What are social problems, what are they, and how are they related? Social roles and statuses Estimation by society of the importance of the social status is called.
1) socialization of the individual
2) differentiation of society
3) social status
4) prestige
Of the listed factors that affect the social status of a person, name the one that is objective, that is, does not depend on his desire
1) social background
2) education
3) skill level
4) profession
8. Are the following statements correct?
A. Social adaptation is the process of adapting a person to a changing social environment through various social media.
B. For the successful socialization of the individual, adaptation does not matter.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Acquired is the status
1) daughter 3) Russian
2) melancholic 4) businessman
10. Representatives of what social group could say: “We are not completely strangers everywhere, we are not completely our own everywhere.”
1) political elite 3) outcasts
2) industrial workers 4) farmers
11. What is the status of prescribed?
1) driver
2) student
3) man
4) deputy
- Are the following statements correct?
A. Social role determines the model of behavior in a given situation.
B. All social roles are formally assigned to a person.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
The totality of the functions learned and performed by a person and the patterns of behavior corresponding to them constitute the content of his
1) rights in society
2) social role
3) obligations to society
4) competencies
3. Are the following judgments about a person's social roles correct?
A. The social roles of a person are determined by his social status.
B. There are no differences between the concepts of "social role" and "social status".
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Princess Olga set the amount of tribute for the Drevlyans and Novgorodians. In this historical fact, her
1) social background
2) social adaptation
3) social mobility
4) social role
Inequality and social stratification.
An example of social stratification along political lines is
next feature State N.:
1) there are rich and poor people
2) incomes of the population are differentiated
3) layers of managing and managed
4) social groups are distinguished by the nature of their activities
- In country N, the opportunity to receive a good education is determined by the level of a person's income. That's an example
1) social stability
2) social inequality
3) social mobility
4) socialization
- Which society is characterized by stratification?
1) only industrial 3) only feudal
2) only medieval 4) anyone
- The guarantee of the stability of society is the growth in the number of
1) Outcasts 3) hired workers
2) middle class 4) bourgeoisie
Restriction in obtaining education on a national basis is
1) genocide 3) nationalization
2) discrimination 4) socialization
The criterion for the stratification of society can be
1) commitment to political ideology
2) membership in a political party
3) income level
4) development of personal abilities
7. Social inequality is
1) separation by age and gender
2) social conditions under which people have different possibilities enjoy social benefits
3) all the changes taking place in society
4) different levels of development of mental abilities
8. Social stratification is
1) a system of criteria for social stratification
2) view political activity
3) the opportunity to participate in government
4) the opportunity to get a new status
Economic problems are not the only difficulties faced by the state. Another area is social problems.
Between themselves, these factors are closely interconnected, and to one degree or another are found in any country. Below IQReview prepared an analysis, highlighting and describing the current social problems in Russia and their impact on the lives of citizens.
What are social problems?
According to Wikipedia, social problems are situations, events and conditions that directly or indirectly negatively affect a citizen from the point of view of society. At first, this term ("social problem") referred only to the unequal distribution of wealth. It began to be used at the beginning of the 19th (19th) century, in Western Europe.
The list of problems has changed and continues to change over time with:
changing circumstances (economic, social, political);
and changing living standards citizens;
change in the minds of citizens.
Types and classification
U s All problems can be divided into:
Socio-economic. This includes all factors related to finances and material conditions.
Social and household. They include factors related to providing citizens with affordable housing, living conditions, material difficulties of young and large families.
Socio-psychological. Includes factors relating to the family and internal relationships between relatives. This also includes family conflicts, domestic violence, infidelity, divorce.
Socio-political problems. This includes the arms race, regional and state conflicts, the growth of violence in individual countries and the world as a whole. This also applies to conflicts on religious or ethnic grounds.
E If another wording is given, the classification of problems will look like this:
between social groups.
Between classes.
between separate individuals.
between social systems.
The global problems include the following factors:
Demographic. In global terms, it is associated with the overall growth of the world's population. In a number of states, it concerns a decrease in the number of inhabitants.
Food. It concerns the need to provide residents with food.
Energy. It concerns the need to provide the population of the planet with energy.
Ecological. Regarding pollution environment and waste disposal.
List of major problems in Russia and the world
Actual social problems all over the world are the same. The difference lies in the fact that in some countries some problems are more acute, while others are less so. In some states, some social problems are practically absent: the percentage of their manifestations is very small.
Now let's have a list. Current social problems today are as follows:
Alcoholism, drug addiction (both among adults and among minors).
Banditry, crime - both children's and "adult", terrorism, prostitution, extremism.
Homelessness, violations of children's rights, abortions, abandonment of children.
Fascism, conflicts arising on religious, national, ethnic grounds.
Inequality between classes of residents (when one part of the citizens is poor, and the other is rich).
Unemployment, poverty, insufficient wages.
Disability (a high number of disabled relative to total strength population), attitude towards citizens with disabilities.
Demographic crisis: high mortality, low birth rate, high number of citizens who emigrated, a large percentage of pensioners and elderly citizens.
Environmental pollution, the possibility of a man-made disaster.
Health status: increased incidence, epidemics, high chance of infection.
Social inequality, infringement of certain categories of citizens.
Corruption (does not depend on the level economic development- can manifest itself both in a poor and in a rich state).
Inflation.
Suicide (large number of cases relative to population).
Restriction of the rights of citizens, suppression of freedom of speech, movement.
Low level of education, lack of specialists.
The full list of these problems is most clearly manifested in third world countries. In addition to their acute manifestation, in such states there is also a complete (or ineffective) system for solving them. That is, no one tries to influence the situation. As a result, the harmful situation can progress and last for years and even decades.
In more developed countries, these problems also exist, but they are felt much weaker.
In Russia, the key negative factors are poverty and low salaries- even among specialists of a narrow profile and in-demand professions.
Less serious social problems are:
High level of corruption, "nepotism", promotion of "their own". It can be traced in all structures.
Unemployment, lack of jobs in the regions.
Alcoholism.
Violence in family.
The remaining social problems in the Russian Federation are mostly the result of these factors, and to some extent depend on them.
Brief statistics
The social problems of Russia in numbers have the following indicators (for 2016):
Alcoholism. Among about 5 million are alcoholics (of which 6% are minors).
Addiction. There are about 3 million citizens who constantly use drugs. Among them, 60% are aged 16-30 years, 20% are minors, 20% are citizens over 30 years old.
Crime. 2.16 million crimes were registered (10% lower than in 2015). Among them, 44% were cases of theft of other people's property. Every second crime was committed by persons who had previously violated the law, and every third was committed while intoxicated.
Corruption. RF belongs to the countries with high level corruption. The most corrupt sectors of the social sphere (medicine, housing and communal services), law enforcement agencies and some state organizations(land distribution, government orders and public procurement, certification).
Unemployment. Unemployed - 4.1 million (compared to 2015, there is a decline in unemployment by 0.4%).
Inflation: 5.4% (in 2015 it exceeded 12%).
abortion. In 2015, at the request of women, 447,000 abortions were performed. According to statistics, the number of abortions in the Russian Federation has been steadily declining over the past two decades. For comparison: in 1995, 2.76 million abortions were performed in the Russian Federation.
Suicide. For 100 thousand citizens - 15.4 (for 2016). This is the lowest figure since 1960. In the "nineties" the Russian Federation ranked second in the world in terms of the number of suicides, in 2013 - the fourteenth, in 2016 - the thirtieth. About 22% of suicides, according to statistics, are committed by citizens aged 40-49 years, and men are 6 times more likely than women.
Ethnic conflicts. Due to the multi-ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation, conflicts on national and religious grounds often arise. They mainly occur in large cities (where large diasporas of representatives of other nationalities live) and in cities located close to the southern borders.
Violence in family. Statistics on this type of crime is complicated due to the fact that about 60-70% of cases are not brought to law enforcement agencies, and about 97% of cases do not reach the court. According to rough estimates, about a quarter of all families are at risk (family violence is present to some extent).
homelessness. The exact number of homeless children in the country has not been established, according to approximate estimates, it is several thousand. There are about 72,000 children of various ages in orphanages. More than 500,000 children are complete orphans, but are brought up in other families.
Prostitution. In 2014, according to rough estimates, the number of employees in this industry was about 3 million.
Health status. Out of 188 countries, the Russian Federation was in 119th place in terms of the health of citizens. There are about 1.5 million HIV-infected citizens. About 300 thousand citizens die from cancer every year. Statistics on tuberculosis - 9 cases per 100 thousand of the population. In general, the assessment of the situation is below average.
Social inequality. According to official statistics around the world, the rating of the Russian Federation in the list of countries is high, but far from the "leaders" (in which inequality is most pronounced).
Demographic situation. Since 2010, the population has been growing steadily. As of the beginning of 2017, it is 146,804,372 citizens. From 1996 to 2009 inclusive, there was a demographic crisis: the population was steadily declining (from 148.291 million in 1996 to 141.9 million in 2009). The situation is more complicated with the age of the nation: the number of pensioners (at the end of 2016) is almost 43 million (that is, almost a third of the total number).
Disability. In 2015, there were almost 13 million people with disabilities in the Russian Federation. Among them are 605,000 disabled children (under the age of 18).
Poverty. According to Rosstat, 21.4 million Russians (14.6% of the total population) can be considered poor. In fact, this indicator is much higher, because (by which the amount of poverty is calculated) is much lower than the real amount needed for a living. According to various estimates, from 40 to 70 million citizens (that is, slightly less than half) are below the poverty line.
Poverty rate in Russia Relationship between individual factors
Almost all problems are closely interrelated and usually do not develop independently, but in a complex manner.
Larger and more serious factors "pull" several related problems:
The growth of unemployment leads to poverty, an increase in crime, prostitution, social inequality, and a demographic crisis.
An increase in the number of alcoholics, drug addicts leads to an increase in crime, prostitution, domestic violence, early mortality, suicide, and an increase in morbidity statistics.
The growth of crime entails increased corruption and prostitution.
T social andeconomic problems . In the event of a long the decline of the state economy will be aggravated by the following negative factors, along the chain:
Decrease in the standard of living, incomes of the population.
Rising unemployment.
The growth of crime.
Exacerbation of the problem of alcoholism and drug addiction - as citizens in difficult situations often resort to alcohol and drugs to distract themselves.
Increasing incidence of domestic violence.
Decline in the birth rate, aslow-income families do not have enough money to provide for the child.
The deterioration of the health status of the population is due to cheap food, lack of funds for treatment and medicine, and difficult working conditions.
Reasons for the appearance
Actual social problems are a consequence arising from various causes. Each problem individually appears due to certain conditions. Often one problem is a consequence of another, since they are all closely related.
If we consider groups of problems, then the causes of their occurrence include:
Demographic, family problems. They arise due to the low level of prosperity of the population, unemployment, low level of medical care, lack of social programs (or their low quality) aimed at supporting families with children.
Crime. It is growing due to high unemployment, alcoholism and drug addiction, poor work of law enforcement agencies.
Fascism and conflicts arising on religious, national or ethnic grounds. It manifests itself due to the presence of two or more different social groups in a certain area. Also, the reason may be historical background, due to which some groups are aggressive towards others.
Corruption. It arises due to weak control by the state, the lack of public control over the activities of power structures by the population (or the lack of response from law enforcement agencies).
Poor health status of the population, high percentage of disability. It arises due to insufficient funding for medicine, low living standards, poor environmental conditions, outdated production technologies, alcoholism and drug addiction.
Social inequality. It arises due to the large difference between the living conditions of different groups of the population (in income levels, opportunities, benefits).
Violence Statistics You can select and common factors that lead to the development and progression of problems:
Weak control of the state apparatus, slow (or ineffective) response to emerging problems (or lack of it at all).
Not enough effective work law enforcement and other regulatory agencies.
Insufficiently effective work of educational institutions.
The poor state of the economy as a whole.
High population density.
Too fast change(technical progress, rapidly changing fashion trends), which leads to the development of a consumer behavior model, when the population seeks to have all the fashionable goods, spending money on it. Also in this case, people easily succumb to advertising and other information received from external sources.
Ways to fight and prevention
Statistics show that solving social problems forever and everywhere is impossible. It is possible to partially reduce their manifestation, up to a minimum.
Moreover, measures taken to solve some social problems can lead to other negative phenomena. For example, in the 1930s Soviet Union actively engaged in the fight against unemployment. Its level has fallen: new jobs have been created for citizens in construction, industry and the agricultural sector. However, this resulted in inefficient employment and heavy manual labor.
Before starting a fight with a problem, it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of it. It should include:
Scale: what area (city, region, and so on) the factor covers.
"Target audience": what segments of the population and age categories feel its influence.
How dangerous is the situation.
What problems and factors accompany its appearance.
What is the key problem of the complex (for example, alcoholism is one of the main causes of poor health, increased crime, domestic violence).
After the “diagnosis”, the authorities should develop a set of measures aimed at combating negative factors. Solving social problems may include:
Enlightenment target audience". The public must be aware of the current situation and its development, as well as the consequences that it entails. For example, if we are talking about the fight against drug addiction, it is necessary to regularly bring to the attention of the public information about the consequences of drug use. narcotic substances and crimes committed under the influence of drugs.
Development of measures aimed at solving key and related problems.
Strengthening control over the situation, regular monitoring of dynamics. It is necessary to track in which direction the statistics are changing, and at what pace the changes are taking place.
If possible, increase liability. For example, if we are talking about drug addiction, then the terms of imprisonment for the distribution and production of substances should be increased.
Modern measures to combat each problem separately are always an individual task. The same negative factor in each country will manifest itself differently.
Representatives of all levels of government, regulatory authorities and state structures- from deputies of the State Duma and up to. The media should not be left out. Their task is to bring the current situation, its changes and possible consequences to the population.
Social problems in Russia (video)
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
- English evaluation, social; German Bewertung, soziale. Approval or disapproval, to-rye show a group, organization or society in relation to its members in response to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the requirements imposed on them.
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
See what "SOCIAL ASSESSMENT" is in other dictionaries:
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT- English. evaluation, social; German Bewertung, soziale. The approval or disapproval that a group, organization or society shows towards its members in response to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the requirements placed on them ... Dictionary in sociology
Or an analysis of the regulatory impact (influence), RIA / RIA (English Impact Assessment, Regulatory Impact Assessment, Regulatory Impact Analysis, RIA, German Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung, GFA, French l évaluation des politiques publiques et aux ... ... Wikipedia
Social policy area policy social development and social security; a system of activities carried out by a business entity (usually the state) aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of certain social ... ... Wikipedia
Social engineering is a set of applied social science approaches that are focused on purposeful change in organizational structures that determine human behavior and providing control over it. On becoming and ... ... Wikipedia
SOCIAL HYGIENE- SOCIAL HYGIENE, the science of the laws of society. health and healthcare. Unlike medical biol. and clinical disciplines that study the body of a healthy and sick individual, this year arose and developed in the process of differentiation of honey. and… … Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
social epistemology- SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY (English social epistemology, German soziale Erkenntnistheorie) is one of the modern areas of research at the intersection of philosophy, history and sociology of science, science of science. Over the past 30 years, it has been actively developing, ... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
MORAL ASSESSMENT is one of the types of assessment, the act of identifying and substantiating the moral value of certain phenomena (actions, intentions, etc.) that make up the conscious human activity; judgment (statement) expressing ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
SOCIAL EXPERTISE- a comprehensive assessment of the state of social, including labor, relations in an organization (organizations located in the same administrative territorial unit) and the development practical advice parties social partnership;… … Russian encyclopedia of labor protection
Social technology is a set of methods and techniques that allow achieving results in the tasks of interaction between people, that is, in fact, social technology is a structure of communicative influences that change social ... ... Wikipedia
social perception- Author. J. Bruner (1947). Category. The phenomenon of perception. Specificity. Influence on the process of perception of social or personal factors, which may include motivation, attitudes, expectations, group influence, etc. Literature. (Ed.) Andreeva G ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
Books
- Social qualimetry, quality assessment and standardization of social services, Shimorina E.F. Tutorial prepared in accordance with the Federal State educational standard 3rd generation in the direction of training Social work. The guide covers the main…
- Social qualimetry, quality assessment and standardization of social services. Textbook, Shimorina E.F.. The textbook was prepared in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the 3rd generation in the direction of training "Social work". The guide covers the main…
Test on the topic " Social sphere»
Option 1.
A 1. Evaluation by society social significance of one status or another, enshrined in culture and public opinion, is called
1) value 2) adaptation 3) prestige 4) sanction
A 2. There are a huge number of examples in history when commoners became generals. In this case, the army acts as
1) social adaptation 3) social determinants
2) social elevator 4) social control
A 3. After graduation, K. got a job as a manager in a small private company. After some time, he moved to work as a top manager in the largest holding company in the South of Russia. This situation can be seen as an example
1) horizontal social mobility 2) vertical social mobility
3) social stratification 4) professional differentiation
A 4. Relations between people (or groups of people), which are carried out in accordance with the laws of the social organization of society, are called
1) social relations 2) social structures
3) social integration 4) social differentiation
A 5. The distribution of social groups in a hierarchically ordered sequence is called
1) adaptation 2) stratification 3) mobility 4) socialization
A 6. A democratic (partner) family, in contrast to a patriarchal (traditional) family, is characterized by
1) cohabitation of at least three generations
2) a fair division of household duties
3) the economic dependence of women on men
4) the dominant role of men in the family
A 7. The functions of the family are
1) education of law-abiding behavior in children
2) sizing utility bills
3) setting standards for school education
4) determination of the minimum wage
A 8. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements:
1) power and actions 2) norms and sanctions
3) expectations and motives 4) statuses and roles
A 9. There are rules for ending a telephone conversation:
The caller hangs up first. The man who called the woman is waiting for the woman to hang up first.
If the boss called his subordinate, then the latter is waiting for the boss to hang up. To what type social norms can they be attributed?
1) norms of etiquette 2) customs 3) norms of law 4) traditions
A 10. Social conditions under which people have different access to social benefits are called
1) social mobility 3) social inequality
2) social status 4) social relations
A 11. Which statement is correct?
A. R. and P. got married, formed a family, began to live separately from their parents - this is an example of horizontal mobility.
B. An example of horizontal social mobility is the receipt of workers leadership position at the enterprise in connection with the graduation from the university.
A 12. Which judgment is correct?
A. Behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of society or a social group is called deviant.
B. Any manifestation deviant behavior is a crime.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
IN 1. Analyze the data given in the table social survey reflecting the answer to the question "What is success?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
Age
To be the very best
Respect for others
Financial independence, independence
Career
Family Children
14~18 years old
24%
25%
26%
18%
18-25 years old
11%
19%
45%
28%
25-30 years old
10%
44%
32%
11%
1) young people in all age groups singled out economic, independence, independence from others as the main criterion for success
2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family to be the most important thing in life
3) to be the best - a criterion characteristic of young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their characteristic teenage maximalism.
4) the number of people who believe that the most important thing in life is career, decreases with age
B 2. Read the text below, with each position marked with a letter.
A. The development of interethnic relations in the modern world is associated with two trends - interethnic integration and national differentiation. B. In our opinion, they act constantly, but not without conflict. C. The aggravation of the national question is connected with the contradictions between the growing scientific and technological revolution, which requires maximum cooperation, the international division of labor, and the national identity of states and peoples. D. Contradictions arise between the nation-states themselves due to the presence of specific interests: the use of natural resources, transport communications. E. The reasons for the escalation of conflicts are political, economic, and demographic.
Determine what positions are
1) factual nature 2) nature of value judgments
Write under the letter of the position a number indicating its nature.
B 3. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.
Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individuals and social *** (A). Specific group or individual ***(B) are recognized as members of society and in public opinion a certain significance is attributed to them. Social inequality in modern society most often understood as *** (B) - the distribution of social groups in a hierarchical order. The concept of " middle class” describes such a socially comfortable position as economic well-being, the presence of property valued in society *** (D), civil rights. Social inequality is determined primarily by the significance and *** (D) of the functions performed for society. In modern society, the profession becomes the defining criterion of social *** (E)
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose the words sequentially one by one, filling in each gap. Please note that the list more words than you need to fill in the blanks.
1) status 2) group 3) criterion
4) stratification 5) profession 6) prestige
Part 3 (level C tasks)
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social mobility"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the factors affecting social mobility
Additional task for the profile level:
2. To speak at the seminar, you need to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Interethnic Relations". Make a plan according to which you will perform.
3. Text. Modern migration processes in Russia
External migration processes in Russia are characterized by qualitative features in relation to the emigrating contingent. Recall that over the past 15 years the country has lost at least 100 thousand people annually. Russia is leaving the most educated, professionally trained people, for whose training huge capital has been spent. "Brain drain" is an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic and political situation of the country. First of all, scientists, doctors, technical and creative intelligentsia, highly skilled workers are leaving Russia. Our citizens, leaving the country, significantly contribute to the growth of the scientific, technical and intellectual potential of Germany, Israel, the USA and a number of other countries.
"Brain drain" has a pronounced perspective character. According to the results of surveys of graduates of leading natural-technical universities (Moscow State University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow Aviation Institute, etc.), more than 50% of them would like to emigrate, and 10-12% already have specific proposals for working abroad. Today, every fifth emigrant has a higher education, including among those who left for Israel - 30%, in the USA - more than 40% (the share of people with higher education in Russia is only 13.3%). The departure of a highly qualified specialist is equivalent to the loss of 300 thousand dollars a year for Russia. The damage caused by the departure of one specialist with a Ph.D. degree in some cases reaches $2 million. According to the most conservative estimates of experts on population migration, in the coming years Russia will suffer losses in the amount of $30-35 billion annually due to the departure of specialists with a high level of training.
The paradoxical nature of the qualitative side of the immigration-emigration balance is determined by the fact that, giving a number of countries its most highly qualified personnel, Russia acquires very low-skilled personnel from part of the excess labor potential of neighboring and even distant countries. There is no exact definition of the number of immigrants to Russia, according to many experts, illegal immigrants are at least 1 million people. In a number of regions of the country, illegal immigration has the most significant impact on the socio-economic, and often even on the state-political situation. For example, immigrants from Southeast Asian countries (mainly from China) are concentrated in the Far East. Taking into account the growing outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the regions Far East The increase in the proportion of Chinese in the total population creates not only ethnic and cultural problems, but also far-reaching economic, military-strategic and political difficulties.
Illegal immigrants occupy the most unprestigious jobs for the local population. A significant part of them agree to work outside their specialty and without formalizing their labor relations with the employer. This situation creates special social and economic consequences. Employers become less interested in improving working conditions and introducing new, more advanced technology; favorable conditions are created for the development of the shadow economy; the level of injuries and morbidity among migrants is growing.
Russia is unable today to avoid both legal and illegal immigration. Its inevitability is predetermined by the demographic situation in the country. For the sake of preserving the territory, the state will have to open the doors wide for immigrants. It is already extremely difficult to curb illegal migration today; we will have to respond by expanding legal opportunities for immigration. It is necessary, without delay, to develop a new migration legislation that takes into account today's and tomorrow's interests of Russia. But just changing the laws is not enough. Different attitudes towards nation and citizenship are urgently needed, it is necessary to control the structure of immigration. At the same time, new management schemes and aspirations should be aimed at optimizing the demographic situation of the people of Russia, it is necessary not tomorrow, but today, in reality, to take care of their well-being and health.
P. D. Pavlenok, L. I. Savinov. "Sociology"
C1. What is a "brain drain"? Why does the author consider it an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic situation in the country?
C2. Name at least three consequences of the brain drain.
SZ. What is quality characteristic illegal immigration? What social and economic problems arise in connection with it? (Name at least three.)
Answers to tasks:
Option 1.
Part A
Part B.
AT 11
IN 2.
IN 3.
Part 3 (C).
C 1. Social mobility - a change in the place occupied by a person or a group of people in social structure.
Suggestions reflecting factors: subjective - a person's awareness of his social origin, state policy.
Test "Man and Society" Profile
Option number 1
1. Definition: “The totality of ideas, views, theories, as well as feelings, habits and mores of a particular social community or group” refers to the concept
A) public consciousness B) society
C) ordinary consciousness D) ideology
2. Ivan - tall, thin, with beautiful features, courageous, prudent, slow and cautious. All this characterizes Ivan as
A) personality B) citizen C) personality D) professional
3. Automation of production is widespread in R.'s society, and computerization is being successfully carried out. Which Additional Information will allow us to conclude that R.'s society is post-industrial?
A) the main product of production - industrial products
B) the main factor of production - knowledge
C) widespread use of mechanisms, technologies
D) class division of society
4. What sign characterizes a traditional society?
A) intensive urbanization B) the predominance of assigned social status
C) high social mobility D) growth in consumption
5. Meaningful drivers of human activity include
A) habits B) drives C) motives D) emotions
6. Are the following judgments about the similarities and differences between humans and animals correct?
A. Ants and other "social" animals work just like humans.
B. All animal individuals, unlike humans, always act according to the genetic program.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
7. The basis of human existence is
A) friendship B) love C) consumerism D) activity
8. Write down the missing word in the diagram.
Types ……………………….
traditional
industrial
post-industrial
9. Which characteristic is not suitable for a traditional society:
A) low level of social mobility
B) the dominance of religion, customs and traditions
C) the agrarian nature of the economy
D) globalization of life
10. A person's need for anything is:
A) abilities B) activities C) needs D) interest E) values
11. characteristic feature post-industrial society is:
A) expansion industrial production
B) slowdown in development
C) the creation of mass culture
D) use of computer technology
12. The emergence of transnational corporations in modern society, development international trade serve as a manifestation of the trend:
A) modernization B) globalization C) democratization D) informatization
13. The transition to a post-industrial society is characterized by:
A) the formation market economy
B) limited social mobility
C) the development of mass media
D) the organization of factory production
14. Are the following judgments about the process of globalization correct?
A) the development of mass communications makes modern world more holistic
B) all global problems are the result of economic integration
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
15. Social Progress expressed in:
A) progressive development of society B) links between society and nature
C) stability of forms public life D) the systemic structure of society
16. In the transition from a traditional society to an industrial one:
A) increased dominance Agriculture over industry
B) the importance of science and education has increased
B) increased class differences
D) the importance of collectivist values has increased as opposed to the values of individual freedom
17. Which of the following characterizes modern Western society?
A) an agrarian type of society
B) underdevelopment of private property institutions
C) the special value of human individuality
D) dominance collective forms consciousness
18. At the heart of the civilizational approach to the study of society:
A) highlighting the general B) highlighting the special
C) the development of the mind D) the development of morality.
19. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the industrial society. Find two terms that fall out of the general row, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Mass culture, 2. Technology, 3. Community, 4. Private property, 5 . castes , 6. Law, 7. Classes, 8. Ecological crisis, 9. Human rights and freedoms.
KEY to the Test "Man and Society" Grade 10. Profile
Option number 1
1- A 2- C 3- B 4- B 5- C 6- 2 7- D 8- Companies 9- D 10- C
11- D 12- B 13- C 14- 1 15- A 16- B 17- C 18- B 19- 3.5
social status (from lat. status- position, state) of the individual - this is the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status.
social status - it is a certain position in the social structure of a group or society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.
Sociologists distinguish several varieties of social statuses:
1) The statuses determined by the position of the individual in the group are personal and social.
personal status the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small, or primary, group is called, depending on how his individual qualities are evaluated in it.
On the other hand, in the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine him. social status.
2) Statuses determined by the time frame, the impact on the life of the individual as a whole - the main and non-main (episodic).
Main status determines the main thing in a person’s life (most often this is the status associated with the main place of work and family, for example, a good family man and an irreplaceable worker).
Episodic (non-main) social statuses affect the details of human behavior (for example, a pedestrian, a passenger, a passer-by, a patient, a participant in a demonstration or strike, a reader, a listener, a viewer, etc.).
3) Statuses acquired or not acquired as a result of free choice.
Prescribed (assigned) status - a social position that is prescribed in advance to an individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual (for example, nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc.).
mixed status has the features of prescribed and achieved statuses (a person who has become disabled, the title of academician, Olympic champion, etc.).
Reachable ( acquired) acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (education, profession, material wealth, business connections, etc.).
In any society, there is a certain hierarchy of statuses, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are vice versa. This hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:
a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;
b) the system of values characteristic of a given society.
If the prestige of any statuses is unreasonably high or, on the contrary, underestimated, it is usually said that there is a loss of status balance. A society in which there is a similar tendency to lose this balance is unable to ensure its normal functioning.
Prestige - it is an assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion.
Each individual can have a large number of statuses. The social status of the individual primarily affects its behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, one can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected behavior of a person, associated with the status that he has, is commonly called a social role.
social role It is a status oriented behavior pattern.
social role - it is a pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society.
Roles are determined by people's expectations (for example, the notion that parents should take care of their children, that an employee should conscientiously carry out the work entrusted to him, has taken root in the public mind). But each person, depending on specific circumstances, accumulated life experience and other factors, fulfills a social role in his own way.
Applying for this status, a person must fulfill all the role requirements assigned to this social position. Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of all the roles of a person in society is called role system or role set.
Role set (role system)
role set - a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status.
Each role in the role set requires a specific manner of behavior and communication with people and is thus a collection of relationships unlike any other. The role set includes basic (typical) and situational social roles.
Examples of basic social roles:
1) a worker;
2) owner;
3) consumer;
4) a citizen;
5) family member (husband, wife, son, daughter).
social roles can be institutionalized and conventional.
Institutionalized roles: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife).
Conventional Roles accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).
Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller).
A man and a woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior, fixed by social norms or customs.
Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, family idol, loved one, etc.).
Role behavior
From the social role as a model of behavior, one should distinguish the real role behavior, which means not socially expected, but the actual behavior of the performer of a particular role. And here much depends on personal qualities individual, on the degree of assimilation of social norms by him, on his beliefs, attitudes, value orientations.
Factors determining the process of implementing social roles:
1) biopsychological capabilities of a person, which may contribute to or hinder the performance of a particular social role;
2) the nature of the role adopted in the group and the features of social control, designed to monitor the implementation of role-playing behavior;
3) personal pattern, defining a set of behavioral characteristics necessary for the successful performance of the role;
4) group structure, its cohesion and degree of identification of the individual with the group.
In the process of implementing social roles, certain difficulties may arise related to the need for a person to perform in different situations many roles → in some cases, the discrepancy between social roles, the emergence of contradictions and conflict relations between them.
Role conflict and its types
Role conflict - a situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the requirements of two or more incompatible roles.
Types of role conflicts:
|
Type name |
His essence |
|
Intra-role |
A conflict in which the requirements of the same role contradict each other (for example, the role of parents involves not only kind, affectionate treatment of children, but also demanding, strictness towards them). |
|
Interrole |
A conflict that arises in situations where the requirements of one role conflict with the requirements of another (for example, the requirements of a woman's main job may come into conflict with her household chores). |
|
Personal-role |
A conflict situation when the requirements of a social role are contrary to the interests and life aspirations of the individual (for example, professional activity does not allow a person to reveal and show his abilities). |
QUESTIONS:
1. Establish a correspondence between status types and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.
|
TYPES OF STATUS |
|||
|
heir to the throne |
prescribed |
||
|
world champion |
achieved |
||
|
department head in a company |
2. When applying for a job, citizen A. filled out a questionnaire in which she indicated that she was a specialist with higher education, comes from a family of employees, is married and has two children. Name one prescribed and two achieved statuses of citizen A., which she noted in the questionnaire. On the example of one of the named achieved statuses, indicate the status rights and obligations.
1. The prescribed status is a woman.
2. Achieved statuses - a specialist with a higher education, a married lady and a mother of two children.
3. As the mother of her children, she is obliged to bear moral and legal responsibility for them, to ensure a decent standard of living. Just like the mother of her children, she has the right to choose educational institution for them, with whom to communicate, etc.
