Natural and social division of labor. natural division of labor natural division of labor
34. Nonlinear dependence in functional relationships between:
¨ constant price and gross income
¨ the number of products produced and wages
þ price and demand for goods
¨ productivity of equipment and output of products in the hours worked by them
þ interest rate and amount of deposits
35. The sequence of phases of the reproduction process:
1. production
2. distribution
4. redistribution
5. consumption
36. The division of labor is characterized by:
þ isolation of various species labor activity
separation of the worker from the means of production
¨ combining various types of labor activity
¨ separation of objects of labor from means of labor
þ focusing on some types of work and rejecting others
37. The natural division of labor is the separation of types of labor activity, due to:
¨ the nature of the means of production used
¨ established economic relations
¨ natural and climatic factors
þ gender identity of workers
¨ using certain types of technology
þ age structure of employed
38. The technical division of labor is predetermined by:
¨ obtaining economic benefits
þ the nature of the means of production used
¨ separation of labor activity by gender and age
¨ the need to improve technology
þ types of equipment and technologies used
39. The social division of labor follows from:
¨ natural and climatic conditions of production
¨ sex and age structure of the population
¨ technical parameters of the equipment used
þ economic interest economic entities
þ from conditions economic activity
40. Territorial division of labor:
¨ specialization and cooperation of labor within the enterprise
þ regional division of labor
þ regional division of labor
þ international division of labor
¨ industry differentiation
41. The division of labor causes growth:
¨ labor intensity
þ labor productivity
¨ production costs
¨ unit cost
þ production volumes
42. The decisive prerequisites for commodity production are:
þ division of labor
¨ the appearance of money
¨ striving for enrichment
¨ the desire to expand the satisfaction of their needs
þ segregation of property
43. Commodity circulation is characterized by the following form of exchange:
44. Differentiation is a form of division of labor in which:
¨ there is a concentration of means of production and work force
þ there is a division of previously unified production into independent activities
¨ there is an expansion of the range of products
¨ there is a replacement of universal tools with specialized
þ there is a separation of certain types of activities
45. Specialization differs from differentiation in that it is characterized by:
¨ increase in the range of products manufactured by the enterprise
þ concentration of the enterprise's efforts on the production of a narrow range of products
¨ penetration into new areas and areas of production
¨ use of universal equipment
þ use of specialized equipment
46. With industrial diversification, there is no place:
þ socialization of production
¨ release of new products
¨ increased competition
¨ improving the satisfaction of society's needs
þ Expansion of the range of manufactured products at the expense of already known products
47. Market diversification is characterized by:
þ acquisitions and mergers with other enterprises in order to expand the offered goods and services
¨ the release of fundamentally new products
¨ improving the market structure
¨ acceleration scientific and technological progress
þ strengthening of monopolistic tendencies
48. The development of a single division of labor into a private one is due to all of the following, except:
þ pegging the output of finished products
¨ increase in the design and technological commonality of manufactured products
¨ increasing role of exchange value
þ differentiation of production within large areas of economic activity
¨ the emergence of intersectoral productions, assemblies, parts and components
49. The basis of the new trend for the further development of the general division of labor is:
þ integration into a single complex of previously independent industries
¨ development of intersectoral production
¨ the growing role of consumers of the cost of goods
¨ use of partial products in a wide range of finished products
¨ separation of new types of industries and industries
50. Does NOT apply to the process of socialization of labor:
¨ expansion of the scale of exchange of direct labor activity
¨ involvement in a single social labor process of various types of labor activity
¨ expansion of labor cooperation within the enterprise
þ separation of various types of labor activity
þ industry differentiation
51. Economic relations of ownership are characterized by:
¨ using legal norms
þ relations between people about things, goods
¨ the relationship of people to things, goods
¨ relationships between means and objects of labor
þ assignment relations
52. Legal relations property does not include:
¨ people's attitudes towards things, goods
¨ Legislated legal norms
¨ inheritance and will relations
þ assignment relations
þ relationships between people mediated by things
53. The ratio of use in its economic content expresses:
¨ the use by a person of benefits that do not belong to him
þ the process of human interaction with the means of production
¨ appropriation of goods created by others
¨ alienation of property of others
54. The unity of the relations of ownership and disposal in their economic content takes place when:
¨ the entrepreneur uses means of production that do not belong to him
¨ the owner allows the use of his goods
þ the business executive and the owner are personified in the same person
the worker is separated from the means of production
þ the owner and employee are personified in the same person
55. The relations of appropriation and use in their economic content are not isolated from each other:
¨ when using slave labor
þ when the employee and the owner are personified in the same person
¨ when hiring employees by an entrepreneur
¨ when using labor rent
þ in peasant economy
56. When renting land, the owner assigns rent, based on the relationship:
þ ownership
¨ orders
¨ use
¨ disposal and use
57. The most general definition of economic property relations is ...
¨ way of connecting the worker with the means of production
þ the totality of production relations in society
¨ participation of employees in production management
¨ exchange relations
þ system of economic transactions
58. Forms of private property:
þ individual
¨ collective
þ partnership
þ corporate
¨ state
¨ municipal
59. Forms of public property:
¨ individual
þ state
þ municipal
¨ cooperative
þ collective
¨ corporate
60. Sole form of ownership:
þ an enterprise where the owner and members of his family work
¨ an enterprise created on a share basis
¨ an enterprise whose capital is represented by a block of shares
¨ international enterprise
þ an enterprise owned by a single owner and using hired labor
61. The concept of a partnership form of ownership corresponds to:
¨ an enterprise whose property belongs to its employees
þ an enterprise based on shared ownership up to a certain amount of capital
¨ an enterprise based on the free sale of its shares
¨ enterprises connected by exchange relations
þ society with limited liability
62. The corporate form of ownership is associated with:
¨ with a limited number of participants joint-stock company
¨ with the obligatory participation in the capital of the employees of the enterprise
¨ with the unification of enterprises due to mutual deliveries of products through cooperation
þ with free sale of company shares
þ with an unlimited number of shareholders of the enterprise
63. Provisions that are NOT common to affiliate and collective forms property:
¨ participation in the ownership of a share of the capital of the enterprise
¨ the possibility of attracting a third-party manager
þ the indispensability of participation in the capital of the enterprise of its employees
¨ the possibility of cooperation with enterprises of other forms of ownership
þ the impossibility of the employee to withdraw his share of the capital in the event of his dismissal
general characteristics market
64. Provisions that are NOT common to the collective and corporate forms property:
¨ termination of activity in connection with the closure, bankruptcy of the enterprise
¨ all property works as a single social capital
¨ the possibility of assigning dividends to shares
þ shares (shares) of the enterprise are distributed only among the employees of the enterprise
þ shares of the enterprise are distributed without restrictions
65. Products, in the conditions of commodity production, are produced for the purpose of:
¨ meeting the needs of the commodity producer
¨ donating it to others
¨ distribution between production participants
þ exchange for other goods
þ cost recovery and profit
66. When characterizing market structures are of decisive importance:
þ number of firms
þ conditions for entering and exiting the industry
þ degree of control over the price
¨ level of production specialization
¨ the degree of freedom to choose a partner in the production of products
¨ the achieved level of development of cooperation ties
67. To characterize the markets for factors of production, the main criterion is:
¨ market saturation level
þ economic purpose products
68. When identifying market models, the main criterion is:
þ degree of market competitiveness
¨ market saturation level
¨ degree of compliance with laws
þ degree of influence of the manufacturer on the price
69. When classifying markets into legal and illegal, the main criterion is:
¨ the degree of market competition
¨ economic purpose of objects of market relations
¨ market saturation level
þ degree of compliance with laws
¨ territorial (geographical) attribute
70. When classifying markets into local, regional, national, global, the main criteria are:
¨ the degree of market competition
¨ market saturation level
¨ degree of compliance with laws
þ territorial (geographical) feature
þ the scale of the spatial coverage of exchange relations
71. When classifying markets into scarce, surplus and equilibrium, the main criterion is:
¨ the degree of market competition
¨ economic purpose of objects of market relations
þ level of market saturation
¨ degree of compliance with laws
¨ territorial (geographical) attribute
þ degree of gap between supply and demand
72. In the market of factors of production (resources), the object of sale and purchase is:
þ securities
¨ consumer products
þ land and other natural resources
Food
¨ consumer goods durable
73. Price forms corresponding to the cost of resources and goods:
price ↔ goods and services
wage↔ labor
rent ↔ land
interest ↔ capital
74. Market infrastructure does NOT include:
¨ commodity exchange
þ state budget
¨ banks and credit institutions
¨ labor exchanges
75. For market model perfect competition characteristic:
þ many small firms
þ very easy conditions for entering the industry
þ lack of control over the price
¨ varying degrees of availability of market information
¨ leadership in prices
76. Market patterns imperfect competition:
þ oligopoly
¨ pure competition
þ monopsony
¨ capital centralization
¨ production concentration
77. Type of market where there is only one seller:
¨ oligopoly
þ monopoly
¨ monopsony
¨ pure competition
78. Type of market with two to 24 sellers:
þ oligopoly
¨ monopoly
¨ monopsony
¨ pure competition
79. Type of market in which only one enterprise acts as a buyer:
¨monopolistic competition
¨ oligopoly
¨ monopoly
þ monopsony
¨ pure competition
80. Type of market in which more than 25 to 50 enterprises operate:
þ monopolistic competition
¨ oligopoly
¨ monopoly
¨ monopsony
¨ pure competition
At the core economic development lies the creation of nature itself - the division of functions between people, based on age, sex, physical, physiological and other characteristics. The mechanism of economic cooperation assumes that some group or individual focuses on the performance of a strictly defined type of work, while others are engaged in other types of activities.
There are several definitions of the division of labor. Here are just a few of them.
Division of labor- this is a historical process of isolation, consolidation, modification of certain types of activity, which takes place in social forms of differentiation and implementation of various types of labor activity. The division of labor in society is constantly changing, and the very system of various types of labor activity is becoming more and more complex, since the labor process itself is becoming more complex and deepening.
division of labor(or specialization) is the principle of organizing production in the economy, according to which an individual is engaged in the production of a separate good. Thanks to the operation of this principle, with a limited amount of resources, people can get much more benefits than if everyone would provide himself with everything he needs.
There is also a division of labor in a broad and narrow sense(according to K. Marx).
In a broad sense division of labor- a system of different in their characteristics and at the same time interacting with each other types of labor, production functions, occupations in general or their combinations, as well as the system of social relations between them. The empirical diversity of occupations is considered by economic statistics, labor economics, sectoral economic sciences, demography, etc. The territorial, including international, division of labor is described by economic geography. To determine the correlation of various production functions from the point of view of their material result, K. Marx preferred to use the term "distribution of labor".
In a narrow sense division of labor is the social division of labor human activity in her social entity which, in contrast to specialization, is a historically transient social relation. The specialization of labor is the division of the types of labor according to the object, which directly expresses the progress of the productive forces and contributes to it. The diversity of such species corresponds to the degree of development of nature by man and grows along with his development. However, in class formations, specialization does not take place as a specialization of integral activities, since it is itself influenced by the social division of labor. The latter divides human activity into such partial functions and operations, each of which in itself no longer has the nature of activity and does not act as a way for a person to reproduce it. social relations, his culture, his spiritual wealth and himself as a person. These partial functions lack their own meaning and logic; their necessity appears only as requirements imposed on them from the outside by the system of division of labor. Such is the division of material and spiritual (mental and physical), executive and managerial labor, practical and ideological functions, etc. An expression of the social division of labor is the separation of material production, science, art, etc., as separate spheres, as well as the division themselves. The division of labor historically inevitably grows to a class division.
Due to the fact that the members of society began to specialize in the production of certain goods, professions- individual activities associated with the production of a good.
But the division of labor does not at all mean that in our imaginary society one person will be engaged in one kind of production. It may turn out that several people will have to deal with separate view production, or so that one person will be engaged in the production of several goods.
Why? It's all about the ratio of the size of the population's need for a particular benefit and the productivity of a particular profession. If one fisherman can catch in a day just enough fish for all members of the society, then there will be just one fisherman in this economy. But if one hunter from the mentioned tribe cannot shoot quails for everyone and his work will not be enough to satisfy the needs of all members of the economy in quails, then several people will go hunting at once. Or, for example, if one potter can produce so many pots that society cannot consume, then he will have extra time that he can use to produce some other good, such as spoons or plates.
Thus, the degree of "division" of labor depends on the size of society. For a certain population (that is, for a certain composition and size of needs), there is its own optimal structure of occupations, in which the product produced by different manufacturers, will be just enough for all members, and all products will be produced at the lowest possible cost. With an increase in the population, this optimal structure of occupations will change, the number of producers of those goods that have already been produced by an individual will increase, and those types of production that were previously entrusted to one person will be entrusted to different people.
In the history of the economy, the process of division of labor went through several stages, differing in the degree of specialization of individual members of society in the production of a particular good.
The division of labor is usually divided into several types, depending on the characteristics by which it is carried out.
Natural division of labor: the process of separating the types of labor activity according to gender and age.
Technical division of labor: determined by the nature of the means of production used, primarily machinery and technology.
Social division of labor: the natural and technical division of labor, taken in their interaction and in unity with economic factors, under the influence of which there is an isolation, differentiation of various types of labor activity.
In addition, the social division of labor includes 2 more subspecies: sectoral and territorial. Sectoral division of labor is predetermined by the conditions of production, the nature of the raw materials used, technology, equipment and the product being manufactured. Territorial division of labor- this is the spatial distribution of various types of labor activity. Its development is predetermined both by differences in natural and climatic conditions and by economic factors.
Under geographical division of labor we understand the spatial form of the social division of labor. A necessary condition for the geographical division of labor is that different countries(or districts) worked for each other, so that the result of labor would be transported from one place to another, so that there would be a gap between the place of production and the place of consumption.
Under the conditions of a commodity society, the geographical division of labor necessarily implies the transfer of products from economy to economy, i.e. exchange, trade, but under these conditions, exchange is only a sign for "recognizing" the presence of a geographical division of labor, but not its "essence".
There are 3 forms of social division of labor:
The general division of labor is characterized by the isolation large births(areas) of activity that differ from each other by the shaping of the product.
The private division of labor is the process of separating individual industries within the framework of large branches of production.
The individual division of labor characterizes the isolation of the production of individual components of finished products, as well as the allocation of individual technological operations.
Differentiation consists in the process of isolation of individual industries, due to the specifics of the means of production, technology and labor used.
Specialization is based on differentiation, but it develops on the basis of focusing efforts on a narrow range of manufactured products.
Universalization is the opposite of specialization. It is based on the production and sale of a wide range of goods and services.
Diversification is the expansion of the range of products.
The first and main statement put forward by A. Smith, which determines the greatest progress in the development of the productive power of labor and a significant share of the art, skill and ingenuity with which it (progress) is directed and applied, is a consequence of the division of labor. The division of labor is the most important and unacceptable condition for the progress in the development of productive forces, the development of the economy of any state, any society. A. Smith gives the simplest example of the division of labor in small and large enterprises (manufactory in his contemporary society) - elementary production pins. A worker who is not trained in this industry and who does not know how to handle the machines used in it (the impetus for the invention of machines was given precisely by the division of labor) can hardly make one pin a day. With the organization that exists in such production, it is necessary to subdivide the profession into a number of specialties, each of which is a separate occupation. One worker pulls the wire, the other straightens it, the third one cuts it, the fourth one sharpens the end, the fifth one grinds it to fit the head, the manufacture of which requires two or three more independent operations, in addition, its nozzle, polishing the pin itself, packing the finished product. Thus, labor in the production of pins is divided into a multi-stage series of operations, and, depending on the organization of production and the size of the enterprise, they can be performed individually (one worker - one operation), or combined into 2 - 3 (one worker - 2 - 3 operations). ). Using this simplest example, A. Smith affirms the undoubted priority of such a division of labor over the labor of a lone worker. 10 workers worked out 48,000 pins a day, while one is capable of 20 pieces at a high voltage. The division of labor in any trade, no matter how much it is introduced, causes an increase in the productivity of labor. Further development(up to the present day) production in any sector of the economy was the clearest confirmation of the "discovery" of A. Smith.
The natural division of labor, as the basis for organizing the entire life of society, is a fundamental feature of all classless societies based on social ownership of the means of production. How and why does it take shape in a commune?
Social relations are established as a consequence of production relations, and the latter must, if they are not in conflict, correspond to the level and nature of the productive forces existing in society. The natural division of labor, and in the commune labor and social relations are a single whole, is established as a necessary condition for the education of a worker in a developed automated production, as the growth of a producer into a comprehensively developed personality, which is a requirement based on equal treatment of common means of production as a result of equal use them for the general purposes of providing material needs with unlimited possibilities for the development of all the natural abilities of people in the common interest. The comprehensive development of each is a condition for the development of all, a condition for the possibility of conducting life in automated production. This is not the desire of people to develop on their own for their own sake, but a necessary condition for the organization of labor in the conditions of such production. There is no need to first cultivate in people some kind of special consciousness, a conscious attitude towards work, social order, since this consciousness is spontaneously established by the very way of life in the commune: social consciousness is determined by social being. Other is impossible.
Already today, the training of specialists in universities, colleges, schools, in isolation from the existing production in which a trained specialist will work, is ineffective, scholastic, taking up a lot of study time for knowledge that he does not need and does not form it in the specifics of his future work. The specialist comprehends the invaluable experience and knowledge of the enterprise already in the process of direct work chaotically, spontaneously, intuitively, partially and unsystematically. The loss of experience and knowledge accumulated by the enterprise is irreplaceable.
The commune puts the process of educating workers on the most effective level. Combining the upbringing of communards in the conditions of a functioning commune, directly in production with the parallel simultaneous supply of knowledge to them by their own and invited from outside highly qualified specialists in various fields of knowledge, well-known figures in science, culture and teams using Internet webinars, systemic educational and popular science films, excursions and trainings at the best industry facilities – creates the most modern foundation education of communards throughout life.
In a naturally and consistently occurring process of education, people go through certain age levels of formation. Most people under normal conditions go through the following stages: nursery - Kindergarten – elementary School – high school- University - production (training) - scientific work. Each period of education has its own age, its own age group. In the army, with the natural growth of a soldier, the age division associated with upbringing, education, experience, and knowledge is also clearly visible. Such a division into periods of education and labor, connected with the age of people, establishes the natural division of labor, i.e., which develops naturally, in the course of education, with age.
The commune uses automated high-tech production, which requires great knowledge, experience and skills, which is associated with severe consequences of accidents and losses from the so-called human factor. Such production cannot be studied in the classroom, outside of production. No matter how high the level of theoretical training, skills training is required directly in the conditions of a particular enterprise. Such training of a worker takes place in stages: childhood (with a gradual introduction to all types of activities of communards) - school period (mastering simple work processes and skills) - higher education(with a phased successive mastery of production processes themselves) - academic education (with mastering the knowledge and skills of managing the entire complex of communal management) - scientific activity (creativity to improve the material and technical base of the commune - a free creative process according to one's talents, abilities and interests. These the steps of the combined upbringing-educational-creative process create a natural division of labor in the commune according to age. Production activity in an automated communal enterprise it takes up such a small part of the time, which, as technology and technology improve, is increasingly reduced, that the communards can and must use the time remaining from production to participate in all other types of labor, to maximize the development and realization of their natural abilities and talents.
Automation reduces work time an employee in a specific production process up to 4 - 1 hour a day, and in the future even less. The freed time the worker is obliged to devote to theoretical training, creativity, scientific work, and other types of activities that the communards are forced to carry out on their own, without employees. equal treatment of people common facility production requires them to distribute duties equally in time. Time becomes the main value.
Humanity is increasingly coming to technologies where intellectual labor prevails. In the commune, everyone's intellectual labor is equated with production labor, gradually getting everything step by step. greater value, great returns. The high level of education of the Communards, the maximum development of their abilities and talents, and the intellectualization of labor lead the Communards to a new type of production relations. material production becomes just a necessary basis for all human life, ensuring their natural material needs and is regulated internal regulations as graphs of equal participation of all in production by stages in accordance with age educational levels. Intellectual production is not regulated by mandatory participation in specific processes, but becomes mandatory by type of activity. This means that everyone has to do something. scientific work by choice some kind of sport according to your requests, to participate in some kind of activity in culture, etc.
The division of the entire life of the communards according to sex, which is the second part of the natural division of labor, is described in the previous 5th chapter GENDER ORGANIZATION.
The equality of all members of the commune is also based on the natural division of labor, which implies not as a mechanical equality of a child, an old man, an adult man and a woman, but as an equality of the path traveled by each communard in his life, equality of opportunities for the development and realization of all his abilities, but not like equality of labor, equality of abilities, for example, physical strength, memory, inclination to some particular types of art - such abilities are naturally different for everyone, but the opportunities for their realization according to ability are equal for everyone. On the contrary, the more unique the abilities of people, the more valuable they are for society. The totality of all the properties of each communard is considered equal to the totality of all the unique properties of any other member of the commune. The recent increase in the number of people with multiple vectors in the commune is likely to accelerate as a result of the impact of the social collective unconscious demand on the diversification of people.
Some philosophers propose the concept of the transition from socialism to communism as a step-by-step implementation by the state of reducing the wages of workers with a simultaneous corresponding increase in public consumption funds. They even call such transformations a communist revolution. Their fears of breaking away from the gradual development of socialism into communism can be understood: development must come from life, from the already existing state of society, based on the previous one. And this path will probably take place in the improvement of socialism even in its long coexistence with the commune. This path will smooth out the main contradiction of socialism and keep from the possibility of another bourgeois counter-revolution. However, it is quite obvious that no matter how private property consumption develops into the form of public funds, it is not a fundamental condition for the establishment of communist society. public relations. The main difference between a commune and a socialist society is the natural division of labor not only in material production, but also in the entire multifaceted life of people. Theoretically, it is possible to stop being satisfied with wages altogether and switch to the full satisfaction of people's needs through the OFP, but at the same time remain within the framework of the capitalist division of labor, because consumption and division of labor are different criteria. And wages according to work - the main economic lever of socialism - turns out to be a threat to its existence.
It is obvious that the transition to the natural division of labor and life activity is possible only through the conscious purposeful construction of a new social form - the commune. There is no such natural development of socialism into communism. There is a revolutionary change in the entire social system. This is the communist revolution. The classics of Marxism unambiguously showed that it is impossible to build any communist society without changing the division of labor. No matter how we bring the socialist enterprise closer to the “just society” that communist leaders constantly talk about, without this radical change in the division of labor, society will fundamentally remain in a semi-bourgeois state, precisely thanks to the preservation of the capitalist division of labor with all the consequences that come from this. The natural division of labor is an asymptote, to which, no matter how close socialism approaches, it cannot become communism.
It must be understood that society cannot continue to remain in the socialist body either. It will invariably lead to a new counter-revolution according to its own laws of the development of socialism. The heterogeneity of socialist society, the unevenness of its development, both regionally and on a number of other grounds, not only allows, but also requires a differentiated allocation of branches of production, technologies, to train personnel for them, consciously and systematically building new enterprises - communes. In this case, all the necessary conditions their functioning without any adjustment, adaptation of outdated social forms to new conditions, which will save the state from new surprises.
Production relations are determined by the nature and state of the productive forces.
Under the primitive communal system, the basis of production relations is communal ownership of the means of production. Communal property corresponds to the nature of the productive forces in this period. The tools of labor in primitive society were so primitive that they ruled out the possibility of primitive people fighting the forces of nature and predatory animals alone. “This primitive type of collective or cooperative production,” wrote Marx, “was, of course, the result of the weakness of the individual, and not the socialization of the means of production.” Draft drafts of Marx's letter - V. I. Zasulich.
Hence the need for collective labor, common ownership of land and other means of production, as well as the products of labor. Primitive people had no concept of private ownership of the means of production. In their personal property were only a few tools of production, which at the same time served as tools of protection against predatory animals.
Work primitive man did not create any surplus beyond the bare necessities of life, that is, no surplus product. Under such conditions, in primitive society there could be no classes and no exploitation of man by man. Public property extended only to small communities that existed more or less isolated from each other. According to Lenin, here the social nature of production embraced only members of one community.
The labor activity of people of primitive society was based on simple cooperation (simple cooperation). Simple cooperation there is the simultaneous employment of a more or less significant amount of labor power for the performance of homogeneous work. Already simple cooperation opened before primitive people the possibility of performing tasks that would be unthinkable to be performed by one person (for example, when hunting large animals).
With the then extremely low level of development of the productive forces, it was inevitable egalitarian distribution products of common labor. Meager food was shared equally. There could be no other division, since the products of labor were barely enough to satisfy the most urgent needs: if one member of the primitive community received more than an equal share for all, then someone else would be doomed to starvation and death.
The habit of equal division is deeply rooted among primitive peoples. It was observed by travelers who visited the tribes standing at a low level community development. The great naturalist Darwin traveled around the world more than a hundred years ago. Describing the life of the tribes on Tierra del Fuego, he tells the following incident: the Fuegians were presented with a piece of canvas; they tore the canvas into perfectly equal parts so that everyone would get an equal share.
Based on the foregoing, it could be formulated as follows basic economic law primitive communal building: ensuring extremely meager living conditions for people with the help of primitive tools of production through joint labor within the same community and equal distribution of products.
With the development of the instruments of production, a division of labor arises. Its simplest form was natural division of labor that is, the division of labor depending on sex and age: between men and women, between adults, children and the elderly.
The famous Russian traveler Miklukho-Maclay, who studied the life of the Papuans of New Guinea in the second half of the 19th century, describes the collective process of labor in agriculture in this way. Several men stand in a row, stick sharpened sticks deep into the ground, and then with one stroke lift a block of earth. They are followed by women crawling on their knees. They have sticks in their hands, with which they crush the earth raised by men. The women are followed by children of various ages, rubbing the earth with their hands. After loosening the soil, women use small sticks to make depressions in the ground and bury seeds or plant roots in them. Labor here is joint in nature, and at the same time there is a division of labor according to sex and age.
As the productive forces developed, the natural division of labor was gradually consolidated and consolidated. The specialization of men in the field of hunting, women in the field of gathering plant foods and households led to some increase in labor productivity.
When analyzing the social division of labor, two sides that do not coincide with each other are distinguished: the natural-historical differentiation of types of human activity and their division between people. In the nervous case, the division of labor is a simultaneous and parallel existence qualitatively various forms human activity.
Differentiation of the social division of labor
Differentiation of labor activity is a natural state social production at all stages of its development. The division of labor in this sense is due to the state of the technical level of development, the structure and nature of technology, and is a constant companion of production.
The differentiation of labor into qualitatively different types also presupposes their distribution in certain proportions between branches of production and spheres. public life. This can be judged by the distribution of the employed by branches of the national economy. Aggregate social labor is divided into certain proportions, which consist of a different number of qualitatively defined types of human activity. In order to maintain the functioning of production and society as a whole, these proportions must be strictly defined. If society stops spending some part of the total social labor on the production of consumer products, it simply cannot exist. That is why society is forced to divide or, more precisely, distribute labor in certain proportions between the spheres and branches of social production.
It is important to know!
The indicated side of the division of labor, which can be called the natural-historical differentiation of labor, expresses two points: firstly, the totality and coexistence of qualitatively heterogeneous types of labor, and secondly, their distribution in certain proportions between branches of production and spheres of social life. Labor itself, in this respect, is regarded as an expedient human activity in general, and its division consists only in the presence of qualitatively different forms, distributed in certain proportions between the spheres of production. This kind of division is the eternal state of labor, has the meaning of a natural, enduring law that exists in any society.
When we are talking about the second side - the labor divided between different people - we mean not just its qualitative differentiation and proportional distribution.
It is important to know!
In this case, labor is considered as personified labor, and its division means that at a certain historical stage, special people are constantly assigned to special types of human activity, so different forms of labor become the sphere of professional activity of individual groups of workers. As a result of this separation of labor, physical and mental activities fall to the lot of different individuals. Thus, the main socio-economic essence of the social division of labor is its division between different people.
Separation of mental and physical labor between people arises with a small gap in time, since in human society, since the appearance of the first early class societies, there has always been a need to develop generalizations of direct practical experience and then fix the findings in one form or another.
Specialization is impossible without cooperation, which at a higher level acts as a process of socialization of production. The high level of the latter is characterized by close relationships between various types production, as a result of which the exchange between them becomes more frequent and complex. Intellectual labor has properties that are most favorable for the development of associated forms of activity. So, appeared as a result of specialization such large species intellectual labor, as engineering, scientific, managerial labor, subsequently acquire new forms of cooperation within professional groups.
Important to remember!
The natural-historical differentiation of labor allows us to speak of the existence of two types of division of labor. The first type - the natural division of labor - existed at an early stage of development in a primitive society and assumed a difference in the functions performed depending on sex and age. The second type - the division of social labor - arose in ancient societies and exists to this day.
