Timchenko and Arkady Rotenberg and having received orders from the monopoly for 18.2 billion rubles since the beginning of the year, RBC reports on Tuesday, April 19, citing for materials on the public procurement portal.

The publication notes that only the traditionally largest contractors of the monopoly, Stroygazmontazh by Rotenberg and Stroytransgaz by Timchenko, receive more orders from Gazprom. These companies received orders for 25 billion rubles and 20.4 billion rubles, respectively, RBC specifies.

Basically, SGK received contracts for the overhaul of gas pipelines. Stroygazconsulting declined to comment on this information, while Gazprom did not respond to the publication's request.

Four years ago, SGK, founded by Ziyad Manasir in 1996, was one of the largest executors of monopoly orders. During the four years of Dmitry Medvedev's presidency, Stroygazconsulting, according to Forbes calculations, won contracts from state-owned companies for almost 730 billion rubles. 2012 brought the company orders for another 80 billion rubles. But in 2013, Forbes calculated, Manasir was able to get contracts for only 35 billion rubles, which is almost half as much as a year earlier.

In the summer of 2013, the former owner and president of SGC Manasir complained to Igor Sechin, executive secretary of the presidential commission on the fuel and energy complex, that Gazprom was delaying settlements with contractors and was not giving new contracts. In 2014, the company did not receive a single new contract from Gazprom.

In January 2015, the new president of SGK, Mikhail Yakibchuk, sent a letter to the head of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, in which he asked him to make a decision on the participation of SGK in the investment program of the gas holding from 2015 and instruct controlled entities to pay the company's expenses.

SGC started working with Gazprom again after the change of ownership. In the spring of 2015, Gazprombank and the UCP fund, managed by Ilya Shcherbovich, bought the company from Manasir and his partner Ruslan Baisarov. On August 19, 2015, SGC won the Gazprom Doby Nadym tender for the construction of a rotational complex worth 293 million rubles at the Bovanenkovskoye field, RBC reminds. In total, in 2015, the company received contracts from the monopoly for 20.2 billion rubles.

Due to the lack of new Gazprom contracts, SGC had problems with creditors. According to the database of the Arbitration, creditors filed claims for the recovery of 11.2 billion rubles, in 2015 - for 46.6 billion rubles. Since the beginning of 2016, the company has received claims from creditors for another 6 billion rubles. The amount of the company's debts transferred to bailiffs and outstanding exceeds 17.7 billion rubles, RBC notes, citing SPARK data.

Every day, Gazprom Group companies raffle dozens of multibillion-dollar tenders, a significant proportion of which are for the construction and repair of linear and underwater crossings main gas pipelines. This topic is especially relevant in the context of the upcoming unprecedented construction of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline, the first part of which, 208 km long, was received without competition by Stroytransgaz CJSC Gennady Timchenko. due to the lack of time to complete the planned program. But the representatives of the state monopoly promised to "play" the remaining volumes, taking into account all competitive procedures.

However, the issue of competition last years becomes rhetorical, since the winners of the largest lots of Gazprom are de facto known - in addition to the aforementioned STG, the fight is carried out by Stroygazconsulting LLC by Ziyad Manasir, StroyGazMontazh LLC by Arkady Rotenberg (before the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, it belonged on a parity basis to Arkady and Boris Rotenberg), "Gazprom-Invest-South" ("daughter" of "Gazprom").

The participation of Manasir, however, in recent years has been more of a decorative character - a businessman of Jordanian origin, who was once one of the kings of the state order for Forbes versions, quarreled with the top Gazprom authorities and therefore lost his influence (last year his company actually came under the control of management, headed by Chechen businessman Ruslan Baysarov).

In general, all general contractors were or became “their own” for the leadership of the gas giant.

But what if "their" general contractors also have "their" subcontractors - those who tear off a piece from the huge pie? As the investigation shows, Novaya Gazeta», National treasure our country is redistributed from the initial customer to the final contractor. The higher the person sits, on which at least something depends, the larger the size of his profits. The amount of funds extracted by the general contractor (who often does not perform any work) can now reach 25%, the next subcontractor receives his 7-15%, the remaining cash flows are distributed evenly between the management of the Gazprom structure that places an order for the execution of certain or other works, and final performers.

How in modern world those who want to cling to a gas pipe live and get along can be understood by the example of a specific story in the Samara region. It has a place for everything - an artificial increase in the cost of work, and an attempt by management to bypass its shareholder to cut off a competitor-subcontractor, and an attempt by the subcontractor itself to offer a billion rubles for the right to work as a kind of "kickback" - for the needs of the Dynamo football club, For example.

On September 17, 2013, the Corporate Costs Management Department of OAO Gazprom posted a notice of bidding for the overhaul of the Gazprom transgaz Samara facility "2nd r / at the underwater crossing of the MGP / n Urengoy - Novopskov through the Kuibyshev reservoir" . That is, the time has come to change the pipes through which gas is supplied to Russian and Ukrainian consumers.

The initial cost of work on the reserve strings of the Urengoy-Novopskov gas pipeline was 2.355 billion rubles, but as a result of the recalculation, the price exceeded 5 billion. According to an employee of Gazprom Transgaz Samara, the two-fold increase in cost was due to the results of a pre-repair survey conducted in parallel by two applicants for a row .

On October 22, 2013, the commission for summing up the results of requests for proposals, chaired by Mikhail Sirotkin, head of the corporate cost management department of OAO Gazprom, determined the general contractor - it was StroyGazMontazh by the Rotenberg brothers (document 1; document 2).

According to Federal Register government contracts, in 2013 this structure received orders from Gazprom for a total amount of over 300 billion rubles, so the chances of winning the Samara auction were extremely high. However, according to a Gazprom employee, practically the entire scope of SGM's work is subcontracted to "its" structures, withholding an official general contracting commission in the amount of 2% of the contract value (and an unofficial one in the amount of 20-25%). In recent years, LLC SpetsGazmontazhStroy (SGMS) has become one of the “friends”.

On October 25, the overhaul director of SGM sent a letter to Samara Transgaz about the admission of SGM employees to the facility (document). Thus, the management of the Rotenberg company adopted decision in principle on the transfer of the scope of work in favor of the "SGMS", although there was no subcontracting agreement at that time and from a legal point of view, the SGMS officers were something like a brigade of volunteers.

We will return to this company later - but for now let's see what happened next.

Subcontracting under the rug

Three days later, Deputy CEO LLC Gazprom transgaz Samara sent another letter to Alexander Golovachev indicating the structure of the organization of work (document 1; document 2): according to this circular, the subcontractor was supposed to be SGMS, and the actual contractor was LLC Podvodgazenergoservis (PGES) .

PGES is the flagship enterprise of the Gazprom group of companies for the diagnostics and repair of underwater gas pipelines and one of the oldest in the system of the gas monopoly (the history of "PGES" has been going on since 1972); the company is controlled by Gazprom Tsentrremont LLC through Gazenergoservis OJSC under the leadership of Dmitry Doev.

Despite formal subordination to Doev, "PGES" is associated with the head of the department overhaul"Gazprom" Alexander Filatov.

In 2008-2009, Filatov headed PPGES, but in 2012 he moved to the central office of Gazprom. According to an employee of the monopolist, the new appointment was largely due to the support of Deputy Chairman of the Board Vitaly Markelov, who "actually created a new division for Filatov." After Filatov's departure, PGES was headed by his deputy Anton Nikonenko, who was considered a relative of the ex-chief. PGES categorically denied family ties between Filatov and Nikonenko. One way or another, according to the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, Nikonenko owns Ceramic Materials Plant LLC together with Filatov's sister, Elena.

And when SGM had already decided on contractors, a new one appeared who wanted to repair pipes under the Samara reservoir - LLC VolgaUralSpetsStroy (VUSS).

This company, once considered the “main subcontractor” of PGES, decided to work autonomously at the end of 2012, a Gazprom employee shares: “The founders of the company (father and son Alexander and Stanislav Serov. - A.S.) broke up with Filatov and Nikonenko - and there was a clear intention to crush them.

But back in 2013, the management of Gazprom seriously considered the issue of introducing the repair technology developed by the Serovs various types defects of main gas pipelines "using couplings with filling the annular space with a composite material."

In 2012, Vitaly Markelov, Deputy Chairman of the Management Board, reported to the head of the board of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, about the uniqueness of this technology.

Being engaged in R & D, VUSS simultaneously received significant amounts of work for the needs of regional transgas companies - mainly as a subcontractor of PGES. But then their paths diverged.

In response to a request from Novaya Gazeta, a representative of PGES said that VolgaUralSpetsStroy “in the second half of 2013 compromised itself with the poor quality of repair of underwater gas pipelines to direct customers, and due to repeated violations of contractual relations, failures to complete work and great claims to the quality of the work performed by the representatives of the customer in the period 2012-2013, further cooperation with them was terminated.

We tried to contact the father and son Serovs to find out their vision of the situation, but their phones did not answer.

Football club

According to a representative of one contractors, who are familiar with the history around VUSS, “Serov Sr. broke up with the leadership of PPGES for financial reasons, after which he decided to act over Filatov’s head and negotiate [on the scope of work] with SGM.

However, in 2013, an agreement arose between the management of SGM and PGES “on the exclusion of VUSS from the chain of subcontractors,” a representative of one of the contractors shares: “As far as I heard, through a Gazprom employee, Serov and Boris Romanovich Rotenberg were contacted - the owner and director of VUSS was very persistent in his request to receive part of the work as a subcontractor. Rotenberg was not against it either. As I remember, Goryukhin (the director of SGM. - A.S.) did not really like this.

On November 21, 2013, Deputy General Director of SGM Yaroslav Soga sent Filatov a letter on the approval of the involvement of a contractor (document): “... In accordance with the instructions of the First Deputy Chairman of the Management Board of OAO Gazprom (apparently, Vitaly Markelov was meant. - A.S. ), taking into account the technically complex nature of the work being performed, and also taking into account the application of Gazprom transgaz Samara LLC, I ask you to agree on the involvement of Podvodgazenergoservis LLC as a work contractor [at the Urengoy-Novopskov facility] ... "

Novaya Gazeta provided this document to interested parties - SGM and Gazprom - as well as representatives of two Gazprom contractors performing work at the line crossings of the company's pipelines.

The SGM announced an internal audit, but refrained from further public comments. In "Gazprom" this document was considered "similar to a fake."

Before voicing the versions of the origin of this document, we suggest studying the other two that followed it: the first (dated November 27, 2013) - a letter from Ruslan Goryukhin addressed to Alexander Filatov with a request to "study the possibility of attracting VolgaUralSpetsStroy LLC to work on the facility", and the second (November 28, 2013) - Filatov's answer. The latter is worth quoting (document):

“VolgaUralSpetsstroy LLC does not have sufficient material and technical resources and qualified personnel, and also does not have experience in performing technologically complex deep-water operations similar to the [Urengoy-Novopskov] facility]. To carry out work on this object We recommend that you consider engaging Podvodgazenergoservis LLC.

At first glance, this letter looks like open lobbying for a company in which Filatov once worked as a director and which is now headed by a person who is not a stranger to him. But two market participants who read the correspondence claim that Filatov was asked to write this letter. “Although, of course, he was not against it - the person with whom he had a constructive relationship at that time asked him,” says the interlocutor of Novaya Gazeta. Who could ask him about this “constructively”?

Representatives of the contractors believe that Ruslan Goryukhin did this, and the correspondence itself pursued one goal - to convince Boris Rotenberg that the Gazprom leadership is categorically against VUSS: “Goryukhin’s subcontract with SGMS failed precisely because of the activity” WUSS". In order to punish them [the Serovs], Rotenberg had to be set up in a certain way. And this, understanding the size of Boris Romanovich, could be done in only one way - to come up with a conflict with Gazprom. Like, they [in Gazprom] want PGES to enter into cooperation instead of VUSS - will we quarrel with Markelov or will we give in?

The fact that “the subcontract with SGMS failed” is evidenced by a letter from the management of SGM to Gazprom Transgaz Samara dated December 2, 2013 (document), in which the representative of the general contractor asked “not to take into account the sent letters dated October 25, 2013 ( on the admission of employees of the "SGMS" to the facility. - A. S.), and dated 10/28/2013 (on approval of the structure of work. - A. S.) ".

In addition, as representatives of the contractors of Gazprom noticed, Alexander Serov showed enviable perseverance. On December 5, 2013, he sent a letter to FC Dynamo addressed to Boris Rotenberg, who had just been appointed president of the club (document 1; document 2): “LLC VolgaUralSpetsstroy specializes in the construction, reconstruction and overhaul of facilities oil and gas industry, has the necessary personnel, organizational and technical readiness to perform tasks that meet the requirements of the contract, control and contract documentation of OAO Gazprom VUSS" for the performance of work on these facilities would make it possible to allocate up to 1 billion rubles to support the development of domestic sports and FC Dynamo. during 2014-2015 We express our deep respect to you and look forward to long-term cooperation.”

The SGM did not comment on this letter.

The representative of the Gazprom contractor knows about this appeal and says that Serov's move was impeccable - because "Boris Romanovich became the president of Dynamo and this gesture was very important for him."

It should be noted that the practice of financing clubs by partners of its shareholders has been especially widespread in recent years. In connection with the application by the European Football Union (UEFA) of protective financial measures (Financial Fair Play), limiting the income from the shareholder and persons associated with him, the people who control football clubs are trying to diversify the investor base.

However, despite the unequivocal offer to "rollback" through the football club, Serov failed to achieve a subcontracting agreement. And Boris Rotenberg, apparently incorrectly informed by his management, decided to “give in” - and SGM at the end of 2013 nevertheless concluded a subcontract agreement with PPGES. (And Dynamo was left without a billion ...)

For VUSS, the defeat in this battle turned out to be fatal, shares one of Gazprom's contractors: in 2014, the company declared bankruptcy.

An employee of one of Gazprom's contractors, who is familiar with the situation, has his own vision of what was happening: “Serov was simply removed from the board - his further interaction with Filatov and Nikonenko became impossible. In fact, for VUSS, the main task was to stop the negative cash flow- debts grew, including bank interest. And when you have loans and at the same time the bulk of the proceeds are orders from Gazprom, which you suddenly stop receiving, this is a death sentence!

Returning to Serov's letter addressed to Rotenberg, the interlocutor suggests paying attention to the amount of the offer - "up to 1 billion rubles" - and immediately asks the question: "What should be the profitability of the contract if the subcontractor is ready to pay a billion to receive it?"

According to a Gazprom employee, the facility in the Samara region has "too high profitability, but for management in a particular case, it is first of all important that the work be completed." Gazprom does not comment on this.

Meanwhile, there appear to be problems with the execution of the work. An employee of Gazprom Transgaz Samara says that the plan for 2014 was not actually fulfilled for "reasons beyond the customer's control."

According to him, at the end of 2014, Vladimir Subbotin personally addressed the director of Transgaz, “ big man from the department of overhaul of Gazprom with a request to sign an act of acceptance of the work performed, despite the “virtual absence of these works”: “This is to some extent a mockery. First, they impose a contractor on you, and then they hang his sabotage on you. And, unfortunately, nothing can be done about it: firstly, the head of any "transgaz" is dependent on the central office, and secondly, Subbotin was threatened with dismissal for not developing the budget.

Vladimir Subbotin left the request of Novaya unanswered.

The representative of PGES admits that the practice of signing the act without actually completed work, “as in all large enterprises”, exists: “But this does not mean that the work will not be completed, the deadline is simply postponed. How else? If we don't master the money in reporting period They won't carry over to next year. You have to ask to close interest. It becomes a kind of advance."

According to PGES, the final contractor repair work is CJSC "Submarine-Technical Trust" ("PTT") and LLC "SpetsNefteGazMontazh" ("SNGM").

The representative of PGES does not disclose the amount of subcontract agreements with PTT and SNGM, noting that “the companies have been stable and reliable partners in this service market for a long time, have positive characteristics, worthy technical support and qualified personnel.

How well known are these companies in the market?

If the competence of PTT, at least with a cursory study, does not raise any doubts, the company, owned by the famous Samara businessman Artem Sobolev and his wife Anna, has sufficient personnel and equipment to perform technical complex work- then the activities of "SNGM" are much more mysterious. According to the Federal Tax Service, SpetsNefteGazMontazh LLC was established by Margarita Bondar and Sergey Petrov in April 2013 in the Samara region, at the end of 2014 it was already re-registered with other owners in Moscow. There is no information about the company's specialized equipment and staff.

As a rule, a representative of the Gazprom contractor explains, such companies are included in the chain for one purpose - to withdraw money.

Best friend of the Rotenbergs

In the fight for a subcontract agreement for the Urengoy-Novopskov facility, SGMS lost, but in general, the company, according to three unrelated sources, remains the “exclusive” subcontractor of Arkady Rotenberg’s SGM in the construction and repair of underground passages of main gas pipelines . What is this company?

According to the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, SpetsGaz-MontrazhStroy LLC was established at the end of 2011 by a certain entrepreneur Andrei Chelomin, after which businessman Andrei Dzhagarbekov received the main share (85%).

However, according to our sources, including those in law enforcement agencies, until the summer of 2014, businessman Vitaly Kachur exercised actual control over the company, who is currently in the Lefortovo pre-trial detention center on charges of complicity in fraud and is testifying against State Duma deputy Denis Voronenkov (see "Money was needed for the elections", No. 37 of "New").

Through SGMS, a representative of the Gazprom contractor explains, Kachur could, among other things, optimize the costs of SGM.

Kachur’s connection with the SGMS can be established by indirect signs: according to the operational certificate of the FSB CSS (document) attached to the materials of the criminal case, the businessman used the premises in the building located at the address: st. Donskaya, 29/9. At the same address at that time, the SGMS was located (document).

According to our source, immediately after the arrest, Vitaly Kachur contacted Ruslan Goryukhin to inform him "about the current situation." SGM and SGMS refused to comment on the interaction with Kachur, as well as his connection with Goryukhin. Be that as it may, less than a month after Kachur's arrest, Goryukhin left the post of head of SGM (he was replaced by Andrey Kirilenko), moving to the position of adviser to the general director. However, an employee of one of the contractors shares that his influence on the company's decisions has not been lost - SGMS, despite the absence of a number of permits, in 2015 concluded a number of agreements with SGM.

It seems that now they will be the main “friends” among “friends”. In a beautiful world where everyone is willing to get five billion for work that was formerly worth half the price and donate "up to a billion" for the check writer's favorite toy, others are not surviving.

Introduction

The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including the exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, well drilling, oil and associated gas production, oil pipeline transportation.

The development of the oil refining industry was due to the growth in demand for lighting kerosene in the first period of its formation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and then gasoline in connection with the needs of road and air transport. During the Second World War, the demand for diesel fuel and fuel oil increased until the oil crisis of the 1970s. Cheap oil has made fuel oil the main type of fuel for thermal power plants, especially in Western Europe. Formation jet aviation forced to increase the yield of kerosene fractions for her. Since the 80s consumption is constantly growing diesel fuel for different types road transport, tractor park. At the same time, the demand for lubricating oils is increasing. All this determined the functioning of industries, the structure of manufactured products.

The purpose of the work is to explore the state and prospects of the Russian oil refining industry, as well as to consider the types of products that this industry produces.

The relevance of the topic at the present stage of development of society is determined by the fact that the Russian oil refining sector is the most important component of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. In terms of primary oil refining, Russia ranks fourth in the world, and in terms of capacity, it is second after the United States. This industry has been underinvested for a long time, as a result of which fixed assets quickly became obsolete, and Russian enterprises significantly lagged behind Western competitors technologically. Over the past few years, the situation in oil refining has improved. Significant volumes of investments in the modernization of production by the largest vertically integrated oil companies have led to an increase in oil refining and an increase in the depth of its refining.

The object of research is the oil refining industry. The subject of the study is the activity of this industry.

Objectives of the work: to explore the structure of the oil refining industry; consider the process of oil refining and production of petroleum products; analyze the state of the industry in Russia; determine trends and prospects for the development of oil refining.

General characteristics of the industry

The fuel industry of Russia is a set of industries engaged in the extraction and processing of various kinds fuel; includes oil, oil refining, gas, coal, peat and shale industries. The Russian oil industry is a branch of heavy industry engaged in the exploration of oil and gas fields, the extraction of oil and petroleum gas, the processing, transportation and sale of oil and gas. Gas industry Russia is a branch of the fuel industry, which includes the exploration and exploitation of deposits natural gas, gas processing and use of gas in various industries. The purpose of oil refining, oil refining is the production of petroleum products, including various types of fuels, such as automotive fuel and aviation fuel, as well as raw materials for subsequent chemical processing: gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel and technical oils. Oil refining in the Russian oil refining industry is carried out by oil refineries Russian refinery Russia and Russian oil refineries. The main function of refineries in Russian refineries is oil refining and the production of gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, diesel fuel, and lubricating oils. lubricants, bitumen, petroleum coke raw materials for petrochemistry. The production cycle of refineries in Russian refineries usually consists of the preparation of raw materials, the primary distillation of oil and the secondary processing of oil fractions. Prices for petroleum products at various refineries in Russia differ from each other.

At enterprises oil industry About 900,000 workers are employed in the sphere of science and scientific services, including about 20,000 people in the field of science and scientific services.

A refinery is a collection of major oil technological processes(installations, workshops, blocks), as well as auxiliary and maintenance services that ensure the normal functioning industrial enterprise(commodity, raw materials, mechanical repair shops, instrumentation, steam, water and power supply shops, shop and factory laboratories, transport, fire and gas rescue units, first-aid posts, canteens, control room, directorate, personnel, finance, supply, accounting departments etc.). The intended purpose of the refinery is the production of high-quality petroleum products and raw materials for petrochemistry (in recent years, consumer goods) in the required volume and assortment.

A distinctive feature of the refinery is the production of a variety of products from a single source of petroleum feedstock. The range of petroleum products at refineries usually amounts to hundreds of items. Characteristically, in most technological processes, only components or semi-finished products are predominantly produced. The final marketable petroleum products are obtained, as a rule, by compounding several components produced at this refinery, as well as additives and additives. This makes it necessary to have a diverse set of technological processes in the refinery with an extremely complex relationship in terms of raw materials, product and energy flows.

According to the range of produced petroleum products, refineries are divided into groups:

1) fuel profile refinery;

2) refinery of fuel and oil profile;

3) refineries of the fuel and petrochemical profile (petrochemical plants);

4) refineries (petrochemical plants) of the fuel-oil-petrochemical profile.

There are currently 26 major refineries in Russia, 18 of which are owned by vertically integrated oil companies, and 43 mini-refineries. In addition, Gazprom has four gas condensate processing plants. Most of the large factories are over 50 years old. The total design capacity of all operating Russian refineries, according to UBS, is 271 million tons of oil per year. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in 2007 they processed 207 million tons of oil, that is, capacity utilization was approximately 77%. For the post-Soviet period, this is a record. And this figure continues to grow. Thus, according to the data of the CDU of the Fuel and Energy Complex, in January-July 2008 almost 125 million tons of oil were processed in Russia, which is 5.8% more than in the same period last year.

The Russian oil refining industry consists of three segments:

1. Large refineries - 27 oil refineries with a design capacity of more than 1 million tons per year. Their total capacity of primary oil refining is about 262 million tons per year.

2. Gazprom enterprises with a total capacity of approximately 8.2 million tons per year. Gazprom's gas and gas condensate processing plants (GPPs) are usually singled out as an independent group, since in addition to oil they process gas condensate - a higher quality raw material.

3. Mini-refineries - about 50 small units with a total primary processing capacity of 5 million tons per year.

There are practically no foreign players in the Russian oil refining sector, which differs sharply from the practice of both developed and developing oil-producing countries, where there are Western companies, bringing state-of-the-art technology, quality standards and management experience to the sector, as well as facilitating access to key markets.

All refineries in Russia refineries process oil into a finished product. The products of the Russian refinery are:

· Gasoline;

· Kerosene;

Aviation and rocket fuel;

· Diesel fuel;

· Engine oils;

· Fuel oil and bitumen, etc.

Refineries are characterized by the following indicators:

· Variant of oil refining: fuel, fuel-oil and fuel-petrochemical.

· Volume of processing (in million tons.)

Depth of refining (yield of oil products in terms of oil, in % by weight minus fuel oil and gas)

The growth in refining volumes does not at all mean a significant increase in the production of light petroleum products. More than a third of all oil products produced in Russia is fuel oil; gasoline, including low-octane, accounts for only 20%. In the USA, with their most modern refineries, about half of all produced fuels and lubricants is gasoline, the share of fuel oil is only 6%.

Along with the problem of a sharp increase in the depth of oil refining, the issue of product quality is acute. The share of commercial oil products with high added value is still extremely small. Refineries continue to produce relatively cheap petroleum products, including straight-run gasoline, vacuum gas oil, low-quality diesel fuel compared to European quality standards. Because of this, Russian oil products are sold on the European market with difficulty and mainly as raw materials for further processing. Therefore, our companies are mainly focused on the export of crude oil, thereby strengthening the overall orientation of raw materials exports.

One of the factors hindering the production of high-quality motor fuels is the state of the vehicle fleet. The presence in it of cars and trucks of outdated models that consume low-grade fuel (gasoline grade A-76) necessitates its production. Russian ministries take steps to improve the situation. Thus, a new technological regulation for internal combustion engines has been put into effect, which will help limit the demand for low-grade fuel and increase the production of high-quality motor fuels.

By 2012, also with state support, it is planned to build the country's largest oil refinery at the end point of the East Siberia-Pacific Ocean (ESPO) oil pipeline under construction. Its capacity will be 20 million tons of oil per year, capital investments are estimated at 150-200 billion rubles, the depth of oil refining will be 93%, which corresponds to the level achieved at US refineries. It is planned to produce gasoline and diesel fuel of Euro-4 and Euro-5 standards. At the same time, 95% of the products will be exported and 5% - for the needs of the Primorsky Territory. So far, the export of petroleum products is constrained by the fact that most refineries are located in the interior of the country and the transportation of one ton of their products to export terminals costs 20-80 dollars. In the future, public-private partnerships should also become widespread in the modernization of existing refineries. This will facilitate the export of high-quality petroleum products while reducing the export of crude oil, which is extremely disadvantageous for the country.

Mankind uses all new types of energy: nuclear and geothermal, wind and solar. But the main source of energy was and remains fuel. The fuel industry is engaged in its extraction and processing. Highest value It belongs to three industries: oil, gas and coal.

Oil industry . The oil industry is one of the leading industries fuel and energy complex and the whole economy. In its raw form, oil is practically not used. During oil refining, not only high-quality fuel (gasoline, kerosene, solar oil, fuel oil) is obtained, but also various compounds that serve as raw materials for the production of modern chemical products (plastics, polymers, chemical fibers, etc.).

In terms of oil reserves (17 billion tons, 8% of world reserves), Russia ranks fourth in the world, and in terms of its production - first (more than 490 million tons in 2007). More than half of the oil produced is exported. However, there are serious problems in the country's oil industry.

Firstly, due to the lack of funds, the volume of exploration work is insufficient. The increase in proven oil reserves does not compensate for its production. More than half of the oil reserves have already been extracted from the fields under development. Secondly, almost 50% of already drilled wells are not operated for various reasons (lack of equipment, funds for repairs, etc.). Thirdly, due to the lack modern equipment a significant part of the reserves is lost in the bowels and cannot be extracted to the surface.

Russia's main oil base is West Siberian. 70% of the country's oil is produced here. The largest deposits are located in the latitudinal course of the Ob River (Samotlor, Surgut, Megion). Of these, more than 60% of the oil has already been extracted. However, according to estimates, only from the bowels Western Siberia part of the oil has been recovered. Therefore, in the next decade, this base will remain the leading one.

The second largest oil base in Russia is the Volga-Urals (20% of production). Oil production here has been going on for many decades and is constantly declining. From largest deposits(Romashkinskoye, Tuimazinskoye, Ishimbaevskoye) have already recovered from 70 to 90% of the reserves. New deposits are being developed on the shelf of the Caspian Sea. But the development of the oil industry here requires careful control. The northern part of the Caspian Sea is inhabited by a unique population of sturgeons, which has no analogues in the world, and the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain - protected area. The issue of dividing the Caspian Sea between the coastal countries has not yet been resolved.

Large oil reserves have been discovered on the shelf of the seas surrounding Russia (Fig. 37). In addition to the Caspian Sea, these are the south- and north-eastern regions of the Barents Sea, coastal zones Yamal and Sakhalin, Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Now only about 1% of the available reserves have been extracted from the bottom of these seas. In the long run, these areas will produce at least 50% of the country's total oil.

But its extraction here is difficult: harsh climate, ice, storms. In Russia, the production of equipment adapted to work in such conditions. For example, special floating drilling platforms will be produced in Severomorsk. The development of deposits on the shelf requires consideration of environmental consequences, since it is the shelf areas that are very rich in fish and seafood. Only the shelf of the Barents Sea provides 5% of the world catch of fish and seafood.

The extracted oil is transported through oil pipelines for processing to oil refineries (refinery) and abroad. The length of oil pipelines is 48 thousand km (Fig. 38). A peculiar center of the country's oil pipeline system is the city of Almetyevsk (Tatarstan). Oil pipelines diverge from it to the east (Almetyevsk-Omsk-Angarsk), north-west (Almetyevsk-St. Petersburg-Kirishi), west (Almetyevsk-Brest-Druzhba oil pipeline), south-west (Almetyevsk-Novorossiysk). Petroleum product pipelines (total length 16,000 km) are being built to transport refined products.

Oil refineries are located mainly in areas where oil products are consumed. Crude oil is easier to transport than refined products. There are 25 large refineries in Russia that can process 300 million tons of oil annually. This is quite enough to provide the country with oil products. But the location of Russia's oil refining industry is very imperfect. The main part of the refinery (80%) is located in the European part of the country. This complicates the supply of oil products to the eastern regions. The sales zones of the factories are located in the eastern regions, and therefore, the transportation of products is very far away. In the Far East, only two small refineries(Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk). But even in the European regions of Russia, the existing geography of refineries is not optimal. Russian refineries - very large enterprises(average capacity is 12 million tons of oil), so they are also quite remote from the consumer. For comparison, it can be noted that in the United States there are about 200 refineries with an average capacity of 3-5 million tons.

A serious problem in oil refining is the wear and tear of equipment, which reaches 80%. Large factories are more difficult to supply with raw materials, water, and energy. They have a stronger effect on environment. In addition, the bulk of domestic refineries are located either directly in large cities (for example, in Moscow, Ufa) or in their suburbs (Yaroslavl, Ryazan). This, in addition to negative environmental consequences, creates a direct threat to the life of the population.

Gas industry. Gas- the cheapest type of fuel. Its production costs 2 times cheaper than oil. Gas is also used as a valuable chemical raw material.

In terms of gas reserves (148 trillion m3), Russia ranks first in the world (27% of world reserves), and in terms of gas production (651 billion m3 in 2007), it is also in first place. About 1/3 of the produced gas is exported to Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic countries, Western Europe and Turkey.

More than 700 gas fields have been explored in Russia. But only 50% of its explored reserves are being actively developed. The vast majority of gas production (more than 90%) comes from the fields of Western Siberia (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye). In the short term, its share will remain the same high. The main gas fields here are depleted by 55-75%, but, according to estimates, only about 6% of gas resources have been extracted from the bowels.

The second largest gas production base is Orenburg-Astrakhan (6% of production). The gas produced here has a very complex composition. It contains sulfur, helium, ethane, propane, butane and other valuable components. For its processing, large gas processing complexes have been built at the Orenburg and Astrakhan fields.

Less than 1% of gas is currently produced in the Timan-Pechora basin. However, its role can significantly increase due to the development of offshore gas fields (Shtokmanovskoye and others). Their resources are estimated at almost 2 trillion m 3 .

In the future, it is possible to form another large gas production base, including fields in the north of the Irkutsk region, Yakutia, and Sakhalin. Gas reserves here are about 60 trillion m 3 . Its development will make it possible to eliminate the shortage of fuel in this region. A significant part of the gas can be exported.

To transport gas to consumers in Russia, a unified gas pipeline system with a total length of about 150,000 km has been created. The country's largest gas pipelines have been built from Urengoy and Orenburg (Fig. 39). The Blue Stream gas pipeline was put into operation (through the Black Sea to Turkey). A project is being developed to build two new gas pipelines to Europe: Nord Stream and South Stream. In the future, it is planned to supply gas to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region via the Vostok gas pipeline.

Coal industry. Coal reserves are much larger than oil and natural gas reserves. But its production is much more expensive. Therefore, after the discovery and development of large reserves of oil and gas, the share of coal in the country's fuel balance decreased from almost 60% (1950s) to 11%, although its consumption remains very high in the eastern regions of the country. Most of the coal mined (s/4) is used as fuel in industry and at thermal power plants. The rest of the coal (coking) serves as raw material for ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry.

More than 200 coal basins and deposits are known in Russia. Their total reserves are 6.4 trillion tons (19% of world reserves). But not all of them are developed. The main criterion for bringing the field into operation is cost price 1 coal mining. It depends on the method of its extraction, quality (calorie content, presence of impurities, etc.), mining and geological conditions of occurrence (depth, thickness of layers, etc.). The cost is also affected by the quality of the equipment, the availability modern technologies mining.

The most productive and cheapest way of coal mining is open (in quarries). Its share is constantly growing and now it is almost 2/3. But it strongly violates natural complexes. Coal reserves that can be mined open way are mainly concentrated in the east of the country.

1 Cost price- the value of the cost of obtaining a unit of production (in this case, 1 ton of coal), expressed in monetary terms.

Coal mining in Russia has been constantly declining and only in recent years has been increasing. It is more than 300 million tons (sixth place in the world). The main areas of coal mining in Russia are concentrated in Siberia (80%). The European part accounts for only 9%.

The most important coal bases in Russia are the Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk and Pechora basins. They differ significantly in their characteristics (Fig. 40, Table 20).

Kuznetsky coal basin - the main coal basin of Russia. It has large and well-studied reserves of high-quality coal, including coking coal. However, the basin has a disadvantageous geographical position. It is very remote from the main regions - consumers of coal (Center and the Urals). Coal is difficult to transport from here due to the poor development of railway networks in the east of the country. Large transportation costs reduce the competitiveness of Kuznetsk coal. It narrows the perspective further development the entire pool.

Kansko-Achinsk basin - second in importance. Price coal - the lowest in Russia. But the coal is of poor quality (brown). It is not practical to transport it over long distances. It is used mainly in Siberia as a fuel for thermal power plants.

Pechora Coal The basin has significant reserves of high-quality coal, 1/3 of which is coking. However, its extraction is carried out in difficult climatic conditions. The basin is quite remote from the main consumers of coal. Therefore, the consumption of its coal is limited to the European North. The Urals may become its major consumer, but this is hindered by the lack railway between these areas.

The sharp increase in transport prices and the vast distances of transportation force us to reconsider the existing geography of the coal industry. For many regions of Siberia and Far East coal imported from the largest basins of the country turns out to be prohibitively expensive. In the process of transportation, its price increases by 2-3 times. Therefore, it is more expedient to develop our own small deposits.

Questions and tasks
1. Name the main oil bases in Russia.
2. Tell us how Russian refineries are located.
3. Name the main gas producing bases of the country.
4. Describe the country's three main coal bases.

Attention! Problem!

1. How to assess the increase in oil production in Russia: a) positive - Russia is strengthening its position as a major exporter, earning a lot of foreign currency; b) negatively - a valuable non-renewable resource is spent?
2. More than 50% of oil produced in Russia is exported. However, exporting crude oil is unprofitable. Its cost is much less than the cost of refined petroleum products. Russia has a powerful oil refining industry. However, Russian refineries are quite old, they lack modern equipment, and the depth of oil refining is slightly more than 70% (in developed countries - 85-90%). The output of the most valuable light oil products (gasoline, kerosene, etc.) from 1 ton is about 60% in Russia (92% abroad), and their quality does not meet international standards. Therefore, in the oil refining industry of Russia there is an overconsumption of crude oil, and oil refining products are uncompetitive in the world market.
3. Service life of the oil pipeline - 33 years. Now the age of 40% of oil pipelines has exceeded this period. Another 30% of oil pipelines are approaching this age. For proper operation of the oil pipeline, it is necessary to change at least 5% of its length annually. No more than 2% is actually replaced. This leads to frequent accidents and pollution of huge territories with oil and oil products.
4. Most coal mines and quarries in Russia are in need of technical re-equipment. Technical equipment they are very worn out and do not meet the modern world level. Often, reserves are developed that are considered unsuitable in world practice (Podmoskovny basin, Sakhalin deposits).
5. As in most countries of the world, Russia is very social problems coal mining regions. The standard of living of the population in them is extremely low, and the ecological situation is very unfavorable. It is difficult to solve the problem of employment of miners.

Geography of Russia. population and economy. Grade 9: textbook. for general education institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. - 17th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 285 p.: ill., maps.