The first Soviet thermal power plant. Energy history
BARINOV V. A., Doctor of Engineering. Sciences, ENIN im. G. M. Krzhizhanovsky
Several stages can be distinguished in the development of the USSR electric power industry: connecting power plants for parallel operation and organizing the first electric power systems (EPS); development of EPS and formation of territorial integrated electric power systems (IPS); creation of a unified electrical energy system(EEC) of the European part of the country; the formation of the Unified Energy System on a national scale (United Energy System of the USSR) with its inclusion in the interstate energy association of socialist countries.
Before the First World War, the total capacity of power plants in pre-revolutionary Russia was 1,141 thousand kW, and the annual electricity generation was 2,039 million kWh. The largest thermal power plant (TPP) had a capacity of 58 thousand kW, the highest power of the unit was 10 thousand kW. The total capacity of hydroelectric power stations (HPP) was 16 thousand kW, the largest was a HPP with a capacity of 1350 kW. The length of all networks with voltage higher than the generator voltage was estimated at about 1000 km.
The foundations for the development of the USSR electric power industry were laid by the State Plan for the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO Plan), developed under the leadership of V.I. Lenin, which provided for the construction of large power plants and electrical networks and the integration of power plants into EPS. The GOELRO plan was adopted at the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in December 1920.
Already at the initial stage of the implementation of the GOELRO plan, significant work was carried out to restore the country’s energy sector destroyed by the war, and to build new power plants and electrical networks. The first EPS - Moscow and Petrograd - were created in 1921. In 1922, the first 110 kV line in the Moscow EPS went into operation, and 110 kV networks were subsequently widely developed.
By the final 15-year deadline, the GOELRO plan was significantly exceeded. The installed capacity of the country's power plants in 1935 exceeded 6.9 million kW. Annual production exceeded 26.2 billion kWh. For electricity production Soviet Union took second place in Europe and third in the world.
The intensive planned development of the electric power industry was interrupted by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The relocation of the industry of the western regions to the Urals and the eastern regions of the country required the accelerated development of the energy sector of the Urals, Northern Kazakhstan, Central Siberia, Central Asia, as well as the Volga region, Transcaucasia and Far East. The energy sector of the Urals has received exceptional development; electricity generation by power plants in the Urals from 1940 to 1945. increased by 2.5 times and reached 281% of all output in the country.
The restoration of the destroyed energy sector began already at the end of 1941; in 1942, restoration work was carried out in the central regions of the European part of the USSR, in 1943 - in the southern regions; in 1944 - in the western regions, and in 1945 these works extended to the entire liberated territory of the country.
In 1946, the total capacity of power plants in the USSR reached the pre-war level.
The maximum capacity of thermal power plants in 1950 was 400 MW; a turbine with a capacity of 100 MW at the end of the 40s became a standard unit introduced at thermal power plants.
In 1953, power units with a capacity of 150 MW and a steam pressure of 17 MPa were commissioned at the Cherepetskaya State District Power Plant. In 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant (NPP) with a capacity of 5 MW came into operation.
As part of the newly introduced generating capacities, the capacity of hydroelectric power stations increased. In 1949-1950 decisions were made on the construction of powerful Volzhsky hydroelectric power stations and the construction of the first long-distance power transmission lines (VL). In 1954-1955, construction began on the largest Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power stations.
By 1955, three separately integrated electric power systems in the European part of the country had received significant development; Center, Urals and South; the total output of these IPSs amounted to about half of all electricity produced in the country.
The transition to the next stage of energy development was associated with the commissioning of the Volzhsky hydroelectric power stations and 400-500 kV overhead lines. In 1956, the first overhead line with a voltage of 400 kV Kuibyshev - Moscow was put into operation. The high technical and economic indicators of this overhead line were achieved through the development and implementation of a number of measures to increase its stability and capacity: splitting the phase into three wires, constructing switching points, accelerating the operation of switches and relay protection, using longitudinal capacitive compensation of line reactance and transverse compensation line capacity with the help of shunt reactors, the introduction of automatic excitation regulators (AEC) of “strong action” generators of the sending hydroelectric power station and powerful synchronous compensators of receiving substations, etc.
When the 400 kV Kuibyshev-Moscow overhead line was put into operation, the Kuibyshevskaya EPS of the Middle Volga region joined in parallel operation with the IPS of the Center; This marked the beginning of the unification of the EPS of various regions and the creation of the UES of the European part of the USSR.
With commissioning in 1958-1959. sections of the Kuibyshev-Ural overhead line, the unification of the EPS of the Center, the Urals and the Urals took place.
In 1959, the first chain of the 500 kV Volgograd-Moscow overhead line came into operation, and the Volgograd EPS became part of the IPS Center; in 1960, the EPS Center of the central black earth region joined the UES.
In 1957, the construction of the Volzhskaya HPP named after V.I. Lenin with 115 MW units was completed, in 1960 - the Volzhskaya HPP named after. XXII Congress of the CPSU. In 1950-1960 Gorky, Kama, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Kremenchug, Kakhovskaya and a number of other hydroelectric power stations were also completed. At the end of the 50s, the first serial power units with a steam pressure of 13 MPa were introduced: with a capacity of 150 MW at the Pridneprovskaya GRES and 200 MW at the Zmievskaya GRES.
In the second half of the 50s, the unification of the Transcaucasian EPS was completed; The process of unification of the electric power systems of the North-West, Middle Volga and North Caucasus was underway. Since 1960, the formation of the Unified Energy System of Siberia and Central Asia began.
Extensive construction of electrical networks was carried out. Since the late 50s, the introduction of 330 kV voltage began; networks of this voltage have received great development in the southern and northwestern zones of the European part of the USSR. In 1964, the conversion of long-distance 400 kV overhead lines to a voltage of 500 kV was completed and a single network 500 kV, sections of which became the main system-forming connections of the UES of the European part of the USSR; Subsequently, in the IPS of the eastern part of the country, the functions of the backbone network began to transfer to the 500 kV network, superimposed on the developed 220 kV network.
Since the 60s characteristic feature development of the electric power industry was a consistent increase in the share of power units in the commissioned capacity of thermal power plants. In 1963, the first 300 MW power units were commissioned at the Pridneprovskaya and Cherepetskaya GRES. In 1968, a 500 MW power unit at the Nazarovskaya GRES and an 800 MW power unit at the Slavyanskaya GRES came into operation. All these units operated at supercritical steam pressure (24 MPa).
The predominance of commissioning powerful units, the parameters of which are unfavorable in terms of stability conditions, has complicated the task of ensuring reliable operation of the IPS and UPS. To solve these problems, it became necessary to develop and implement strong-action ARVs for power unit generators; It also required the use of automatic emergency unloading of powerful thermal power plants, including automatic emergency control of the power of steam turbines of power units.
Intensive construction of hydroelectric power stations continued; in 1961, a 225 MW hydroelectric unit came into operation at the Bratsk HPP; in 1967, the first 500 MW hydroelectric units were commissioned at the Krasnoyarsk HPP. During the 60s, the construction of the Bratsk, Botkinsk and a number of other hydroelectric power stations was completed.
The construction of nuclear power plants has begun in the western part of the country. In 1964, a 100 MW power unit at the Beloyarsk NPP and a 200 MW power unit at the Novovoronezh NPP came into operation; in the second half of the 60s, the second power units at these nuclear power plants were commissioned: 200 MW at Beloyarsk and 360 MW at Novovoronezh.
During the 60s, the formation of the European part of the USSR continued and was completed. In 1962, 220-110 kV overhead lines were connected for parallel operation of the UES of the South and North Caucasus. In the same year, work was completed on the first stage of a pilot industrial power transmission line of 800 kV direct current Volgograd-Donbass, which marked the beginning of the Center-South intersystem connection; the construction of this overhead line was completed in 1965.
Year |
Installed capacity of power plants, million kW |
Higher |
Length of overhead lines*, thousand km |
||||
* Without overhead lines 800 kV DC. ** Including 400 kV overhead lines.
In 1966, by closing the intersystem connections 330-110 kV North-West-Centre, the North-West IPS was connected to parallel operation. In 1969, parallel operation of the Unified Energy System of the Center and the South was organized along the 330-220-110 kV distribution network, and all energy associations that are part of the Unified Energy System began to operate synchronously. In 1970, through the 220-110 kV connections Transcaucasia - North Caucasus joined the parallel operation of the Transcaucasian Unified Energy System.
Thus, in the early 70s, the transition to the next stage in the development of the electric power industry in our country began - the formation of the Unified Energy System of the USSR. As part of the UES of the European part of the country in 1970, parallel UESs of the Center, the Urals, the Middle Volga, the North-West, the South, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia operated, which included 63 EESs. The three territorial IPS - Kazakhstan, Siberia and Central Asia - worked separately; The UES of the East was in its formation stage.
In 1972, the UES of Kazakhstan became part of the UES of the USSR (two EPS of this republic - Alma-Ata and South Kazakhstan - operated in isolation from other EPS of the Kazakh SSR and were part of the UES of Central Asia). In 1978, with the completion of the construction of the 500 kV transit overhead line Siberia-Kazakhstan-Ural, the IPS of Siberia joined the parallel operation.
In the same 1978, the construction of the interstate 750 kV overhead line Western Ukraine (USSR) - Albertirsha (Hungary) was completed, and in 1979 parallel work of the UES of the USSR and the UES of the CMEA member countries began. Taking into account the UES of Siberia, which has connections with the EPS of the MPR, an association of EPS of the socialist countries was formed, covering a vast territory from Ulaanbaatar to Berlin.
Electricity is exported from the UES of the USSR networks to Finland, Norway, and Turkey; Through a DC converter substation in the area of Vyborg, the UES of the USSR is connected to the energy interconnection of the Scandinavian countries NORDEL.
The dynamics of the structure of generating capacities in the 70s and 80s are characterized by the increasing commissioning of nuclear power plants in the western part of the country; further commissioning of highly efficient hydroelectric power plants, mainly in the eastern part of the country; the start of work on the creation of the Ekibastuz fuel and energy complex; a general increase in the concentration of generating capacities and an increase in the unit capacity of units.
In 1971-1972 at the Novovoronezh NPP, two pressurized water reactors with a capacity of 440 MW each (VVER-440) were put into operation; in 1974, the first (main) water-graphite reactor with a capacity of 1000 MW (RBMK-1000) was launched at the Leningrad NPP; in 1980, a 600 MW breeder reactor (BN-600) was put into operation at the Beloyarsk NPP; in 1980, the VVER-1000 reactor was commissioned at the Novovoronezh NPP; in 1983, the first reactor with a capacity of 1500 MW (RBMK-1500) was launched at the Ignalina NPP.
In 1971, an 800 MW power unit with a single-shaft turbine was put into operation at the Slavyanskaya GRES; in 1972, two 250 MW heating power units were put into operation at Mosenergo; in 1980, a 1200 MW power unit for supercritical steam parameters was put into operation at the Kostroma State District Power Plant.
In 1972, the first pumped storage power plant (PSPP) in the USSR, Kyiv, went into operation; In 1978, the first 640 MW hydroelectric unit was put into operation at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. From 1970 to 1986, the Krasnoyarsk, Saratov, Cheboksary, Inguri, Toktogul, Nurek, Ust-Ilimsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya, Zeyskaya and a number of other hydroelectric power stations were commissioned at full capacity.
In 1987, the capacity of the largest power plants reached: nuclear power plant - 4000 MW, thermal power plant - 4000 MW, hydroelectric power station - 6400 MW. The share of nuclear power plants in the total capacity of power plants of the USSR Unified Energy System exceeded 12%; the share of condensing and heating power units of 250-1200 MW approached 60% of the total capacity of thermal power plants.
Technical progress in the development of system-forming networks is characterized by a consistent transition to higher voltage levels. The development of 750 kV voltage began with the commissioning in 1967 of the pilot industrial overhead line 750 kV Konakovskaya GRES-Moscow. During 1971-1975 a 750 kV latitudinal mainline was built Donbass-Dnepr-Vinnitsa-Western Ukraine; this line was then continued by the 750 kV USSR-Hungary overhead line introduced in 1978. In 1975, a 750 kV Leningrad-Konakovo intersystem connection was built, which made it possible to transfer the excess power of the North-West IPS to the IPS Center. The further development of the 750 kV network was mainly related to the conditions for the delivery of power from large nuclear power plants and the need to strengthen interstate relations with the Unified Energy System of the CMEA member countries. To create powerful connections with the eastern part of the Unified Energy System, a main 1150 kV Kazakhstan-Ural overhead line is being built; Work is underway on the construction of a 1500 kV DC power transmission Ekibastuz - Center.
The growth of the installed capacity of power plants and the length of electrical networks 220-1150 kV UES of the USSR for the period 1960-1987 is characterized by the data given in the table.
The country's unified energy system is a complex of interconnected energy facilities developing according to the state plan, united by a common technological regime and centralized operational management. The consolidation of EPS makes it possible to increase the growth rate of energy capacity and reduce the cost of energy construction by consolidating power plants and increasing the unit capacity of units. Concentration of energy capacities with the predominant introduction of the most powerful economical units manufactured domestic industry, ensures increased labor productivity and improved technical and economic indicators of energy production.
The integration of EPS creates opportunities for rational regulation of the structure of consumed fuel, taking into account the changing fuel environment; it is a necessary condition solving complex hydropower problems with the optimal use of water resources of the main rivers of the country for the national economy as a whole. A systematic reduction in the specific consumption of equivalent fuel per kilowatt-hour released from the tires of thermal power plants is ensured by improving the structure of generating capacities and economic regulation of the general energy regime of the UES of the USSR.
Mutual assistance of parallel operating EPS creates the opportunity to significantly increase the reliability of power supply. The gain in the total installed capacity of UES power plants due to the reduction in the annual maximum load due to the different times of occurrence of EPS maximums and the reduction of the required reserve power exceeds 15 million kW.
General economic effect from the creation of the UES of the USSR at the level of its development achieved by the mid-80s (in comparison with the isolated work of the UES) is estimated to reduce capital investments in the electric power industry by 2.5 billion rubles. and a reduction in annual operating costs by approximately 1 billion rubles.
Thermal power plant (thermal power plant) is a power plant that generates electrical energy by converting the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy of rotation of the electric generator shaft.
Thermal power plants convert the thermal energy released during the combustion of organic fuels (coal, peat, shale, oil, gases) into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. Here, the chemical energy contained in the fuel undergoes a complex transformation from one form to another to produce electrical energy.
The transformation of energy contained in fuel at a thermal power plant can be divided into the following main stages: the conversion of chemical energy into thermal energy, thermal energy into mechanical energy and mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The first thermal power plants (TPPs) appeared in late XIX V. In 1882, a thermal power plant was built in New York, in 1883 in St. Petersburg, and in 1884 in Berlin.
Among thermal power plants most constitute thermal steam turbine power plants. On them, thermal energy is used in a boiler unit (steam generator).
Thermal power plant layout: 1 – electric generator; 2 – steam turbine; 3 – control panel; 4 – deaerator; 5 and 6 – bunkers; 7 – separator; 8 – cyclone; 9 – boiler; 10 – heating surface (heat exchanger); 11 – chimney; 12 – crushing room; 13 – reserve fuel warehouse; 14 – carriage; 15 – unloading device; 16 – conveyor; 17 – smoke exhauster; 18 – channel; 19 – ash catcher; 20 – fan; 21 – firebox; 22 – mill; 23 – pumping station; 24 – water source; 25 – circulation pump; 26 – regenerative heater high pressure; 27 – feed pump; 28 – capacitor; 29 – chemical water treatment plant; 30 – step-up transformer; 31 – low pressure regenerative heater; 32 – condensate pump
One of essential elements The boiler unit is the firebox. In it, the chemical energy of the fuel during the chemical reaction of the combustible elements of the fuel with oxygen in the air is converted into thermal energy. In this case, gaseous combustion products are formed, which absorb most of the heat released during fuel combustion.
During the heating of fuel in the furnace, coke and gaseous, volatile substances are formed. At temperatures of 600–750 °C, volatile substances ignite and begin to burn, which leads to an increase in the temperature in the firebox. At the same time, coke combustion begins. As a result, flue gases are formed, leaving the furnace at a temperature of 1000–1200 °C. These gases are used to heat water and produce steam.
At the beginning of the 19th century. To produce steam, simple units were used in which heating and evaporation of water were not differentiated. A typical representative of the simplest type of steam boiler was a cylindrical boiler.
The developing electric power industry required boilers that produced high-temperature, high-pressure steam, since it was in this state that it produced the greatest amount of energy. Such boilers were created and they were called water-tube boilers.
In water-tube boilers, flue gases flow around pipes through which water circulates; heat from the flue gases is transferred through the walls of the pipes to water, which turns into steam.
Composition of the main equipment of a thermal power plant and the interconnection of its systems: fuel economy; fuel preparation; boiler; intermediate superheater; high pressure part of a steam turbine (HPC or HPC); low pressure part of a steam turbine (LPT or LPC); electric generator; auxiliary transformer; communication transformer; main switchgear; capacitor; condensate pump; circulation pump; source of water supply (for example, river); low pressure heater (LPH); water treatment plant (WPU); thermal energy consumer; return condensate pump; deaerator; feed pump; high pressure heater (HPH); slag removal; ash dump; smoke exhauster (DS); chimney; blower fan (DV); ash catcher
A modern steam boiler works as follows.
The fuel burns in a firebox, which has vertical pipes along the walls. Under the influence of the heat released during the combustion of fuel, the water in these pipes boils. The resulting steam rises into the boiler drum. The boiler is a thick-walled horizontal steel cylinder, filled to half with water. Steam collects in the upper part of the drum and exits it into a group of coils - a superheater. In the superheater, the steam is additionally heated by the flue gases escaping from the furnace. It has a temperature higher than that at which water boils at a given pressure. Such steam is called superheated. After leaving the superheater, the steam goes to the consumer. In the boiler flues located after the superheater, flue gases pass through another group of coils - a water economizer. In it, the water is heated by the heat of the flue gases before entering the boiler drum. Air heater pipes are usually located behind the economizer along the flue gases. The air in it is heated before being fed into the firebox. After the air heater, flue gases at a temperature of 120–160 °C exit into the chimney.
All working processes of the boiler unit are fully mechanized and automated. It is served by numerous auxiliary mechanisms driven by electric motors, the power of which can reach several thousand kilowatts.
Boiler units of powerful power plants produce high pressure steam – 140–250 atmospheres and high temperature – 550–580 °C. In the furnaces of these boilers, solid fuel, crushed to a powder state, fuel oil or natural gas is mainly burned.
The transformation of coal into a powdered state is carried out in dust preparation plants.
The operating principle of such an installation with a ball drum mill is as follows.
The fuel enters the boiler room via conveyor belts and is discharged into a bunker, from which, after automatic weighing, it is fed by a feeder into the coal grinding mill. Fuel grinding occurs inside a horizontal drum rotating at a speed of about 20 rpm. It contains steel balls. Hot air heated to a temperature of 300–400 °C is supplied to the mill through a pipeline. Giving part of its heat to dry the fuel, the air cools to a temperature of about 130 °C and, leaving the drum, carries the coal dust formed in the mill into the dust separator (separator). The dust-air mixture, freed from large particles, leaves the separator from above and is sent to the dust separator (cyclone). In the cyclone, coal dust is separated from the air and enters the bunker through a valve. coal dust. In the separator, large dust particles fall out and are returned to the mill for further grinding. A mixture of coal dust and air is supplied to the boiler burners.
Pulverized coal burners are devices for supplying pulverized fuel and the air necessary for its combustion into the combustion chamber. They must ensure complete combustion of fuel by creating a homogeneous mixture of air and fuel.
The firebox of modern pulverized coal boilers is a high chamber, the walls of which are covered with pipes, the so-called steam-water screens. They protect the walls of the combustion chamber from sticking to them of slag formed during fuel combustion, and also protect the lining from rapid wear due to the chemical action of slag and the high temperature that develops during fuel combustion in the furnace.
Screens absorb 10 times more heat per square meter surfaces than the rest of the tubular heating surfaces of the boiler, which perceive the heat of the flue gases mainly due to direct contact with them. In the combustion chamber, coal dust ignites and burns in the gas flow carrying it.
The furnaces of boilers in which gaseous or liquid fuels are burned are also chambers covered with screens. A mixture of fuel and air is supplied to them through gas burners or oil nozzles.
The design of a modern high-capacity drum boiler unit operating on coal dust is as follows.
Fuel in the form of dust is blown into the furnace through the burners along with part of the air necessary for combustion. The rest of the air is supplied to the firebox preheated to a temperature of 300–400 °C. In the firebox, coal particles burn on the fly, forming a torch with a temperature of 1500–1600 °C. Non-combustible impurities of coal are converted into ash, most of which (80–90%) is removed from the furnace by flue gases generated as a result of fuel combustion. The rest of the ash, consisting of sticky particles of slag that accumulated on the pipes of the combustion screens and then came off them, falls to the bottom of the furnace. After this, it is collected in a special shaft located under the firebox. A stream of cold water cools the slag in it, and then it is carried out of the boiler unit by special devices of the hydraulic ash removal system.
The walls of the firebox are covered with a screen - pipes in which water circulates. Under the influence of the heat emitted by the burning torch, it partially turns into steam. These pipes are connected to the boiler drum, into which water heated in the economizer is also supplied.
As the flue gases move, part of their heat is radiated onto the screen tubes and the temperature of the gases gradually decreases. At the exit from the furnace it is 1000–1200 °C. With further movement, the flue gases at the exit from the furnace come into contact with the screen tubes, cooling to a temperature of 900–950 °C. The boiler flue contains coil tubes through which the steam formed in the screen pipes and separated from the water in the boiler drum passes. In coils, steam receives additional heat from the flue gases and is overheated, that is, its temperature becomes higher than the temperature of water boiling at the same pressure. This part of the boiler is called the superheater.
Having passed between the superheater pipes, flue gases with a temperature of 500–600 °C enter the part of the boiler in which the water heater or water economizer tubes are located. Feed water with a temperature of 210–240 °C is supplied to it by a pump. Such a high water temperature is achieved in special heaters that are part of the turbine installation. In a water economizer, water is heated to boiling point and enters the boiler drum. Flue gases passing between the pipes of the water economizer continue to cool and then pass inside the pipes of the air heater, in which the air is heated due to the heat given off by the gases, the temperature of which is reduced to 120–160 °C.
The air required for fuel combustion is supplied to the air heater by a blower fan and is heated there to 300–400 °C, after which it enters the furnace for fuel combustion. The smoke or exhaust gases leaving the air heater pass through a special device - an ash catcher - to remove ash. The purified flue gases are released into the atmosphere by a smoke exhauster through a chimney up to 200 m high.
The drum is essential in boilers of this type. Through numerous pipes, a steam-water mixture from the combustion screens is supplied to it. In the drum, steam is separated from this mixture and the remaining water is mixed with the feed water entering this drum from the economizer. From the drum, water passes through pipes located outside the firebox into collecting collectors, and from them into screen pipes located in the firebox. In this way, the circular path (circulation) of water in drum boilers is closed. The movement of water and steam-water mixture according to the drum - outer pipes - screen pipes - drum scheme is accomplished due to the fact that total weight The column of steam-water mixture filling the screen pipes is less than the weight of the water column in the outer pipes. This creates a pressure of natural circulation, ensuring circular movement of water.
Steam boilers are automatically controlled by numerous regulators, the operation of which is monitored by an operator.
The devices regulate the supply of fuel, water and air to the boiler, maintain constant the water level in the boiler drum, the temperature of the superheated steam, etc. The devices that control the operation of the boiler unit and all its auxiliary mechanisms are concentrated on a special control panel. It also contains devices that allow automated operations to be carried out remotely from this panel: opening and closing of all shut-off valves on pipelines, starting and stopping individual auxiliary mechanisms, as well as starting and stopping the entire boiler unit as a whole.
Water tube boilers of the type described have a very significant drawback: the presence of a bulky, heavy and expensive drum. To get rid of it, steam boilers without drums were created. They consist of a system of curved tubes, into one end of which feed water is supplied, and from the other, superheated steam of the required pressure and temperature comes out, i.e., water passes through all heating surfaces once without circulation before turning it into steam. Such steam boilers are called direct-flow boilers.
The operating diagram of such a boiler is as follows.
Feed water passes through the economizer, then enters the lower part of the coils located in a helical shape on the walls of the furnace. The steam-water mixture formed in these coils enters a coil located in the boiler flue, where the conversion of water into steam ends. This part of the once-through boiler is called the transition zone. The steam then enters the superheater. After leaving the superheater, the steam is directed to the consumer. The air required for combustion is heated in an air heater.
Once-through boilers make it possible to produce steam at a pressure of more than 200 atmospheres, which is impossible in drum boilers.
The resulting superheated steam, which has high pressure (100–140 atmospheres) and high temperature (500–580 °C), is capable of expanding and doing work. This steam is transmitted through main steam pipelines to the turbine room, in which steam turbines are installed.
IN steam turbines the potential energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy of rotation of the steam turbine rotor. In turn, the rotor is connected to the rotor of the electric generator.
The operating principle and structure of a steam turbine are discussed in the article “Electric Turbine”, so we will not dwell on them in detail.
The steam turbine will be the more economical, i.e., the less heat it will consume for each kilowatt-hour it generates, the lower the pressure of the steam leaving the turbine.
For this purpose, the steam leaving the turbine is directed not into the atmosphere, but into a special device called a condenser, in which a very low pressure is maintained, only 0.03–0.04 atmospheres. This is achieved by lowering the temperature of the steam by cooling it with water. The steam temperature at this pressure is 24–29 °C. In the condenser, the steam gives up its heat to the cooling water and at the same time it condenses, i.e. turns into water - condensate. The temperature of the steam in the condenser depends on the temperature of the cooling water and the amount of this water consumed per kilogram of condensed steam. The water used to condense the steam enters the condenser at a temperature of 10–15 °C and leaves it at a temperature of about 20–25 °C. The cooling water consumption reaches 50–100 kg per 1 kg of steam.
The condenser is a cylindrical drum with two covers at the ends. At both ends of the drum there are metal boards in which a large number of brass tubes are fixed. Cooling water passes through these tubes. Steam from the turbine passes between the tubes, flowing around them from top to bottom. The condensate formed during steam condensation is removed from below.
When steam condenses great importance has heat transfer from the steam to the wall of the tubes through which the cooling water passes. If there is even a small amount of air in the steam, then the heat transfer from the steam to the wall of the tube deteriorates sharply; The amount of pressure that will need to be maintained in the condenser will depend on this. Air that inevitably enters the condenser with steam and through leaks must be continuously removed. This is carried out by a special device - a steam jet ejector.
To cool the steam exhausted in the turbine in the condenser, water from a river, lake, pond or sea is used. The cooling water consumption at powerful power plants is very high and, for example, for a power plant with a capacity of 1 million kW, is about 40 m3/sec. If water for cooling steam in condensers is taken from the river, and then, heated in the condenser, is returned to the river, then such a water supply system is called direct-flow.
If there is not enough water in the river, then a dam is built and a pond is formed, from one end of which water is taken to cool the condenser, and heated water is discharged to the other end. Sometimes, to cool the water heated in the condenser, artificial coolers are used - cooling towers, which are towers about 50 m high.
Water heated in the turbine condensers is supplied to trays located in this tower at a height of 6–9 m. Flowing in streams through the openings of the trays and splashing in the form of drops or a thin film, the water flows down, partially evaporating and cooling. The cooled water is collected in a pool, from where it is pumped to the condensers. Such a water supply system is called closed.
We examined the main devices used to convert the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy in a steam turbine thermal power plant.
The operation of a coal-burning power plant occurs as follows.
Coal is supplied by broad gauge trains to an unloading device, where, with the help of special unloading mechanisms - car dumpers - it is unloaded from the cars onto belt conveyors.
The fuel supply in the boiler room is created in special storage containers - bunkers. From the bunkers, the coal enters the mill, where it is dried and ground to a powdery state. A mixture of coal dust and air is fed into the boiler firebox. When coal dust burns, flue gases are formed. After cooling, the gases pass through the ash collector and, having been cleared of fly ash in it, are discharged into the chimney.
The slags and fly ash that fall out of the combustion chamber from the ash collectors are transported through channels by water and then pumped to the ash dump by pumps. Air for fuel combustion is supplied by a fan to the boiler air heater. The superheated high-pressure, high-temperature steam produced in the boiler is fed through steam lines to a steam turbine, where it expands to a very low pressure and goes into the condenser. The condensate formed in the condenser is taken by the condensate pump and supplied through the heater to the deaerator. The deaerator removes air and gases from the condensate. The deaerator also receives raw water that has passed through the water treatment device to replenish the loss of steam and condensate. From the deaerator feed tank, feed water is supplied by a pump to the water economizer of the steam boiler. Water for cooling the exhaust steam is taken from the river and sent to the turbine condenser by a circulation pump. Electrical energy generated by a generator connected to a turbine is discharged through step-up electrical transformers along high-voltage power lines to the consumer.
The power of modern thermal power plants can reach 6000 megawatts or more with an efficiency of up to 40%.
Thermal power plants can also use gas turbines running on natural gas or liquid fuel. Gas turbine power plants (GTPPs) are used to cover peaks of electrical load.
There are also combined cycle power plants, in which the power plant consists of a steam turbine and a gas turbine unit. Their efficiency reaches 43%.
The advantage of thermal power plants compared to hydroelectric power plants is that they can be built anywhere, bringing them closer to the consumer. They run on almost all types of fossil fuels, so they can be adapted to the type that is available in a given area.
In the mid-70s of the XX century. the share of electricity generated at thermal power plants was approximately 75% of total output. In the USSR and the USA it was even higher – 80%.
The main disadvantage of thermal power plants is high degree environmental pollution with carbon dioxide, as well as the large area occupied by ash dumps.
Read and write useful
Modern life cannot be imagined without electricity and heat. The material comfort that surrounds us today, like further development human thought is tightly connected with the invention of electricity and the use of energy.
Since ancient times, people have needed strength, or rather engines that would give them greater human strength, in order to build houses, engage in farming, and develop new territories.
The first pyramid batteries
In the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, scientists have found vessels that resemble batteries. In 1937, during excavations near Baghdad, German archaeologist Wilhelm Koenig discovered clay jugs containing copper cylinders. These cylinders were fixed to the bottom of clay vessels with a layer of resin.
For the first time, phenomena that today are called electrical were noticed in ancient China, India, and later in ancient Greece. The ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus in the 6th century BC noted the ability of amber, rubbed with fur or wool, to attract scraps of paper, fluff and other light bodies. From the Greek name for amber - “electron” - this phenomenon began to be called electrification.
Today it will not be difficult for us to unravel the “secret” of amber rubbed with wool. In fact, why does amber become electrified? It turns out that when wool rubs against amber, an excess of electrons appears on its surface, and a negative electric charge. We, as it were, “select” electrons from the wool atoms and transfer them to the surface of the amber. The electric field created by these electrons attracts the paper. If you take glass instead of amber, then a different picture is observed. By rubbing glass with silk, we “remove” electrons from its surface. As a result, the glass becomes deficient in electrons and becomes positively charged. Subsequently, in order to distinguish these charges, they began to be conventionally designated by the signs that have survived to this day, minus and plus.
Having described the amazing properties of amber in poetic legends, the ancient Greeks did not continue to study it. Humanity had to wait many centuries for the next breakthrough in the conquest of free energy. But when it was finally completed, the world was literally transformed. Back in the 3rd millennium BC. people used sails for boats, but only in the 7th century. AD invented a windmill with wings. The history of wind turbines began. Water wheels were used on the Nile, Ephrata, and Yangtze to raise water; they were rotated by slaves. Water wheels and windmills were the main types of engines until the 17th century.
Age of discovery
The history of attempts to use steam records the names of many scientists and inventors. So Leonardo da Vinci left 5000 pages of scientific and technical descriptions, drawings, sketches of various devices.
Gianbattista della Porta investigated the formation of steam from water, which was important for the further use of steam in steam engines, and investigated the properties of a magnet.
In 1600, the court physician of Queen Elizabeth of England, William Gilbert, studied everything that was known to the ancient peoples about the properties of amber, and he himself conducted experiments with amber and magnets.
Who invented electricity?
The term “electricity” was introduced by the English naturalist and physician to Queen Elizabeth, William Gilbert. He first used this word in his treatise “On the magnet, magnetic bodies and the great magnet - the Earth” in 1600. The scientist explained the action of a magnetic compass, and also gave descriptions of some experiments with electrified bodies.
In general, not much practical knowledge about electricity was accumulated during the 16th – 17th centuries, but all discoveries were harbingers of truly great changes. This was a time when experiments with electricity were carried out not only by scientists, but also by pharmacists, doctors, and even monarchs.
One of the experiments of the French physicist and inventor Denis Papin was to create a vacuum in a closed cylinder. In the mid-1670s in Paris, he worked with the Dutch physicist Christian Huygens on a machine that would force air out of a cylinder by exploding gunpowder in it.
In 1680, Denis Papin came to England and created a version of the same cylinder, in which he obtained a more complete vacuum using boiling water that condensed in the cylinder. Thus, he was able to lift a weight attached to the piston by a rope thrown over a pulley.
The system worked as a demonstration model, but to repeat the process the entire apparatus had to be dismantled and reassembled. Papin quickly realized that to automate the cycle, the steam had to be produced separately in the boiler. A French scientist invented a steam boiler with a lever safety valve.
In 1774, Watt James, as a result of a series of experiments, created a unique steam engine. To ensure engine operation, he used a centrifugal regulator connected to a damper on the exhaust steam line. Watt studied in detail the work of steam in a cylinder, constructing an indicator for the first time for this purpose.
In 1782, Watt received an English patent for an expansion steam engine. He also introduced the first unit of power - horsepower (later another unit of power was named after him - the watt). Watt's steam engine, due to its efficiency, became widespread and played a huge role in the transition to machine production.
The Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani published his Treatise on the Forces of Electricity in Muscular Movement in 1791.
This discovery, 121 years later, gave impetus to research into the human body using bioelectric currents. Diseased organs were discovered by studying their electrical signals. The work of any organ (heart, brain) is accompanied by biological electrical signals, which have their own form for each organ. If an organ is not in order, the signals change their shape, and by comparing the “healthy” and “sick” signals, the causes of the disease are discovered.
Galvani's experiments prompted the invention of a new source of electricity by Tessin University professor Alessandro Volta. He gave Galvani's experiments with a frog and dissimilar metals a different explanation, and proved that the electrical phenomena that Galvani observed can only be explained by the fact that a certain pair of dissimilar metals, separated by a layer of a special electrically conductive liquid, serves as a source of electric current flowing through closed conductors of an external circuit. This theory, developed by Volta in 1794, made it possible to create the world's first source of electric current, which was called the Voltaic Column.
It was a set of plates of two metals, copper and zinc, separated by pads of felt soaked in saline or alkali. Volta created a device capable of electrifying bodies using chemical energy and, therefore, maintaining the movement of charges in a conductor, that is, an electric current. The modest Volta named his invention in honor of Galvani “galvanic element”, and the electric current resulting from this element - “galvanic current”.
The first laws of electrical engineering
At the beginning of the 19th century, experiments with electric current attracted the attention of scientists from different countries. In 1802, the Italian scientist Romagnosi discovered the deflection of the magnetic needle of a compass under the influence of an electric current flowing through a nearby conductor. In 1820, this phenomenon was described in detail in his report by the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted. Oersted’s small book, just five pages long, was published in Copenhagen in six languages the same year and made a huge impression on Oersted’s colleagues from different countries.
However, the French scientist Andre Marie Ampere was the first to correctly explain the cause of the phenomenon that Oersted described. It turned out that the current contributes to the appearance in the conductor magnetic field. One of Ampere’s most important achievements was that he was the first to combine two previously separated phenomena - electricity and magnetism - with one theory of electromagnetism and proposed to consider them as the result of a single natural process.
Inspired by the discoveries of Oersted and Ampere, another scientist, the Englishman Michael Faraday, suggested that not only a magnetic field can affect a magnet, but also vice versa - a moving magnet will affect a conductor. A series of experiments confirmed this brilliant guess - Faraday achieved that a moving magnetic field created an electric current in a conductor.
Later, this discovery served as the basis for the creation of three main electrical engineering devices - an electric generator, an electric transformer and an electric motor.
Initial period of electricity use
Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, a professor at the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, stood at the origins of lighting using electricity. While exploring light phenomena caused by electric current, in 1802 he made his famous discovery - an electric arc, accompanied by the appearance of a bright glow and high temperature.
Sacrifices for science
The Russian scientist Vasily Petrov, who was the first in the world to describe the phenomenon of an electric arc in 1802, did not spare himself when conducting experiments. At that time there were no instruments such as an ammeter or a voltmeter, and Petrov checked the quality of the batteries by the sensation of electric current in his fingers. To feel weak currents, the scientist cut off the top layer of skin from his fingertips.
Petrov's observations and analysis of the properties of the electric arc formed the basis for the creation of electric arc lamps, incandescent lamps and much more.
In 1875, Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov created an electric candle consisting of two carbon rods located vertically and parallel to each other, between which kaolin (clay) insulation was laid. To make the burning longer, four candles were placed on one candlestick, which burned sequentially.
In turn, Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin back in 1872 proposed using an incandescent filament instead of carbon electrodes, which glowed brightly when an electric current flowed. In 1874, Lodygin received a patent for the invention of an incandescent lamp with a carbon rod and the annual Lomonosov Prize of the Academy of Sciences. The device was also patented in Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Austria-Hungary.
In 1876, Pavel Yablochkov completed the development of the design of an electric candle, begun in 1875, and on March 23 received a French patent containing short description candles in their original forms and the image of these forms. “Yablochkov’s candle” turned out to be simpler, more convenient and cheaper to use than A. N. Lodygin’s lamp. Under the name “Russian light”, Yablochkov’s candles were later used for street lighting in many cities around the world. Yablochkov also proposed the first practically used alternating current transformers with an open magnetic system.
At the same time, in 1876, the first power plant was built in Russia at Sormovsky machine-building plant, its ancestor was built in 1873 under the direction of the Belgian-French inventor Z.T. Gram for powering the plant lighting system, the so-called block station.
In 1879, Russian electrical engineers Yablochkov, Lodygin and Chikolev, together with a number of other electrical engineers and physicists, organized a Special Electrical Engineering Department within the Russian Technical Society. The department's task was to promote the development of electrical engineering.
Already in April 1879, for the first time in Russia, a bridge was illuminated with electric lights - the Alexander II Bridge (now Liteiny Bridge) in St. Petersburg. With the assistance of the Department, the first installation of an external electric lighting(Yablochkov arc lamps in lamps made according to the design of the architect Kavos), which laid the foundation for the creation of local lighting systems with arc lamps for some public buildings in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large cities. Electric lighting of the bridge arranged by V.N. Chikolev, where 12 Yablochkov candles burned instead of 112 gas jets, functioned for only 227 days.
Pirotsky tram
The electric tram car was invented by Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky in 1880. The first tram lines in St. Petersburg were laid only in the winter of 1885 on the ice of the Neva in the area of Mytninskaya embankment, since the right to use the streets for passenger transportation only the owners of horse-drawn horses had access to them - rail transport that moved with the help of horses.
In the 80s, the first central stations appeared; they were more expedient and more economical than block stations, since they supplied many enterprises with electricity at once.
At that time, the mass consumers of electricity were light sources - arc lamps and incandescent lamps. The first power plants in St. Petersburg were initially located on barges at the piers of the Moika and Fontanka rivers. The power of each station was approximately 200 kW.
The world's first central station was put into operation in 1882 in New York, it had a power of 500 kW.
Electric lighting first appeared in Moscow in 1881; already in 1883, electric lamps illuminated the Kremlin. It was built especially for this purpose mobile power station, which was served by 18 locomotives and 40 dynamos. The first stationary city power plant appeared in Moscow in 1888.
We must not forget about unconventional sources energy.
The predecessor of modern horizontal axis wind farms had a capacity of 100 kW and was built in 1931 in Yalta. It had a tower 30 meters high. By 1941, the unit capacity of wind power plants reached 1.25 MW.
GOELRO plan
Power plants were created in Russia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, however, the rapid growth of electric power and heat power in the 20s of the 20th century after the adoption at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin's GOELRO (State Electrification of Russia) plan.
On December 22, 1920, the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets reviewed and approved the State Plan for the Electrification of Russia - GOELRO, prepared by a commission chaired by G.M. Krzhizhanovsky.
The GOELRO plan was to be implemented within ten to fifteen years, and its result was to be the creation of a “large industrial economy of the country.” For economic development country, this decision was of great importance. It is not for nothing that Russian power engineers celebrate their professional holiday on December 22.
The plan paid a lot of attention to the problem of using local energy resources (peat, river water, local coal, etc.) for the production of electrical energy.
On October 8, 1922, the official launch of the Utkina Zavod station, the first peat power plant in Petrograd, took place.
First Thermal Power Plant of Russia
The very first thermal power plant, built according to the GOELRO plan in 1922, was called “Utkina Zavod”. On the day of launch, the participants in the ceremonial meeting renamed it “Red October”, and under this name it worked until 2010. Today it is Pravoberezhnaya CHPP of PJSC TGC-1.
In 1925, the Shaturskaya peat power plant was launched, and in the same year, the development of new technology burning coal near Moscow in the form of dust.
The day of the beginning of district heating in Russia can be considered November 25, 1924 - then the first heat pipeline from GES-3, intended for public use in house number ninety-six on the embankment of the Fontanka River, went into operation. Power plant No. 3, which was converted for combined heat and power generation, is the first combined heat and power plant in Russia, and Leningrad is a pioneer in district heating. The centralized supply of hot water to the residential building functioned without interruption, and a year later GES-3 began to supply hot water to the former Obukhov hospital and baths located in Kazachy Lane. In November 1928, the building of the former Pavlovsk barracks, located on the Field of Mars, was connected to the heating networks of state power plant No. 3.
In 1926, the powerful Volkhov hydroelectric power station was put into operation, the energy of which was supplied to Leningrad via a 110 kV power transmission line with a length of 130 km.
Nuclear energy of the 20th century
December 20, 1951 nuclear reactor produced a usable amount of electricity for the first time in history - at what is now the US Department of Energy's National INEEL Laboratory. The reactor generated enough power to light a simple string of four 100-watt light bulbs. After the second experiment, conducted the next day, the 16 participating scientists and engineers “immortalized” their historic achievement by writing their names in chalk on the concrete wall of the generator.
Soviet scientists began developing the first projects for the peaceful use of atomic energy back in the second half of the 1940s. And on June 27, 1954, the first nuclear power plant was launched in the city of Obnisk.
The launch of the first nuclear power plant marked the opening of a new direction in energy, which received recognition at the 1st International Scientific and Technical Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (August 1955, Geneva). By the end of the twentieth century, there were already more than 400 nuclear power plants in the world.
Modern energy. Late 20th century
The end of the 20th century was marked by various events related to both the high pace of construction of new power plants, the beginning of the development of renewable energy sources, and the emergence of the first problems from the emerging huge global energy system and attempts to solve them.
Blackout
Americans call the night of July 13, 1977 “The Night of Fear.” Then there was a huge accident in its size and consequences on electrical networks in New York. Due to lightning striking a power line, the supply of electricity to New York was interrupted for 25 hours and 9 million residents were left without power. The tragedy was accompanied financial crisis, in which there was a metropolis, unusually hot weather, and an unprecedented rampant crime. After a power outage, gangs from poor neighborhoods attacked the fashionable areas of the city. It is believed that it was after those terrible events in New York that the concept of “blackout” began to be widely used in relation to accidents in the power industry.
As modern communities become increasingly dependent on electricity, power failures cause significant losses to businesses, communities, and governments. Switches off during an emergency lighting, elevators, traffic lights, subway do not work. At vital facilities (hospitals, military facilities, etc.), autonomous power sources are used in power systems for the functioning of life during emergencies: batteries, generators. Statistics show a significant increase in accidents in the 90s. XX - early XXI centuries.
In those years, the development of alternative energy continued. In September 1985, a trial connection of the generator of the first solar power plant of the USSR to the network took place. The project of the first Crimean SPP in the USSR was created in the early 80s in the Riga branch of the Atomteploelectroproekt Institute with the participation of thirteen other design organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy and Electrification. The station became fully operational in 1986.
In 1992, construction began on the world's largest hydroelectric power station, the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Station in China on the Yangtze River. The power of the station is 22.5 GW. The pressure structures of the hydroelectric power station form a large reservoir with an area of 1,045 km² and a useful capacity of 22 km³. When the reservoir was created, 27,820 hectares of cultivated land were flooded, and about 1.2 million people were resettled. The cities of Wanxian and Wushan went under water. Complete completion of construction and official commissioning took place on July 4, 2012.
Energy development is inseparable from problems associated with environmental pollution. In Kyoto (Japan) in December 1997, in addition to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. It commits developed countries and countries with economies in transition to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions between 2008 and 2012 compared to 1990 levels. The period for signing the protocol opened on March 16, 1998 and ended on March 15, 1999.
As of March 26, 2009, the Protocol has been ratified by 181 countries (these countries collectively account for more than 61% of global emissions). A notable exception to this list is the United States. The first implementation period of the protocol began on 1 January 2008 and will last five years until 31 December 2012, after which it is expected to be replaced by a new agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol was the first global environmental agreement based on a market-based regulation mechanism - the international trade quotas for greenhouse gas emissions.
The 21st century, or more precisely 2008, became a landmark year for the Russian energy system; the Russian open source was liquidated Joint-Stock Company energy and electrification "UES of Russia" (OAO RAO "UES of Russia") is a Russian energy company that existed in 1992-2008. The company united almost the entire Russian energy sector and was a monopolist in the Russian generation and energy transportation market. In its place, state-owned natural monopoly companies emerged, as well as privatized generating and sales companies.
In the 21st century in Russia, the construction of power plants reaches a new level, and the era of using the combined cycle gas cycle begins. Russia is promoting the expansion of new generating capacities. On September 28, 2009, construction of the Adler Thermal Power Plant began. The station will be created on the basis of 2 power units of a combined cycle plant with a total capacity of 360 MW (thermal power - 227 Gcal/h) with an efficiency of 52%.
Modern steam-gas cycle technology provides high efficiency, low fuel consumption and a reduction in harmful emissions into the atmosphere by an average of 30% compared to traditional steam power plants. In the future, the thermal power plant should become not only a source of heat and electricity for the facilities of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, but also a significant contribution to the energy balance of Sochi and surrounding areas. The thermal power plant is included in the Program for the construction of Olympic facilities and the development of Sochi as a mountain climatic resort, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
On June 24, 2009, the first hybrid solar-gas power plant started operating in Israel. It was built from 30 solar reflectors and one “flower” tower. To maintain the system's power 24 hours a day, it can switch to a gas turbine during darkness. The installation takes up relatively little space and can operate in remote areas that are not connected to central power systems.
New technologies used in hybrid power plants are gradually spreading throughout the world, so in Turkey it is planned to build a hybrid power station that will operate simultaneously on three sources of renewable energy - wind, natural gas and solar energy.
The alternative power plant is designed so that all its components complement each other, so American experts agreed that in the future such plants have every chance of becoming competitive and supplying electricity at a reasonable price.
Definition
cooling tower
Characteristics
Classification
Combined heat and power plant
Mini-CHP device
Purpose of mini-CHP
Use of heat from mini-CHP
Fuel for mini-CHP
Mini-CHP and ecology
Gas turbine engine
Combined-cycle plant
Operating principle
Advantages
Spreading
Condensing power plant
Story
Principle of operation
Basic systems
Influence at environment
Current state
Verkhnetagilskaya GRES
Kashirskaya GRES
Pskovskaya GRES
Stavropol State District Power Plant
Smolenskaya GRES
Thermal power plant is(or thermal power station) is a power plant that generates electrical energy by converting the chemical energy of fuel into the mechanical energy of rotation of the electric generator shaft.
The main components of a thermal power plant are:
Engines - power units thermal power station
Electric generators
Heat exchangers TPP - thermal power plants
Cooling towers.
cooling tower
A cooling tower (German gradieren - to thicken a brine solution; originally cooling towers were used to extract salt by evaporation) is a device for cooling a large amount of water with a directed flow of atmospheric air. Sometimes cooling towers are also called cooling towers.
Currently, cooling towers are mainly used in circulating water supply systems for cooling heat exchangers (usually at thermal power plants, CHP plants). In civil engineering, cooling towers are used in air conditioning, for example, to cool the condensers of refrigeration units, to cool emergency power generators. In industry, cooling towers are used to cool refrigeration machines, plastic molding machines, and chemical purification of substances.
Cooling occurs due to the evaporation of part of the water when it flows in a thin film or drops along a special sprinkler, along which an air flow is supplied in the direction opposite to the movement of water. When 1% of water evaporates, the temperature of the remaining water drops by 5.48 °C.
As a rule, cooling towers are used where it is not possible to use large bodies of water (lakes, seas) for cooling. In addition, this cooling method is more environmentally friendly.
A simple and cheap alternative to cooling towers are spray ponds, where water is cooled by simple spraying.
Characteristics
The main parameter of the cooling tower is the value of irrigation density - the specific value of water consumption per 1 m² of irrigation area.
The main design parameters of cooling towers are determined by technical and economic calculations depending on the volume and temperature of the cooled water and atmospheric parameters (temperature, humidity, etc.) at the installation site.
Use of cooling towers in winter time, especially in harsh climates, can be dangerous due to the potential for freezing of the cooling tower. This happens most often in the place where frosty air comes into contact with a small amount warm water. To prevent freezing of the cooling tower and, accordingly, its failure, it is necessary to ensure uniform distribution of cooled water over the surface of the sprinkler and monitor the same density of irrigation in individual areas of the cooling tower. Blower fans are also often susceptible to icing due to improper use of the cooling tower.
Classification
Depending on the type of sprinkler, cooling towers are:
film;
drip;
splash;
By air supply method:
ventilatory (thrust is created by a fan);
tower (thrust is created using a high exhaust tower);
open (atmospheric), using the power of wind and natural convection as air moves through the sprinkler.
Fan cooling towers are the most effective from a technical point of view, as they provide deeper and higher-quality water cooling and can withstand large specific heat loads (however, they require costs electrical energy to drive fans).
Types
Boiler-turbine power plants
Condensing power plants (GRES)
Combined heat and power plants (cogeneration power plants, combined heat and power plants)
Gas turbine power plants
Power plants based on combined cycle gas plants
Power plants based on piston engines
Compression ignition (diesel)
Spark ignited
Combined cycle
Combined heat and power plant
Combined heat and power plant (CHP) is a type of thermal power plant that produces not only electricity, but is also a source of thermal energy in centralized systems heat supply (in the form of steam and hot water, including for providing hot water supply and heating of residential and industrial facilities). As a rule, a thermal power plant must operate according to a heating schedule, that is, the production of electrical energy depends on the production of thermal energy.
When placing a thermal power plant, the proximity of heat consumers in the form of hot water and steam is taken into account.
Mini-CHP
Mini-CHP is a small combined heat and power plant.
Mini-CHP device
Mini-CHPs are thermal power plants used for the joint production of electrical and thermal energy in units with a unit capacity of up to 25 MW, regardless of the type of equipment. Currently, the following installations are widely used in foreign and domestic thermal power engineering: back-pressure steam turbines, condensing steam turbines with steam extraction, gas turbine units with water or steam recovery of thermal energy, gas piston, gas-diesel and diesel units with recovery of thermal energy various systems these units. The term cogeneration plants is used as a synonym for the terms mini-CHP and CHP, but it has a broader meaning, since it involves the joint production (co - joint, generation - production) of various products, which can be both electrical and thermal energy, and and other products, such as thermal energy and carbon dioxide, electrical energy and cold, etc. In fact, the term trigeneration, which implies the production of electricity, thermal energy and cold, is also a special case of cogeneration. A distinctive feature of mini-CHP is the more economical use of fuel for the produced types of energy in comparison with conventional separate methods of their production. This is due to the fact that electricity nationwide, it is produced mainly in the condensation cycles of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, which have an electrical efficiency of 30-35% in the absence of thermal acquirer. In fact, this state of affairs is determined by the existing ratio of electrical and thermal loads settlements, their different nature of change throughout the year, as well as the inability to transfer thermal energy over long distances, unlike electrical energy.
The mini-CHP module includes a gas piston, gas turbine or diesel engine, generator electricity, a heat exchanger for recovering heat from water while cooling the engine, oil and exhaust gases. A hot water boiler is usually added to a mini-CHP to compensate for the heat load at peak times.
Purpose of mini-CHP
The main purpose of mini-CHP is to generate electrical and thermal energy from various types fuel.
The concept of constructing a mini-CHP in close proximity to to the acquirer has a number of advantages (compared to large thermal power plants):
allows you to avoid expenses to build the advantages of costly and dangerous high-voltage power lines;
losses during energy transmission are eliminated;
there is no need financial costs for execution technical specifications to connect to networks
centralized power supply;
uninterrupted supply of electricity to the purchaser;
power supply with high-quality electricity, compliance with specified voltage and frequency values;
perhaps making a profit.
IN modern world The construction of mini-CHP is gaining momentum, the advantages are obvious.
Use of heat from mini-CHP
A significant part of the energy of fuel combustion during electricity generation is thermal energy.
There are options for using heat:
direct use of thermal energy by end consumers (cogeneration);
hot water supply (DHW), heating, technological needs (steam);
partial conversion of thermal energy into cold energy (trigeneration);
the cold is generated by an absorption refrigeration machine that consumes not electrical, but thermal energy, which makes it possible to use heat quite efficiently in the summer for air conditioning or for technological needs;
Fuel for mini-CHP
Types of fuel used
gas: mains, Natural gas liquefied and other flammable gases;
liquid fuel: diesel fuel, biodiesel and other flammable liquids;
solid fuel: coal, wood, peat and other types of biofuel.
The most efficient and inexpensive fuel in Russian Federation is the main Natural gas, as well as associated gas.
Mini-CHP and ecology
The use of waste heat from power plant engines for practical purposes is distinctive feature mini-CHP and is called cogeneration (heating).
The combined production of two types of energy at mini-CHPs contributes to a much more environmentally friendly use of fuel compared to the separate generation of electricity and thermal energy at boiler plants.
Replacing boiler houses that irrationally use fuel and pollute the atmosphere of cities and towns, mini-CHPs contribute not only to significant fuel savings, but also to increasing the cleanliness of the air basin and improving the overall environmental condition.
The energy source for gas piston and gas turbine mini-CHPs is usually . Natural or associated gas, organic fuel that does not pollute the atmosphere with solid emissions
Gas turbine engine
Gas turbine engine (GTE, TRD) is a heat engine in which gas is compressed and heated, and then the energy of the compressed and heated gas is converted into mechanical energy work on the shaft of a gas turbine. Unlike a piston engine, in a gas turbine engine processes occur in a flow of moving gas.
Compressed atmospheric air from the compressor enters the combustion chamber, and fuel is supplied there, which, when burned, forms a large amount of combustion products under high pressure. Then in gas turbine the energy of gaseous combustion products is converted into mechanical energy work due to the rotation of the blades by the gas jet, part of which is spent on compressing the air in the compressor. The rest of the work is transferred to the driven unit. The work consumed by this unit is the useful work of the gas turbine engine. Gas turbine engines have the highest power density among internal combustion engines, up to 6 kW/kg.
The simplest gas turbine engine has only one turbine, which drives the compressor and at the same time is a source of useful power. This imposes restrictions on engine operating modes.
Sometimes the engine is multi-shaft. In this case, there are several turbines in series, each of which drives its own shaft. The high-pressure turbine (the first after the combustion chamber) always drives the engine compressor, and subsequent ones can drive both an external load (helicopter or ship propellers, powerful electric generators, etc.) and additional compressors of the engine itself, located in front of the main one.
The advantage of a multi-shaft engine is that each turbine operates at the optimal speed and load Advantage load driven from the shaft of a single-shaft engine, the engine's acceleration, that is, the ability to spin up quickly, would be very poor, since the turbine needs to supply power both to provide the engine with a large amount of air (power is limited by the amount of air) and to accelerate the load. With a two-shaft design, a lightweight high-pressure rotor quickly comes into operation, providing the engine with air and the low-pressure turbine with a large amount of gases for acceleration. It is also possible to use a less powerful starter for acceleration when starting only the high pressure rotor.
Combined-cycle plant
A combined cycle plant is an electricity generating station used to produce heat and electricity. Differs from steam power and gas turbine units increased efficiency.
Operating principle
A combined cycle plant consists of two separate units: steam power and gas turbine. In a gas turbine unit, the turbine is rotated by gaseous products of fuel combustion. The fuel can be either Natural gas or petroleum products. industry (fuel oil, diesel fuel). The first generator is located on the same shaft as the turbine, which generates electric current due to the rotation of the rotor. Passing through the gas turbine, the combustion products give it only part of their energy and still have a high temperature at the exit from the gas turbine. From the exit of the gas turbine, combustion products enter the steam power plant, the waste heat boiler, where water and the resulting water vapor are heated. The temperature of the combustion products is sufficient to bring the steam to the state necessary for use in a steam turbine (the flue gas temperature of about 500 degrees Celsius allows one to obtain superheated steam at a pressure of about 100 atmospheres). The steam turbine drives a second electric generator.
Advantages
Combined-cycle plants have an electrical efficiency of about 51-58%, while for separately operating steam power or gas turbine plants it fluctuates around 35-38%. This not only reduces fuel consumption, but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
Since a combined cycle plant extracts heat from combustion products more efficiently, it is possible to burn fuel at a higher high temperatures, as a result, the level of nitrogen oxide emissions into the atmosphere is lower than that of other types of installations.
Relatively low production cost.
Spreading
Despite the fact that the advantages of the steam-gas cycle were first proven back in the 1950s by the Soviet academician Khristianovich, this type of power generating installations was not widely used. Russian Federation wide application. Several experimental CCGT units were built in the USSR. An example is the power units with a capacity of 170 MW at the Nevinnomysskaya GRES and 250 MW at the Moldavskaya GRES. IN last years V Russian Federation A number of powerful combined cycle power units were put into operation. Among them:
2 power units with a capacity of 450 MW each at the North-Western Thermal Power Plant in St. Petersburg;
1 power unit with a capacity of 450 MW at the Kaliningrad CHPP-2;
1 CCGT unit with a capacity of 220 MW at Tyumen CHPP-1;
2 CCGT units with a capacity of 450 MW at CHPP-27 and 1 CCPP at CHPP-21 in Moscow;
1 CCGT unit with a capacity of 325 MW at Ivanovskaya GRES;
2 power units with a capacity of 39 MW each at Sochi TPP
As of September 2008, several CCPPs are in various stages of design or construction in the Russian Federation.
In Europe and the USA, similar installations operate at most thermal power plants.
Condensing power plant
A condensing power plant (CPP) is a thermal power plant that produces only electrical energy. Historically, it received the name “GRES” - state district power plant. Over time, the term “GRES” has lost its original meaning (“district”) and in the modern sense means, as a rule, a high-capacity condensing power plant (CPP) (thousands of MW), operating in the unified energy system along with other large power plants. However, it should be taken into account that not all stations with the abbreviation “GRES” in their names are condensing stations; some of them operate as combined heat and power plants.
Story
The first GRES Elektroperedacha, today's GRES-3, was built near Moscow in Elektrogorsk in 1912-1914. on the initiative of engineer R. E. Klasson. The main fuel is peat, power is 15 MW. In the 1920s, the GOELRO plan provided for the construction of several thermal power plants, among which the Kashirskaya State District Power Plant is the most famous.
Principle of operation
Water, heated in a steam boiler to the state of superheated steam (520-565 degrees Celsius), rotates a steam turbine that drives a turbogenerator.
Excess heat is released into the atmosphere (nearby bodies of water) through condensing units, in contrast to cogeneration power plants, which release excess heat for the needs of nearby objects (for example, heating houses).
A condensing power plant typically operates according to the Rankine cycle.
Basic systems
IES is a complex energy complex consisting of buildings, structures, energy and other equipment, pipelines, fittings, instrumentation and automation. The main IES systems are:
boiler plant;
steam turbine plant;
fuel economy;
system for ash and slag removal, flue gas purification;
electrical part;
technical water supply (to remove excess heat);
chemical cleaning and water treatment system.
When designing and constructing a CES, its systems are located in buildings and structures of the complex, primarily in the main building. When operating IES, the personnel managing the systems, as a rule, are united in workshops (boiler-turbine, electrical, fuel supply, chemical water treatment, thermal automation, etc.).
The boiler plant is located in the boiler room of the main building. In the southern regions of the Russian Federation, the boiler installation may be open, that is, without walls and a roof. The installation consists of steam boilers (steam generators) and steam pipelines. Steam from the boilers is transferred to the turbines through live steam lines. Steam lines of various boilers, as a rule, are not connected by cross connections. This type of scheme is called a “block” scheme.
The steam turbine unit is located in the machine room and in the deaerator (bunker-deaerator) compartment of the main building. It includes:
steam turbines with an electric generator on the same shaft;
a condenser in which the steam that has passed through the turbine is condensed to form water (condensate);
condensate and feed pumps that ensure the return of condensate (feed water) to steam boilers;
low and high pressure recuperative heaters (LHP and PHH) - heat exchangers in which feed water is heated by steam extraction from the turbine;
deaerator (also used as HDPE), in which water is purified from gaseous impurities;
pipelines and auxiliary systems.
The fuel economy has a different composition depending on the main fuel for which the IES is designed. For coal-fired CPPs, the fuel economy includes:
defrosting device (the so-called “heathouse” or “shed”) for thawing coal in open gondola cars;
unloading device (usually a car dumper);
a coal warehouse serviced by a grab crane or a special reloading machine;
crushing plant for preliminary grinding of coal;
conveyors for moving coal;
aspiration systems, blocking and other auxiliary systems;
dust preparation system, including ball, roller, or hammer coal grinding mills.
The dust preparation system, as well as coal bunkers, are located in the bunker-deaerator compartment of the main building, the remaining fuel supply devices are located outside the main building. Occasionally, a central dust plant is set up. The coal warehouse is designed for 7-30 days of continuous operation of the IES. Some fuel supply devices are redundant.
The fuel economy of IES using Natural gas is the simplest: it includes a gas distribution point and gas pipelines. However, at such power plants, it is used as a backup or seasonal source. fuel oil, so a fuel oil business is being set up. Fuel oil facilities are also built at coal-fired power plants, where they are used to fire boilers. The fuel oil industry includes:
receiving and draining device;
fuel oil storage facility with steel or reinforced concrete tanks;
fuel oil pumping station with fuel oil heaters and filters;
pipelines with shut-off and control valves;
fire and other auxiliary systems.
The ash and slag removal system is installed only at coal-fired power plants. Both ash and slag are non-combustible residues of coal, but the slag is formed directly in the boiler furnace and is removed through a tap hole (a hole in the slag shaft), and the ash is carried away with the flue gases and is captured at the boiler exit. Ash particles are significantly smaller in size (about 0.1 mm) than slag pieces (up to 60 mm). Ash removal systems can be hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical. The most common system of recirculating hydraulic ash and slag removal consists of flushing devices, channels, tank pumps, slurry pipelines, ash and slag dumps, pumping stations and clarified water conduits.
The release of flue gases into the atmosphere is the most dangerous impact of a thermal power plant on the environment. Filters are installed after the blower fans to collect ash from flue gases. various types(cyclones, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, bag fabric filters) that retain 90-99% of solid particles. However, they are not suitable for cleaning smoke from harmful gases. Abroad, and recently in domestic power plants(including gas and fuel oil), install systems for gas desulfurization with lime or limestone (so-called deSOx) and catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia (deNOx). The purified flue gas is emitted by a smoke exhauster into a chimney, the height of which is determined from the conditions for the dispersion of remaining harmful impurities in the atmosphere.
The electrical part of the IES is intended for the production of electrical energy and its distribution to consumers. IES generators create a three-phase electric current with a voltage of usually 6-24 kV. Since energy losses in networks decrease significantly with increasing voltage, transformers are installed immediately after the generators, increasing the voltage to 35, 110, 220, 500 kV and more. Transformers are installed outdoors. Part of the electrical energy is spent on the power plant’s own needs. Connection and disconnection of power lines extending to substations and consumers is carried out on open or closed distribution devices(OSU, ZRU), equipped with switches capable of connecting and breaking a high voltage electrical circuit without the formation of an electric arc.
The technical water supply system supplies a large amount of cold water to cool the turbine condensers. Systems are divided into direct-flow, circulating and mixed. In once-through systems, water is pumped from a natural source (usually a river) and discharged back after passing through a condenser. In this case, the water heats up by approximately 8-12 °C, which in some cases changes the biological state of reservoirs. IN circulating systems The water circulates under the influence of circulation pumps and is cooled by air. Cooling can be carried out on the surface of cooling reservoirs or in artificial structures: spray pools or cooling towers.
In low-water areas, instead of a technical water supply system, air-condensation systems (dry cooling towers) are used, which are an air radiator with natural or artificial draft. This decision is usually forced, since they are more expensive and less efficient in terms of cooling.
The chemical water treatment system provides chemical purification and deep desalting of water entering steam boilers and steam turbines to avoid deposits on the internal surfaces of equipment. Typically, filters, tanks and reagent facilities for water treatment are located in the auxiliary building of the IES. In addition, multi-stage cleaning systems are being created at thermal power plants. Wastewater contaminated with petroleum products, oils, equipment washing and rinsing water, storm and melt runoff.
Environmental impact
Impact on the atmosphere. When burning fuel, a large amount of oxygen is consumed, and a significant amount of combustion products is also released, such as fly ash, gaseous sulfur oxides of nitrogen, some of which have high chemical activity.
Impact on the hydrosphere. Primarily the discharge of water from turbine condensers, as well as industrial wastewater.
Impact on the lithosphere. Disposal of large masses of ash requires a lot of space. These pollution are reduced by the use of ash and slag as building materials.
Current state
Currently in the Russian Federation there are standard GRES with a capacity of 1000-1200, 2400, 3600 MW and several unique ones; units of 150, 200, 300, 500, 800 and 1200 MW are used. Among them are the following state district power plants (part of OGK):
Verkhnetagilskaya GRES - 1500 MW;
Iriklinskaya GRES - 2430 MW;
Kashirskaya GRES - 1910 MW;
Nizhnevartovskaya GRES - 1600 MW;
Permskaya GRES - 2400 MW;
Urengoyskaya GRES - 24 MW.
Pskovskaya GRES - 645 MW;
Serovskaya GRES - 600 MW;
Stavropol State District Power Plant - 2400 MW;
Surgutskaya GRES-1 - 3280 MW;
Troitskaya GRES - 2060 MW.
Gusinoozerskaya GRES - 1100 MW;
Kostroma State District Power Plant - 3600 MW;
Pechora State District Power Plant - 1060 MW;
Kharanorskaya GRES - 430 MW;
Cherepetskaya GRES - 1285 MW;
Yuzhnouralskaya GRES - 882 MW.
Berezovskaya GRES - 1500 MW;
Smolenskaya GRES - 630 MW;
Surgutskaya GRES-2 - 4800 MW;
Shaturskaya GRES - 1100 MW;
Yaivinskaya GRES - 600 MW.
Konakovskaya GRES - 2400 MW;
Nevinnomysskaya GRES - 1270 MW;
Reftinskaya GRES - 3800 MW;
Sredneuralskaya GRES - 1180 MW.
Kirishskaya GRES - 2100 MW;
Krasnoyarskaya GRES-2 - 1250 MW;
Novocherkasskaya GRES - 2400 MW;
Ryazanskaya GRES (units No. 1-6 - 2650 MW and block No. 7 (former GRES-24, which was included in the Ryazanskaya GRES - 310 MW) - 2960 MW;
Cherepovetskaya GRES - 630 MW.
Verkhnetagilskaya GRES
Verkhnetagilskaya GRES is a thermal power plant in Verkhny Tagil ( Sverdlovsk region), working as part of OGK-1. In service since May 29, 1956.
The station includes 11 power units electrical power 1497 MW and thermal - 500 Gcal/h. Station fuel: Natural gas (77%), coal(23%). The number of personnel is 1119 people.
Construction of the station with a design capacity of 1600 MW began in 1951. The purpose of the construction was to provide thermal and electrical energy to the Novouralsk Electrochemical Plant. In 1964, the power plant reached its design capacity.
In order to improve the heat supply to the cities of Verkhny Tagil and Novouralsk, the following stations were built:
Four condensing turbine units K-100-90 (VK-100-5) LMZ were replaced with heating turbines T-88/100-90/2.5.
On TG-2,3,4 network heaters of the PSG-2300-8-11 type are installed to heat network water in the Novouralsk heat supply circuit.
Network heaters are installed on TG-1.4 for heat supply to Verkhny Tagil and the industrial site.
All work was carried out according to the project of the Central Clinical Hospital.
On the night of January 3-4, 2008, an accident occurred at Surgutskaya GRES-2: a partial collapse of the roof over the sixth power unit with a capacity of 800 MW led to the shutdown of two power units. The situation was complicated by the fact that another power unit (No. 5) was under repair: As a result, power units No. 4, 5, 6 were stopped. This accident was localized by January 8. All this time, the state district power station worked in a particularly intense mode.
It is planned to build two new power units (fuel - Natural gas) by 2010 and 2013, respectively.
There is a problem of emissions into the environment at GRES. OGK-1 signed a contract with the Energy Engineering Center of the Urals for 3.068 million rubles, which provides for the development of a project for the reconstruction of the boiler at the Verkhnetagilskaya State District Power Plant, which will lead to a reduction in emissions to comply with ELV standards.
Kashirskaya GRES
Kashirskaya State District Power Plant named after G. M. Krzhizhanovsky in the city of Kashira, Moscow region, on the banks of the Oka.
A historical station, built under the personal supervision of V.I. Lenin according to the GOELRO plan. At the time of commissioning, the 12 MW station was the second largest power plant in Europe.
The station was built according to the GOELRO plan, construction was carried out under the personal supervision of V.I. Lenin. It was built in 1919-1922, for construction on the site of the village of Ternovo, the workers' settlement of Novokashirsk was erected. Launched on June 4, 1922, it became one of the first Soviet regional thermal power plants.
Pskovskaya GRES
Pskovskaya GRES is a state-owned regional power plant, located 4.5 kilometers from the urban-type settlement of Dedovichi, the regional center of the Pskov region, on the left bank of the Shelon River. Since 2006, it has been a branch of OJSC OGK-2.
High-voltage power lines connect the Pskov State District Power Plant with Belarus, Latvia and Lithuania. The parent organization considers this an advantage: there is a channel for exporting energy resources that is actively used.
The installed capacity of the GRES is 430 MW, it includes two highly maneuverable power units of 215 MW each. These power units were built and put into operation in 1993 and 1996. Original advantage The first stage included the construction of three power units.
The main type of fuel is Natural gas, it enters the station through a branch of the main export gas pipeline. The power units were originally designed to operate on milled peat; they were reconstructed according to the VTI project for combustion Natural gas.
The cost of electricity for own needs is 6.1%.
Stavropol State District Power Plant
Stavropol State District Power Plant is a thermal power plant of the Russian Federation. Located in the city of Solnechnodolsk, Stavropol Territory.
Loading the power plant allows for the export of electricity abroad: to Georgia and Azerbaijan. At the same time, it is guaranteed that flows in the backbone electrical network of the United Energy System of the South will be maintained at acceptable levels.
Part of the Wholesale Generating Company organizations No. 2 (JSC OGK-2).
The cost of electricity for the station’s own needs is 3.47%.
The main fuel of the station is Natural gas, but the station can use fuel oil as a backup and emergency fuel. Fuel balance as of 2008: gas - 97%, fuel oil - 3%.
Smolenskaya GRES
Smolenskaya GRES is a thermal power plant of the Russian Federation. Part of the Wholesale Generating Company companies No. 4 (JSC OGK-4) since 2006.
On January 12, 1978, the first unit of the state district power station was put into operation, the design of which began in 1965, and construction in 1970. The station is located in the village of Ozerny, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk region. Initially, it was intended to use peat as fuel, but due to the delay in the construction of peat mining enterprises, other types of fuel were used (Moscow region coal, Inta coal, shale, Khakass coal). A total of 14 types of fuel were changed. Since 1985 it has been finally established that energy will be obtained from Natural gas and coal.
The current installed capacity of the state district power plant is 630 MW.
Sources
Ryzhkin V. Ya. Thermal power stations. Ed. V. Ya. Girshfeld. Textbook for universities. 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1987. - 328 p.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/
Investor Encyclopedia. 2013 .
Synonyms: Synonym dictionarythermal power plant- — EN heat and power station Power station which produces both electricity and hot water for the local population. A CHP (Combined Heat and Power Station) plant may operate on almost … Technical Translator's Guide
thermal power plant- šiluminė elektrinė statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: engl. heat power plant; steam power plant vok. Wärmekraftwerk, n rus. thermal power plant, f; thermal power plant, f pranc. centrale électrothermique, f; centrale thermal, f; usine… … Fizikos terminų žodynas
thermal power plant- thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant, thermal power plant,... ... Forms of words - and; and. An enterprise that produces electrical energy and heat... encyclopedic Dictionary
The very first central power plant, the Pearl Street, was commissioned on September 4, 1882 in New York City. The station was built with the support of the Edison Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas Edison. Several Edison generators with a total capacity of over 500 kW were installed on it. The station supplied electricity to an entire area of New York with an area of about 2.5 square kilometers. The station burned to the ground in 1890; only one dynamo survived, which is now in the Greenfield Village Museum, Michigan.
On September 30, 1882, the first hydroelectric power plant, the Vulcan Street in Wisconsin, began operation. The author of the project was G.D. Rogers, head of the Appleton Paper & Pulp Company. A generator with a power of approximately 12.5 kW was installed at the station. There was enough electricity to power Rogers' home and his two paper mills.
Gloucester Road Power Station. Brighton was one of the first cities in Britain to have an uninterrupted power supply. In 1882, Robert Hammond founded the Hammond Electric Light Company, and on 27 February 1882 he opened the Gloucester Road Power Station. The station consisted of a brush dynamo, which was used to drive sixteen arc lamps. In 1885, Gloucester Power Station was purchased by the Brighton Electric Light Company. Later on this territory was built new station, consisting of three brush dynamos with 40 lamps.
Winter Palace Power Plant
In 1886, in one of the courtyards of the New Hermitage, which has since been called Elektrodvor, a power plant was built according to the design of the palace management technician, Vasily Leontievich Pashkov. This power plant was the largest in all of Europe for 15 years.
Turbine room of the power plant in the Winter Palace. 1901
Initially, candles were used to illuminate the Winter Palace, and from 1861 gas lamps began to be used. However, the obvious advantages of electric lamps prompted specialists to look for possibilities of replacing gas lighting in the buildings of the Winter Palace and the adjacent Hermitage buildings.
Engineer Vasily Leontievich Pashkov proposed, as an experiment, using electricity to illuminate palace halls during Christmas and New Year's holidays 1885.
On November 9, 1885, the project to build an “electricity factory” was approved by Emperor Alexander III. The project provided for the electrification of the Winter Palace, the Hermitage buildings, the courtyard and the surrounding area over three years until 1888.
The work was entrusted to Vasily Pashkov. To eliminate the possibility of vibration of the building from the operation of steam engines, the power plant was located in a separate pavilion made of glass and metal. It was located in the second courtyard of the Hermitage, since then called “Electric”.
The station building occupied an area of 630 m² and consisted of an engine room with 6 boilers, 4 steam engines and 2 locomotives and a room with 36 electric dynamos. The total power reached 445 hp. The first to illuminate part of the ceremonial rooms were the Antechamber, Petrovsky, Great Field Marshal's, Armorial, and St. George's halls, and external illumination was arranged. Three lighting modes were proposed: full (holiday) to be turned on five times a year (4888 incandescent lamps and 10 Yablochkov candles); working – 230 incandescent lamps; duty (night) - 304 incandescent lamps. The station consumed about 30 thousand poods (520 tons) of coal per year.
The main supplier of electrical equipment was Siemens and Halske, the largest electrical company of that time.
The power plant network was constantly expanding and by 1893 it already amounted to 30 thousand incandescent lamps and 40 arc lamps. Not only the buildings of the palace complex were illuminated, but also Palace Square and the buildings located on it.
The creation of the Winter Palace power plant has become a clear example of the possibility of creating a powerful and economical source of electricity that can power a large number of consumers.
The electrical lighting system of the Winter Palace and Hermitage buildings was switched to the city power grid after 1918. And the building of the Winter Palace power station existed until 1945, after which it was dismantled.
On July 16, 1886, the industrial and commercial Electric Lighting Society was registered in St. Petersburg. This date is generally considered to be the founding date of the first Russian energy system. Among the founders were Siemens and Halske, Deutsche Bank and Russian bankers. Since 1900, the company has been called the Electric Lighting Society of 1886. The purpose of the company was designated according to the interests of the main founder, Karl Fedorovich Siemens: “For lighting streets, factories, factories, shops and all kinds of other places and premises with electricity” [Charter..., 1886, p. 3]. The company had several branches in different cities of the country and made a very large contribution to the development of the electrical sector of the Russian economy.
The majority of the population of Russia and other countries former USSR It is known that large-scale electrification of the country is associated with the implementation of the State Electrification of Russia (GoElRo) plan adopted in 1920.
In fairness, it should be noted that the development of this plan dates back to the time before the First World War, which, in fact, then prevented its adoption.
