E-government in various countries. Electronic government in foreign countries

1. Consider the history of origin, stages of development, the current state of e-government.

2. To study the work of e-government in other countries.

3. To study the interdepartmental electronic interaction of state bodies in the e-government system.

4. Consider the cooperation of e-government and open government in creating a professional state.

5. Understand the concept of digital democracy and use social networks in public administration

Theoretical and methodological basis thesis served: scientific literature - monographs, scientific articles from specialized journals, material of statistical collections, legal documents regulating e-government

1 CONCEPTUAL BASES OF ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT.
1.1 The concept and features of e-government

During the industrial age, innovations such as railroads and aviation completely changed the face of society and business by creating new markets that were previously unthinkable. Thanks to this, various companies have been able to contact new customers and suppliers. Since the state provided legislative support and the stability of the new infrastructure, the transport of goods by rail and air increased the efficiency of the economy, contributed to the development of states, and thus proved to be beneficial to all.

Just as the railroads were the new means of communication in the Industrial Age, the Internet 2 plays the role of basic infrastructure in the emerging Information Age. Today it has a noticeable influence on all new and old economic structures helping industrial and service companies reduce material costs, reimagine relationships with partners, enter new markets and create additional sources of income. Public services must also keep pace with the process of transition from the industrial age to the information age. Citizens and private firms today no longer rely on centralized methods mass provision of services by public institutions to the population (such methods, characteristic of the industrial age, involve the provision of services through vertical channels). People expect their governments to improve quality public services, increase efficiency and reduce costs, increase competitiveness and ensure prosperity in the new information economy.

As in the industrial age, in many cases it will be government agencies that will lead the transition to a new information age. Public sector organizations will need to reshape their relationships with citizens, private companies, employees and other government agencies. Public services have a truly unique opportunity to be a catalyst for change. Therefore, the development of the information society is pushing many organizations to adopt the concept of "electronic government" in order to:

To provide services for the population in an integrated form via the Internet. In addition to simply delivering services over the Internet without forcing citizens to waste time queuing, organizations can provide integrated services and additional features. Instead of visiting several different offices or several different websites to obtain any kind of official approval, citizens and private companies can complete all transactions in one place, which is accessible 24 hours a day, 7 days a week 3 .

Overcome the information divide. The government can make new technologies more accessible to less wealthy sections of society, as well as organize the teaching of computer skills, especially for young people and the elderly. This can be achieved and should be done using various ways and various programs.

Give people the opportunity to learn throughout their lives. The idea that learning does not stop the moment a person graduates from school can now be brought to life through the widespread use of e-learning. The future society of "knowledge workers" will continue to benefit from modern, personalized means of educating on the Internet.

Rebuild relationships with the public. Instead of providing the same service to all citizens, government agencies can use new information technologies to take into account the individuality of people and provide personalized services. Citizens are becoming more responsible for their relationships with public services and regaining confidence in the public sector.

Contribute to the development of the economy. Government agencies can help private companies get online, as well as help them use electronic tools. Sometimes this may require consultation or financial incentives. Private companies engaging in e-commerce can not only take advantage of their proximity to, for example, local consumers, but also expand and enter new global markets. It also contributes to improving the level of training and local employment.

Develop sound laws and sound policies. The information society poses many new challenges for legislators, among them - the identification of citizens and their identity, privacy, data protection, jurisdictional issues in cyberspace, taxation ecommerce, as well as so-called cyber crime and cyber terrorism. The state should be flexible in creating new legislation, generating confidence in all types of electronic transactions and maintaining a balance between the need economic development and ensuring the confidentiality of information.

Create forms of government with greater participation of citizens. The automation of public services may ultimately lead to the emergence of "direct democracy" (without intermediate links). At the local level, municipalities are already supporting debates, discussion forums and voting on the Internet, and this helps local authorities in decision making.

Citizens increasingly expect public services to act like commercial organizations 2. Since people in the US and many other countries can buy a plane or theater ticket online, they want to renew their car registrations or pay taxes in the same way. They need convenient, instant access to government services. They want to access services from home, work, or anywhere else. And they do not want any restrictions on what means will be used to obtain this access - a personal computer, WebTV1, mobile phone or any portable device.

Citizens are also not interested in which group of officials or which official is responsible for this or that state program or type of service for the population. To provide a personalized service to the public, public services must ensure that all information and services can be accessed from one integrated source. With the help of web portals and electronic stores through which people access the Internet, it is possible to create a single interface for all government organizations, hiding their complex internal structure.

In addition, a single point of access allows citizens to better express their feelings about what they expect from public services and what they need. As a result, people can participate more actively in local public life and democratic processes, as they can interact with public services and gain access to public information, official documents, as well as administrative records. If a person does not have time to go to the municipality or to a meeting of any committee to take part in a public hearing, then he can instead send email or post a message in an online discussion forum.

Electronic government is a way of providing information and providing an already formed set of public services to citizens, businesses, other branches of government and government officials, in which personal interaction between the state and the applicant is minimized and information technologies are used as much as possible.

The characteristic features of the concept of "electronic government" include the following properties.

1. A new form of organization of the activities of public authorities.

The novelty of the form of activity of state bodies is associated with the widespread use of information and communication technologies, in particular, the creation of an automated information system for collecting, processing, storing and using an array of information in various fields human activity. The named system will become a new tool for interaction between public authorities and citizens or organizations.

2. A qualitatively new level of efficiency and convenience for organizations and citizens to receive public services and information on the results of the activities of state bodies.

Efficiency in the provision of public services (a significant reduction in terms) and their convenience will be ensured through the automation of all information processes, not only the receipt of public services by organizations and citizens, but also the provision of information on the activities of state bodies.

1.2 Goals of e-government in the system government controlled

The goal of creating e-government is that e-government is not an addition or analogue to traditional government, but only defines a new way of interaction based on the active use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in order to improve the efficiency of public service delivery 6 .

In the future, one-stop e-government will become less relevant than it is today. This trend will be a consequence of the development of web 2.0 social networks. These technologies significantly expand the possibilities of political communication and allow achieving new forms of integration between government, business and citizens.

There are several various kinds interactions that collectively form e-government. So, stand out:

G2C - between the state and citizens (Government-to-Citizen),

G2B - between the state and business (Government-to-Business),

G2G - between different branches of government (Government-to-Government),

G2E - between the state and civil servants (Government-to- Employees)

Definition of e-government - World Bank: "E-government is the use of information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency, economy, and transparency of government and the possibility of public control over it."

The creation of e-government provides for the development of their websites by state administrative departments, ensuring their technological maintenance, uninterrupted functioning and effective interaction. The Internet resource of a state institution should give the necessary idea of ​​the structure and activities of the relevant department, provide at least a minimum set of public web services and be equipped with means of operational interaction with other government agencies. In the future, the system of such online formations should not only cover the central authorities, but also spread to the regions, including the administrations of cities and large economic centers.

According to American and European experts, the primary task of the state is to provide certain services to the population with the money of taxpayers. Consequently, the population has the right to demand high-quality and fast execution of these services from the state, which is directly provided by the G2C sphere and indirectly by G2E, since the quality and speed of the provision of services also depend on the efficiency of the intradepartmental work of state institutions.

The history of e-government creation goes hand in hand with the development information technologies. According to experts, the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) in public administration will accelerate the development of the economy, reduce the cost of bureaucratic procedures, increase the efficiency and productivity of government departments, expand the population's ability to form a civil society by improving access to various types of information , creating a more transparent work of public services, weakening bureaucratic barriers.

"Electronic government" means the use of information technologies, in particular the Internet, as the most accessible means of electronic interaction in order to bring government information to government agencies and authorities.

Thus, EP has the following 5 main objectives:

* optimization of the provision of government services to the population and business;

* increasing the degree of participation of all voters in the processes of leadership and governance of the country;

* support and expansion of self-service opportunities for citizens;

* growth of technological awareness and skills of citizens;

* reducing the impact of the geographic location factor.

Thus, the creation of ES should provide not only more efficient and less costly administration, but also a fundamental change in the relationship between society and the government. Ultimately, this will lead to an improvement in democracy and an increase in the responsibility of the authorities to the people.

Fundamental principles of ES organization

To achieve the maximum level of benefits, citizens need to realize the fundamental principle that government should be available to everyone, anywhere, at any time. "Electronic government" should provide citizens with interaction with the state and access to public services 24 hours a day, seven days a week, regardless of geographic location and season.

At present, the dissemination of information to citizens is, as a rule, passive and irregular, and is mainly limited to its dissemination through the media. People learn about new laws and government orders from newspapers, on TV, etc., but they do not have the opportunity to get acquainted with these documents when they really need it.

Turning, for example, to the PSC, you first of all face the problem of finding information on the provision of services (forms, procedures for the provision of services, etc.). Far from always this information can be found on the bulletin board, and citizens have to seek advice from employees who are far from always disposed to communicate with customers. Following the satisfaction of "information hunger", you are faced with the problem of low availability of services, expressed in the form of one or more long lines in which you need to stand. And finally, the third problem is the payment for public services, which makes you defend another queue, now in second-tier banks.

Due to the inaccessibility of information and the lack of interest of employees of a state institution in the provision of services, a citizen may not know at all that, according to the law, he is entitled to, for example, some benefits or compensation. People are not aware of their rights and therefore often become victims of dishonesty of officials and guardians of law and order.

To solve such problems, the list and description of all public institution services, legal and regulatory information must be available to everyone at any time.

As part of the formation of an electronic community in the country, such information should be standardized and published, for example, on the same Internet sites, the degree of self-service of citizens.

However, ES does not begin with the functioning of the information exchange system via the Internet, but with the provision of services by the state through this system.

Not everyone has the opportunity to go to offices. Getting a service via the Internet is undoubtedly better than sitting in queues waiting for an appointment.

The appearance of the EP is, to a certain extent, a response to the emerging expectations of citizens in response to the obligations assumed by the authorities.

"Electronic government" should provide a direct and open dialogue of citizens with the authorities, various social services, committees and departments, and ultimately with each specific head of any rank and status, which will make "electronic government" not only accessible, but also interactive.

In fact, the creation of an electronic signature is a way to bring an official closer to a citizen, while reducing the influence of the subjective factor. Impersonal communication between an official and a citizen, put under control for all this and allowing the citizen to track the process of solving his requests himself, is the ultimate goal of creating an electronic signature and the dream of taxpayers. Also, the benefit that society receives is the reduction of corruption and bribery.

Modern information technologies provide a rich choice of tools for organizing "electronic government", developed both at the conceptual and practical levels.

Let's consider the e-government model as an ideal integrated information system (IS) - what software technologies it should be based on.

One of the fundamental infrastructure components of ES are electronic document management systems (IDM - Integrated Document Management), known in Russian market under the abbreviation ESEDO, which emphasizes the clerical orientation of the system. Indeed, after all, EP involves working primarily with documents - with statements from citizens, certificates, letters, etc.

In the public sector, the document is both the goal of activity and the means of production. There are many aspects associated with documents: they need to be stored, searched, collectively processed, transferred from paper to electronic form and vice versa.

For the public sector, the following typical tasks can be distinguished, which should be solved when building an electronic document management system:

1. office automation. Mainly here we are talking on the processing of incoming, outgoing and internal documents, accounting for draft documents, approval, control over the execution of documents, etc.;

2. serving citizens and organizations. This is, first of all, the mass processing of applications from citizens and organizations received through subscriber reception points or the Internet;

3. doing business. During processing, many others are added to the original document, which must be filed. Such documents, the necessary mass of which is still in paper form, and it is precisely such documents that have legal force, then we are talking about the use of Record Management (RM) class systems that allow organizing synchronized accounting of both paper and electronic copies of the document, as well as automating the functions of withdrawal and return of cases.

But one ESEDO when organizing a developed ES is not enough. Modern reality makes us think not about a simple IDM system, but about a full-fledged information resource management (ECM) system that has grown on the foundation of IDM and BPM (Business Process Management).

1.3 Foreign experience in the functioning of e-government in the public administration system

The analysis of foreign e-government projects, despite the presence of certain specifics inherent in individual states, allows us to highlight the general trends of the process:

1. Work on the creation of e-government begins,

as a rule, after recruiting a "critical mass" of Internet users in the country;

2. At the first stages of the project, representative offices are created

state authorities on the Internet (sites of the OGV);

3. In the concepts of "electronic government" at the first stages

the main emphasis is placed on the “disclosure of information” about the activities of the OGV, at the next stage, services are created to ensure electronic interaction with the population and organizations in priority areas for the state.

4. As the system of electronic services develops, the euphoria from the fact that routine processes are automated when interacting with the population disappears and the revision of the Concept begins. It turns out that in the created version, "electronic government" (as an information system) did not affect the quality of public administration and the work of the government itself (and possibly complicated its activities by giving it additional work). Then the movement begins towards the reengineering of managerial business processes and the introduction of information technologies and systems into the activities of the government itself.

Thus, in the projects of "electronic government" there is a second component aimed at information support management activities. This is certainly the more difficult part of the project, since, unlike the “service component”, which is used by citizens and organizations on a voluntary basis and is essentially an additional service, this part of the project requires the “mandatory” inclusion of officials in the process, which requires overcoming the stereotypes of bureaucratic culture and the creation of new rules, regulations for their activities, as well as the development and adoption of a new regulatory framework at the state level.

Thus, the law, which was adopted by the Senate and the House of Representatives, states that "electronic government" is

"a critical element of public administration".

Analysts of the World Markets Telecoms company, based on the results of a study in the regions of the world, ranked the use of government websites shown in Table 1.
Table 1

Region	Level of use of government sites by the population (%)
North America	51%
Europe	34%
Asia	34%
Near East	31,1%
Russia/ Central Asia	30,9%
South America	30,7%
Pacific Islands	30,6%
Africa	23,5%
Note - Analysts of World Markets Telecoms, based on the results of a study in the regions of the world, ranked the use of government websites in 2013

North American and Pacific Islands websites offer more services; Asian portals, South America and Europe are rich in document publications. The emphasis on services in the Pacific Islands is related to the promotion of tourism services. The largest number of sites with translation into other languages ​​is noted in Russia and Central Asia, Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

It is worth noting that the government Internet is still largely in English. Nearly 72% of national government websites have a version on English language(28% no). But increasingly reflecting the multilingual nature of global interactions, many nations offer versions of their websites in more than one language. 45% of countries have government websites in two or more languages. The most commonly used government website languages ​​(after English) are Spanish, French, Russian, German, Italian, Portuguese, Arabic and Chinese.

In absolute terms: 46 countries (about a quarter of all countries with websites) have bilingual or multilingual sites. These are Estonia, Finland, Libya, Liechtenstein, Maldives, Moldova, Morocco, etc., and 80 countries have monolingual websites.

The data on the demand for e-government (at the end of 2007) are as follows: in Norway and Denmark, the use of e-government services is the maximum of 53% and 47%, respectively. In Finland this figure is 46%, in the USA 34%, in France 18%, Germany and Korea 17% each and in the UK 11%.

In terms of the number of websites (as a percentage of the total number of such), the data differ somewhat. In first place is the United States (57.2%), followed by Taiwan (52.5%), Australia (50.7%), Canada (49.6%), Great Britain (47.1%), Ireland (46.9%). %), Israel (46.2%), Singapore (44.0%), Germany (40.6%) and Finland (40.2%).

An increasing number of governments and government agencies around the world are posting various certificates, forms, publications and databases on Internet sites. The vast majority of sites offer departmental phone numbers (70%) and postal addresses (67%). This is to help the average citizen who needs to establish contact with government services. Most sites (85%) also have a section that helps you navigate the structure of the site and the services it offers. Nearly 71% of government websites worldwide offer various publications of documents to citizens, and 41% provide databases.

Nearly 42% have links to external non-government sites where a citizen can go for more information. The vast majority of government websites do not contain audio or video clips. Only 4% of sites allowed themselves such an opportunity. Nearly 6% of government websites allow citizens to register and receive notification or information. In this case, you can specify an email or regular mail address and even a phone number. Information may also come in the form of a monthly publication reflecting the Prime Minister's views (such as Junichino Koizumi's e-magazine in Japan) or website news updates. It is also worth noting the Swiss Census Bureau: Swiss citizens can submit information via the Internet.

Currently, 8% of sites offer services that can be performed entirely online. Of these, 5% offer one service, 1% two services, and 2% three or more services. Almost 92% do not offer services online. North America (the region includes the US, Canada, and Mexico) offers the most online services, with 28% of sites viewed offering fully online services.

They are followed by the Pacific Islands (19% of whose websites offer services), Asia (12%), the Middle East (10%) and Europe (9%). Only 2% of African sites and 2% in Russia/Central Asia offer government services online. Nearly 3% of South African sites have online services and 4% in Central America. The Pacific Islands have such helpful sites mainly because of the efforts of their governments to capitalize on tourism. The services offered are ordering publications online, buying stamps and filing complaints.

The National Drug Control Board of the Dominican Republic has a special link on the drug information website, using which citizens can anonymously report illegal trade. Australia offers to apply for a vacancy workplace in some national agencies. Lithuania offers a search for stolen cars, identification documents for disabled people and people wanted by their Ministry of Internal Affairs.

One of the reasons why the development of online services has been slow is the inability to use credit cards and digital signatures for financial transactions. Of government sites, only 1% accept credit cards and only 0.2% allow the use of digital signatures for financial transactions. Among such advanced portal are the Government of Taiwan and the Department of Revenue of Ireland.

Of all the countries in the world in terms of online services provided, Taiwan ranks first 65% of its government websites offer some kind of service, followed by Germany (59%), Australia (50%), Cook Islands (50%) , New Zealand (48%) and Singapore (47%). In this case, we mean those services that can be performed completely online. If you find a form or form on a government website and then print it out to send it by regular mail to a government agency for further processing, it's not online.

The topic of providing access to the Internet for disabled people (people with other abilities) is of particular interest. This topic is regularly discussed in the European Union. Already 2% of government sites in the world have some form of access for such people: USA (37%), Ireland (24%), Australia (23%), Italy (20%), Madagascar (17%), Jamaica (8%) and South Korea (8%).

On September 26, the European Commission adopted a document called Communication, which sets out the requirements for Web designers to ensure access for the disabled and the elderly. Now there are 37 million first in the EU, and the number of older people is constantly growing. The requirements relate to content, structure and coding.

In Europe, the level of use of e-government services by the population varies from 53% in Norway to 3% in Turkey. Turkish e-government usage is the lowest in Europe.

According to analysts of the company, IDC, Finland is Europe's leader in terms of the richness of online services provided by officials to citizens. But the UK, Holland and Germany took relatively low places.

Ireland provides the widest range of services, followed last by Spain, and the Irish government's Oasis website is built, contrary to the traditional route, not around government agencies, but around topics of interest to the public: how to get a job or buy a house, how get a driver's license or register to vote. And already behind the topic is hidden access to the necessary government websites of ministries and departments.

The idea of ​​the essence of e-government in European countries, with a general similarity, has national characteristics.

One of the first steps taken by the French authorities to introduce elements of e-government was the appearance throughout the country in 1984 of Minitel terminals, which provided the population with the opportunity to remote access to public services and information.

As an initiative at the state level, the e-government project was introduced in 1998. In the Program d'action gouvernemental pour la société de l "information (abbr. PAGSI, French: "Government Action Program for the Development of the Information Society"), it was stated that new information and communication technologies will make the connection between the population and business with the state apparatus stronger providing wide access to new technologies.

By 2000, all ministries and departments of France received electronic addresses, and special programs were organized for officials to learn how to work with personal computers and the Internet.

In addition, France has also implemented the program “Use of information and telecommunications technologies by the government” – the basis for government reforms.

In 2004, the e-government project became autonomous, following the publication of a strategic plan and action plan known in France as the ADELE Programme. Its goal was to facilitate access to services in in electronic format for all users - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, which also meant a reduction in government costs.

The year 2005 was a turning point in the formation of the French e-government system, as a decree was signed that regulates all aspects of electronic transactions with the participation of government bodies - interdepartmental exchange of data, information and documents, as well as the interaction of the state, business and citizens.

It is the project of creating an "information administration" that is a priority (including its financing). In addition, an interdepartmental committee for technical support for the development of information and communication technologies in government services was created. The purpose of this committee is to provide computer and software for government services, to create networks open to the public, and to ensure that Internet standards are applied in practice.

During the 2000s, the French government formed the regulatory framework for the electronization of state power.

In March 2000, the Law on Electronic Digital Signature was issued, and in June 2005, the Law on Access to Administrative Documents. In December 2005, the Act on Electronic Interaction between Consumers of Public Services and Administrative Bodies was issued, aimed at creating a complete regulatory framework for the transition to e-government by 2008.

At present, any Frenchman has access to archival materials. On government websites, you can find documents, speeches, speeches and announcements of interest to a citizen. Each person should know their rights and obligations.

To simplify, the Legifrance system was created. This system offers free access to the main sections of the French government's motto "Everyone has the right to know": La Constitution (Constitutions), Le Journal official de la République Française (official newspaper of the French government), Actualité juridique (legal news) and a number of sections relating to civil, commercial and constitutional law.

The Ministry of Budget, Public Accounts and Civil Administration of France, which is responsible for managing the policy of the project, has been appointed the body responsible for the formation and development of the e-government system.

In addition to Legifrance, there is Service-Public.fr, launched in October 2000. This is an access point to popular information covering all ordinary events in a citizen's life. Here you can find reference information, documents (published reports from government agencies), information about user rights and administrative procedures. Citizens can receive public services by visiting Mon.Service-Public.fr.

In Italy, ministries' websites are expanding the range of services provided. For example, the portal of the Ministry of Social Affairs provides residents with various information, such as their entitlement to benefits and procedures for adopting children. In addition, the portal contains answers to the most frequently asked questions, chat and e-mail.

e-government received early development in Austria. From the very beginning, public authorities and e-government teams have been constantly working to expand and improve services and core processes.

In 1995, the Federal Government created the Information Society, where working group was instructed to identify the opportunities and threats associated with the development of the information society. In May 2003, the e-Government Initiative was launched by the Austrian federal government. The following year, the short-term goals of e-government were achieved - reaching fourth place in the top five countries of the European Union using e-government. In 2007, according to a study, Austria skillfully ranked first among EU members.

Austrian legal framework e-government (which was substantially revised at the end of 2007) defines the following principles of the Austrian e-government strategy:

1. Proximity to citizens

2. Convenience through increased efficiency

3. Trust and security

4. Transparency

5. Availability

6. Usability

7. Cooperation

8. Sustainability

9. Interaction

10. Technological neutrality

In Austria, the overall coordination of policy and practice in the field of ICT and e-government is the responsibility of the federal government, namely the Secretary of State.

The overall coordination of e-government activities has been delegated to the Digital Austria Platform, the subordinate head of information technology of the federal government. It is supported by the ICT Strategy Division, which is the main institution responsible for the implementation of the e-government system.

The electronicization of the activities of the German government began in 1998. The main points for the implementation of the German e-government at the initial stage of development were the increase in computer literacy of the population and the safe Internet included in the project [email protected]

In 2000, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, in his address to the congress on the theme "Life, learning and work in the information society" noted critical steps on the way to the formation of e-government:

1. Internet skills should be part of general education;

2. public libraries in Germany must provide readers with access to the Internet;

3. the need to increase competition among telephone companies, which will lead to lower prices;

4. state support for e-commerce, which also includes the introduction of an electronic signature for the security of payments via the Internet.

At the same time, a strategy called BundOnline2005 was presented, the main goal of which was to modernize the work of public authorities and provide services to the population in electronic form by the end of 2005. The initiative was successfully implemented, including more than 440 public services.

German e-Government 2.0 means:

1. deployment of a system for the provision of public services in the proper quantity and quality;

2. electronic interaction between business and society;

3. personal identification: the introduction of electronic IDs.

Since citizens primarily deal with local authorities, municipal and district governments have been participating in e-government projects for several years.

The main tasks for local administrations are: registration of citizens, online applications for various purposes, including social benefits, etc., as well as information services and the supply of public services.

To implement the initiative in Germany, a number of projects were launched:

1. Electronic Identity card - electronic identity card;

2. De-mail - unified state e-mail;

3. Public Service Number - a single number "115" for communication of citizens with authorities.

The www.bund.de portal is considered to be the main web resource providing German citizens and enterprises with online access to government structures and services.

On June 17, 2013, the German Federal Council (Bundesrat) approved the law "On the support of electronic government (electronic government)", abbreviated as E-Government-Gesetz.

As conceived by legislators, the law should simplify communication between citizens and state bodies, as well as communication between state institutions themselves. The text of the law is available on the Innovative Office page of the German government.

The most active period of electronization of the British government came in the 2000s.

The review titled Digital Britain 2009 is devoted to the formation of the UK e-government system of this period.

This report, compiled by the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sports and the UK Department for Business, Innovation and Crafts, outlines the main goals, objectives and priorities for the development of all aspects of the country's information society.

The experts formulated the thesis according to which the transition "from the government on the Internet to the government from the Internet" is necessary. In 2011, the government decided to shift the focus from developing a site that combines many government sites into a single system, to a more fundamental task: reworking existing electronic public services in such a way that they meet the interests of ordinary citizens.

At about the same time, the Government Electronic Service for the transfer of public services (GDS) was established by the UK Cabinet Office. In addition to performing this function, the body also calculates the cost of transition to electronic services and develops a unified state electronic strategy.

Despite the fact that the majority of the UK population use the Internet in their daily lives and a significant part of them turn to government services, many citizens still prefer to come to government offices in person, instead of solving their problems online.

In order to motivate the population to switch to a more convenient way, a single portal gov.uk was created, at the moment it has the presence of 24 ministerial departments and over 330 government agencies, various materials are published on 47 topics: culture, protection environment and much more. It serves as a single point of access to the services of government agencies provided through electronic channels. Unlike its predecessor UK online, the portal is organized not by “major life events”, but by large groups of services (for example, health care, education, employment, etc.) and target populations (parents, disabled people, youth, etc.). P.).

The principle of “digital by default” is placed at the center of the British e-government, which means the availability of information and various transactional services for all citizens without exception (i.e. “by default”): those who can already use online services today, and in the same time for those who do not have such an opportunity. 17% of the British population are people who, for various reasons, do not use the means of Internet communication. These are mainly the elderly, representatives of the lower classes, people with disabilities and representatives of risk groups.

The umbrella organization that oversees the creation of e-government systems at a strategic level is the Council of IT Chiefs, reporting directly to the Cabinet Secretariat. It consists of 30 representatives of various state institutions.

Responsibility for the development of e-government systems lies with the Service Delivery and Transformation Group (DTG; formerly the e-Government Division) of the Cabinet Office, working closely with the IT Chief Executives Board.

The CIO Council is an advisory body without permanent staff.

In the United States of America, there is no single agency responsible for e-government, but the Office of Management and Budget under the Executive Office of the President of the United States (OMB) plays an important role in shaping federal initiatives and monitoring their implementation by other federal agencies.

In 2001, the Bush administration adopted the Presidential Program for Management Improvement. The e-Government Law of 2002, which codifies initiatives, aims to improve the quality of public services through the use of information technology. One of these initiatives is the expansion of the scope of e-Government (eGov) systems.

Analysis general principles The US government's ICT strategy suggests that the government: is interested in providing greater convenience for citizens in their relationship with government agencies; assumes the role of a leader in the electronization of the economy, including in stimulating the development of electronic commerce; is reorganizing its work as part of a national initiative to increase citizen control over its activities.

The most important step in the field of reforming the activities of the central government and all federal government agencies was the assignment to the Office of Management and Budget (one of the main government agencies that is part of the Executive Office of the President) with full rights and responsibilities to lead within the government all the processes of collecting, processing, protecting and disseminating information, as well as issues related to the policy of purchasing and using information technologies.

To directly implement policies in these areas, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs was created in the Office of Management and Budget with the transfer of all necessary powers to the Administrator (Head) of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.

The undoubted successes of American administrations are based on the fact that they first of all reformed the entire structure of state management of information flows and information technologies, taking the following steps:

1. made the task of creating e-government one of the national priorities;

2. maximized the concentration of power to implement the policy of creating e-government, both at the federal level and at the level of state institutions;

3. created a system of distribution of responsibilities;

4. made e-government policies and practices transparent and accountable;

5. unified the policy and practice of creating e-government.

The last circumstance is of fundamental importance. The unification of policy and practice has allowed the US government to implement projects of such grandiose scale and complexity as the creation of the Federal Public Key Infrastructure (FPKI) and Access Authorization System (ACES), the General Government System of Federal Forms (FedForms), the document search system for all government agencies (GILS ), the federal public procurement system (FedBizOpps), etc.

Currently, the US federal government pays special attention to: electronic commerce between government organizations and ministries, competitive electronic trading for the supply of goods and services to meet government needs; public access to government and administrative information; the use of smart cards, including by the federal government; solving various kinds of problems, in particular, obtaining official documents through government Web sites, paying taxes, providing statistical information about the work of the state apparatus to the population, etc.; application of ICT in medicine and health care.

The developed government strategy provides for the development and use of all electronic types of services. This means that services can be provided over the Internet, mobile communication, digital television, call centers. At the same time, the electronic service does not imply the exclusion of personal contact.

The creation of business portals for small and medium-sized enterprises and personalized home pages for individual citizens is envisaged. New business opportunities will change the relationship between citizens and government. At the same time, it is important to ensure the protection of personal data and information systems in order to gain public confidence in them.

The e-government development strategy in the United States aims to improve the efficiency of the federal government in ways such as simplifying information service; exclusion of duplicating each other and redundant levels of government management; making it easier for citizens, businesses, government and federal employees to find information and obtain services from the federal government; the focus of government structures on the rapid satisfaction of the needs of citizens; creation of conditions for the implementation of other initiatives of the federal government to improve the efficiency of its activities.

The Russian Federation, having signed the Okinawa Charter, assumed obligations to promote the development of information technologies in all spheres of public life of both the state and society. The Government and the President of the Russian Federation have set specific tasks for the creation of e-government in the Russian Federation and the transition to the provision of public services in electronic form.

The concept of formation in the Russian Federation of electronic government for the period up to 2010 was approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of August 16, 2007 as an addition to the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)". It was assumed that the implementation of the program activities would reduce the administrative burden on the population and organizations, increase the speed and quality of public services provided, which in turn would have a positive impact on the general level of public confidence in the state. However, after four years, experts stated the absence of practically significant results in its implementation. In 2002–2005, only 2.5% of the total volume of planned government informatization projects was completed within the framework of the FTP “Electronic Russia”. The amount of funding for the program from the federal budget during this period did not exceed 25% of the envisaged amount. In subsequent years, significant changes were repeatedly made to the FTP. The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation assessed the possibility of extending the program for 2011-2012 and proposed that it be considered inappropriate.

So, the e-government in Russia was planned to be created in two stages.

1) 2008 - development and approval of the necessary legal and technical documents and regulations.

2) 2009-2010 - practical implementation of the system in ministries and departments.

According to the calculations of the Russian Ministry of Information and Communications, the socio-economic and budgetary efficiency of the implementation of the concept in the period 2007-2010 could amount to approximately 74 billion rubles. However, the specified deadlines were not met, as a result, in September 2009, another change was made to the Electronic Russia program. In her new edition measures, goals and performance indicators aimed at building the infrastructure of the e-government of Russia and the implementation of the Concept for the formation of e-government in the Russian Federation were determined.

The e-government infrastructure was planned to be built on a unified technology platform by combining on a single telecommunication basis of its functional elements:

1. information systems of federal executive bodies;

2. information systems of subjects of the Russian Federation;

3. information systems of local governments;

4. elements of public access infrastructure - access centers in public reception areas;

5. libraries and Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post;

6. departmental and regional call centers;

7. sites of state bodies on the Internet;

8. regional multifunctional service centers.

In addition to providing services for citizens and organizations and creating an e-government infrastructure, it was planned to build information and analytical systems to improve the efficiency of public administration, monitor socio-economic development, and manage the implementation of priority national projects. The creation of such a system, called the State Automated System "Management", was intended to solve the problem of improving management in Russia as part of the administrative reform.

The new version of the Electronic Russia program provided for the implementation of measures in the following main areas for improving the public administration system:

2. ensuring effective interdepartmental information interaction based on ICT and integration of state information systems;

3. Ensuring the effectiveness of interaction between public authorities and the population and business entities based on ICT;

4. introduction of information systems for managing the activities of public authorities;

5. creation of information systems of public authorities that ensure the activities of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation;

6. creation of standard software and hardware solutions to support the activities of public authorities;

7. raising the level of qualifications, professional training of employees of public authorities in the field of ICT use.

In 2009, Rostelecom was approved as the operator for creating the e-government infrastructure. As part of the creation of the infrastructure of e-government in 2010, a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation was signed, which determines the launch date for a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction (SMEV). The main function of this system is to establish the exchange between departments of information necessary for the provision of public services to the population. The document obliges departments to comply with the deadlines for the transition to the provision of public services in electronic form. Not only federal, but also regional systems of interdepartmental electronic interaction will have to connect to the system.

Among the first who started the path in this direction is Singapore, and on this moment the country shows high rates in the development of this aspect, since in 2012 it took 10th place, and in 2014 it already occupies 3rd place. Taking the place of Great Britain.

Singapore began its first experiments with e-government 35 years ago. In 1981, Singapore embarked on a program of computerization of the state apparatus. For the first time, the National Computer Council and the National Computerization Plan were created. The plan is to ensure the gradual growth of the local IT industry, the development of the IT workforce base, computerization, maintenance and production by 850 IT professionals. The development history is shown in Table 2.

E-government in Singapore is seen as the use of technology to increase the availability and delivery of government services for the benefit of citizens and businesses. It is noted that e-government includes the government itself, business and citizens of the country. The main goals set by Singapore in the implementation of Infocom were: effective public services, cost savings, ease of use, the ability to choose, the involvement of citizens in the life of the country and, ultimately, the creation of a strong state with stable integration ties.
Table 2.

History of development of the electronic government.

Years of implementation	national plan	government plan
2010-2015		iGov2010
2006-2010
2003-2006	"Singapore Connected" (Connected Singapore)	e-Government program. Part II.
2000-2003	infocomm 21	e-Government program. Part I
1992-1999	IT 2000	Civic Computerization Program (Civil Service Computerization Program)
1986-1991	National IT Plan (The National IT Plan)
1980-1985	National Computerization Plan (The National Computerization Plan)
Note: E-Government Singapore - Success Story Sebastian Fu 7

I National IT Plan. After the computerization program, the government of Singapore embarked on the so-called national IT plan, which initiated the beginning of the convergence of computing communications. The first developments of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) were created, mainly aimed at bringing government and industry closer together. This plan was implemented in 1986, about five years after the computerization program.

II IT 2000 Program. This project was implemented after the National IT Plan in 1992. Its goal was to create an electronic network linking all libraries in this country, as well as to create a secure infrastructure for e-commerce, an expert system to verify all building plans in the country and, above all, the establishment of Singapore ONE. That is, even then they sought to create a single network for everyone. It is this strategy that has brought Singapore to a leading position in the use of Internet resources in the world.

III Infocomm 21. Singapore's next step after achieving a nationwide broadband infrastructure was the implementation of Infocomm 21. This project was launched in 2000 and aims to develop Singapore as a country with a prosperous and vibrant e-economy, with a widespread "Infocom-savvy" e-society and complete liberalization of telecommunications.

In 2003, the Government of Singapore began the final steps of the electronic state program. They tried to realize all the possibilities of e-government within the framework of the country's Infocomm project. This program is called "Singapore Connected".

III e-government. The goal of this plan was to create "a network government that could provide affordable, integrated communications, deliver affordable e-services to our customers, and help citizens get closer to government." country life...

What services does the Singapore government provide to its clients? But before we touch on this issue, let's find out why the government of Singapore came to the realization that e-government includes the government itself, business and citizens?

It is important to note that within e-government, there are several categories that fit into the broad definition of e-government. For example, e-government is: 1) government-to-citizens (G2C), 2) government-to-business (G2B), 3) government-to-workers (G2E), and 4) government-to-government (G2G).

1) Government-citizens, according to experts, includes all interactions between government and citizens that can occur electronically. The goal of G2C is to provide citizens with a faster, more responsive, more convenient and less complex means of accessing government services.

2) Government-to-Business is an e-commerce in which the government sells a business or provides services to it, as well as shops selling products and services for the government. Again, the goal of G2B is to allow companies to interact, trade and communicate with the government online, with greater speed and convenience.

3) Government-employee includes activities and services between government units and their employees. The goal of G2E is to develop and cultivate IT capabilities among government officials to deliver efficient and cost-effective services.

4) Government-government has a double meaning. One of them, G2G, is said to consist of actions between the government and other ministries, departments and institutions of the same state. Another meaning of G2G is a situation in which governments have to deal with the governments of other countries. G2G, according to experts, is built on the basis of trust and interdependence, which allows the exchange of information between government bodies on regional, subregional and international issues.

E-Government Infrastructure. The government has created a national information infrastructure as the basis for e-government delivery services. This strategy has been dubbed the Public Service Infrastructure (PSI) in Singapore.

Physical Infrastructure. The government itself has provided free Internet hotspots in convenient locations such as public libraries, shopping malls, government offices, hospitals, metro stations, clubs, and so on.

Technological Infrastructure. Here the government has introduced computers, servers, networks (broadband and wireless), mobile devices, smart cards, and technology standards that are open and scalable such as Java, XML, web services.

Identity Infrastructure. Accordingly, the government has provided an E-Government ID and password for all its citizens. Now citizens did not have questions about how to enter the Internet and get access to Government information and services.

Policy and legislation of the e-government. Having established the necessary infrastructure for e-government services for citizens, the Government of Singapore, as part of the following strategy, has adopted the relevant rules and regulations that govern the implementation of the program.

Some of the main provisions were intended to promote privacy and information security: protecting data from computer hacking, legal recognition of electronic transactions, official controls on cryptography, and security standards and certification. Singapore law passed the Electronic Transactions Act in 1998, which defined the rights and obligations of the parties to the transaction, as well as the conditions legal status on the use of electronic records and signatures. The government has also introduced data protection codes.

Government Services. After establishing the ICT infrastructure and government legislation and policy, a website called the E-Citizen Portal was developed. This website is designed for "dialogue" with citizens, that is, they can get answers to their questions online. Special electronic services and supplies are also provided on this site. Some of the services on this site include the payment of taxes and fines; issuance and replacement of driver's licenses, assistance to citizens in finding a job.

To ensure that all citizens can use e-government, courses on the use of Internet resources and IT technologies are being introduced in schools. Thus, computer literacy in Singapore starts right from elementary school.

In poor and rural communities, the government provided free computers and Internet access points, sent officers to assist the illiterate so that they could explain how to use e-government and how to get services through online services.

Indeed, in Singapore today, some services, such as issuing passports and birth certificates, can be obtained at home, for this you only need to fill out the necessary forms, then you send the questionnaire by e-mail to the relevant authorities. The government will reward you for receiving services online, because if you go in person to these offices to receive services, you will pay a fine for going there in person. And after paying the fine, you will be forced to use the computer located in this institution to submit documents for the implementation of the service.

An E-Tender has also been introduced, under which any company that wants to bid for government contracts must build its work over the Internet. Corporate tax can only be filed electronically. Annual reports and periodic business reports are all filed online. As with the E-portal for citizens, there is also a single portal for all possibilities public procurement with over 8,000 trading partners. It is on this portal that all legal entities do business with the government in Singapore.

Examples. On the website www.GOV.sg you can get information about the important events of the country in politics, economy and social sphere. Also there are telephones and websites of all departments and ministries.

"eCitizen" is a national government portal for citizens, specially created to meet all their civic needs, that is, it brings together citizens of different cities. On this portal, they can discuss topical issues and point out to the state issues in the field of housing and communal services and local self-government that need to be resolved as soon as possible.

You can also create your own blog on the eCitizen portal, where you can select a list of payment notifications, for example, a tax or a fine. With this program, you are unlikely to forget to pay this or that receipt. Job search ads are also posted on the eCitizen portal.

The Youth.sg portal contains blogs of show business stars and popular people. Anyone can come in and read the latest news from the life of the stars. Youth.sg is funded by the government but is run entirely by youth in order to increase the involvement of young people in public life.

Singapore achieves high levels due to its actions regarding the development of e-government, which led to the fact that Singapore ranked third in the ranking of countries in the world in terms of e-government development, shown in Table 3.

Kazakhstan shows high performance in the development of EP, so in 2012 it ranked 38th, and according to the results of 2014 it ranks 28th, for example, the Russian Federation has not changed its position in this rating during this time and the index has also decreased from 0.7345 to 0.7296.

Table 3

Rating	The country	Index
1	South Korea	0.9462
2	Australia	0.9103
3	Singapore	0.9103
4	France	0.8938
28	Kazakhstan	0.7283
Note: Data from The United Nations E-Government Survey 2014 8

2 Development of e-government in Kazakhstan

2.1 The e-government formation program as a tool for improving public administration

For the first time, the idea of ​​creating an electronic government in Kazakhstan was voiced by the President of the country Nursultan Nazarbayev in the program "Kazakhstan-2030" in 1997. The introduction of "electronic government" in Kazakhstan is aimed at improving the quality and reducing the time for the provision of services by state bodies to citizens and organizations, providing access to information bases for the activities of state bodies, in the future, taking into account the improvement of the administrative system, the ability to track the activities of state bodies, creating an effective and optimal composition of the state apparatus.

The regulatory framework for electronic transformations originates from the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 7, 2003 No. 370-II “On Electronic Document and Electronic Digital Signature”.

This law consists of 6 chapters and 26 articles and provides explanations in terms of an electronic document, an electronic digital signature, a registration certificate and a certification center. This Law is aimed at regulating relations arising from the creation and use of electronic documents certified by electronic digital signatures, providing for the establishment, change or termination of legal relations, as well as the rights and obligations of participants in legal relations arising in the field of circulation of electronic documents, including the commission of civil law transactions nine .

This law consists of 6 chapters and 25 articles. It describes the goals and principles of state regulation in the field of informatization, the procedure for the formation and use of information resources, the procedure for the formation and use of information systems, and the law considers aspects of the protection of information resources, information systems. This Law regulates relations in the field of informatization, development and protection of information resources and information systems, establishes the competence of state bodies, the rights and obligations of individuals and legal entities in the field of informatization 10 .

On January 11, 2007, an updated law "On Informatization" was issued. This Law establishes legal framework informatization, regulates social relations arising from the creation, use and protection of electronic information resources and information systems 11 . With the adoption of this law, the law of 2003 lost its force.

On November 24, 2015, the law is updated for the third time. This Law regulates public relations in the field of informatization arising on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan between state bodies, individuals and legal entities in the creation, development and operation of informatization objects, as well as in state support development of the information and communication technologies industry 12 . Similarly to the law of 2003, the law of 2007 lost its force with the adoption of this law.

Also, licensing of various types of activities is provided on the e-government portal.

This activity is regulated by the Law “On Licensing”, the first version of which was adopted on April 17, 1995 No. 2200. This Law regulates relations related to state licensing of activities or certain actions (operations) subject to licensing 13 .

The second version of this law was adopted on January 11, 2007 No. 214. This Law governs relations related to the licensing of certain types of activities 14 . With the adoption of this law, the law of 1995 has lost its force with the adoption of this law.

On May 16, 2014, No. 202-V, the Law “On Permits and Notifications” was adopted, which regulates public relations related to the introduction of a permit or notification procedure for the implementation of certain types of activities or actions by private business entities and other persons provided for by this Law 15 .

With the adoption of the Kazakhstan 2050 strategy, the development of e-government moved to a higher level, which subsequently led to the adoption of the "Information Kazakhstan - 2020" program and the law "On Informatization".

In the "Information Kazakhstan - 2020" program, an important place is given to the development of "electronic government".

Task: development of "electronic government" as a tool for informatization of the state.

Target indicators:

1. e-government index (according to the UN methodology) in 2017 - among the top 30, and in 2020 should be among the top 25 countries;

2. The index of satisfaction of the population with the quality of public services in 2017 should be 4.5 points out of 5, in 2020 - 4.7 points out of 5;

4. the share of electronic public services provided in relation to the total number of services received in the traditional form in 2017 - 50%, in 2020 - 80%;

5. share of mobile e-government services in total volume electronic services in 2017 - at least 36%, in 2020 - 40%;

6. the share of automated functions of state bodies, among those potentially automated, in 2017 should be at least 80%, in 2020 at least 100%;

7. share of updated (updated) cartographic material in the territory:

8. cities and towns with an accuracy of M1:500 - 100% in 2018;

9. other settlements M1:2000 accuracy - 100% in 2020;

10. Cultivated land accuracy M1:10000 - 100% in 2018;

11. uncultivated lands with an accuracy of M1: 25000 - 100% in 2020.

Ways to achieve. The modern telecommunications access network and the "electronic government" of Kazakhstan will be the infrastructure for creating an information society. Among the significant new directions for the development of "electronic government" the following tasks will be solved.

Will be reviewed life cycle ICT projects towards the introduction of a modular approach focused on short iterations and rapid achievement of concrete results.

Measures will be taken to eliminate "entry thresholds" for participation in government ICT projects by small IT companies.

A unified information and analytical environment of state bodies will be developed, which will become the main tool for the coordinated implementation of all types of public administration reforms.

An audit and certification of the entire socially significant infrastructure of the state (engineering networks, housing stock, roads, etc.) will be carried out, new state databases will be created.

A unified national geoinformation environment will be provided, which will provide state bodies with access to modern, high-quality and complete geoinformation material integrated with state database accounting objects.

At the state level, the problem of collecting and converting historical information into electronic form for state databases, archives and departmental information systems will be systematically solved.

Based on the analysis of the processes of activity of state and local executive bodies a list of typical information systems will be determined. Typical information systems will be implemented in state and local executive bodies as part of a new informatization model in the form of "cloud services".

The process of reducing and simplifying business processes for the provision of public services and their automation will continue.

The functions of local executive bodies will be automated.

A unified numbering and coding system for administrative documents will be provided.

"Mobile government" will be intensively developed - one of the areas of "electronic government", designed to promptly present the results of public services to citizens and businesses through mobile devices.

Work will continue to significantly reduce the document flow between state bodies by improving the regulations for their work and introducing the Unified Electronic Document Management System (hereinafter referred to as the USEDO). The ESEDO system itself will develop towards "cloud services" and work on mobile devices.

Measures will be taken to integrate commercial and government systems and services.

Issues of using licensed and free software will be regulated.

On the basis of the e-government Call Center, a Unified Call Center will be created for the provision of public services, including the acceptance of complaints about the quality of public services and notification of the status and readiness of public services.

A single personal account of a citizen will be created and implemented, designed for official information interaction of legal entities and individuals with state bodies and organizations on the provision of public and non-state services, the use of personal data, which will also be a single point of interaction between citizens and state bodies.

Work will be carried out to develop the infrastructure for recording an electronic digital signature (hereinafter referred to as the EDS) on a new type of identity card, aimed at the large-scale use of the EDS among the population.

The number of points of public access to electronic services will be significantly increased, as well as the equipment will be updated existing items 16 .

2.2 Interdepartmental electronic interaction of state bodies

The formation of "Electronic government" in Kazakhstan became possible due to the existence of a number of prerequisites.

Firstly, the widespread dissemination of information and communication technologies in all spheres of human activity: the socio-economic sphere, public administration, the real sector of the economy, business and e-commerce, healthcare, education and science, in everyday life. In terms of the level of distribution of personal computers among the population and the availability of the Internet, Kazakhstan is rapidly reducing the backlog from developed countries. Increasing the level of computer literacy. Developing at a high rate.

Secondly, the achievement of a certain level of informatization of public authorities. At a high level, state authorities are being equipped with modern computer technology (935,312 computers were purchased in 2015) and an appropriate information technology and communication infrastructure is being created to ensure their activities. At the same time, the results of the introduction of information and communication technologies in public authorities are currently mostly 100% due to the ESEDO.

Thirdly, there are currently 240 e-services and services on the e-government portal that can be obtained by an organization or a citizen without a direct visit to a government body. The infrastructure of public (public) access of citizens to the websites created by state authorities on the Internet and other means of information and reference support and services to citizens is actively developing, and reporting meetings of the heads of the PI with the population are also held.

Fourthly, the existing state information systems were formed with the help of the Zerde National Infocommunication Holding, in particular joint stock company"National information technologies", which leads to timely analysis and correction of possible deviations. The information contained in them is available to other public authorities for operational use, which in practice facilitates the process of interdepartmental information exchange, multiple collection and duplication of information in different systems. At the same time, the information is promptly updated, contained in the state information systems. Fifthly, the infrastructure of information interaction between state bodies is still imperfect and is in the process of reform. There is practically no infrastructure that ensures the interaction of public authorities between organizations and citizens in the framework of the provision of public services. The procedures for collecting and processing information necessary for determining and controlling targets performance of public authorities.

The current situation makes it possible to provide a new level of quality in public administration and the provision of services to organizations and citizens based on information and communication technologies and significantly increases the efficiency of spending budget funds on the creation and development of state information systems. Receipt necessary information and public services in most cases does not require direct appeal of organizations and citizens to public authorities, the formation of requests and the provision of the necessary information on paper, but allows you to receive the necessary information and documents via the Internet.

The idea of ​​creating e-government in Kazakhstan was voiced in the annual Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on March 19, 2004.

The e-government portal www.egov.kz is being developed by the National Information Technologies JSC, a national information technology operator of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a subsidiary of Zerde National Infocommunication Holding JSC. .

The implementation of the program involved the phased solution of the following tasks:

The information stage is the publication and dissemination of information. The interactive stage is the provision of services through direct and reverse interaction between the state body and the citizen.

Transactional stage - interaction through the implementation of financial and legal transactions through the government portal. See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 1. Stages of e-government development

Information Society In the period from 2007-2009, the e-government infrastructure was formed, the basic components were created: a web portal and an e-government gateway, an e-government payment gateway, an electronic interdepartmental document management system, a public key infrastructure, a unified transport environment for state bodies, national registries of identification numbers , implemented electronic public services.

The e-government ideology is based on two things. This is the construction of infrastructure for the provision of services and the services themselves. Building the infrastructure of e-government is the creation of the basic components of e-government. Infrastructure of the e-government" includes government databases " Individuals”, “Legal entities”, “Address register”, “Real estate register”; e-government web portal and gateway, unified electronic document management system (ESEDO), certification centers (public key infrastructures); unified transport environment (UTS).

The results of the implementation of the Program were:

1.formation of the basic components of the “electronic government” infrastructure;

2. creation of a regulatory legal framework;

3. formation and development of electronic services of state bodies;

4. Increasing the level of computer literacy of the population.

The unified electronic document management system for state bodies (ESEDO) using electronic digital signature technology was created and launched in commercial operation in 2006 year. Interdepartmental electronic document management in Kazakhstan is fundamentally different from the systems used in Europe or the countries of the post-Soviet space: it allows you to combine and unify departmental electronic document management systems of all central government bodies. ESEDO is currently used in 80 central and 16 local executive bodies of the republic.

Reduction of information inequality. But for the implementation of e-government, it was also necessary to train people who, having computer literacy and access to ICT, will be able to interact with e-government anywhere in the country. To solve this problem, a program was developed and launched to reduce the information divide in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which provided for increasing the computer literacy of the population and deploying in 2007-2009. networks of public Internet access points throughout the country in the form of workstations and information kiosks, which are installed in the most frequently visited public places.

Departmental information systems. After the creation of the basic components of e-government, in order to fully develop and provide electronic services, information systems of state bodies were connected. For full automation, government agencies created intradepartmental portals, special integration systems that cover the functional tasks of the department and connect a number of information systems.

Among the ministries, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population, and the Agency for Land Resources Management were the first to implement full automation. And this list is growing. At present, information systems have been introduced in such state bodies as the Ministry of Health and social development, Agriculture, economics and budget planning, internal affairs, energy, the Supreme Court, the Prosecutor General's Office, etc.

Certification centers include two blocks: Certification center of state bodies (CA GO), which issues electronic keys, electronic digital signatures within the internal contour of the e-government - so that civil servants can sign their documents within the electronic interdepartmental document management system. The second block is the National Certification Center (NCC), whose task is to provide citizens and organizations of the republic with electronic digital signatures.

In 2007, the UC GO was put into permanent operation, in parallel, within the framework of this project, 768 digital signatures were issued.

To date, 147,830 people have an electronic digital signature. For the uninterrupted issuance of electronic signatures at public service centers, twenty-eight registration centers have been opened in all regional centers and cities.

Unified Transport Environment (UTS). For the secure exchange of data between government agencies in 2004, a unified transport telecommunications system was created, which, in addition to solving security problems, allows you to receive complex services such as video conferencing, IP telephony, and also solves the problems of remote training of employees and automating the processing of citizens' or service consumers. This project was implemented in Astana with coverage of 29 government agencies. To date, all central government departments are connected to the UTS.

In April 2006, the web portal "electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was put into operation, which became a practical mechanism for accessing information and interactive services of government agencies. To solve main task portal - the provision of electronic public services - software has been developed for integration modules with the Unified Electronic Document Management System (ESEDO) and state databases, including the "State Land Cadastre", "Integrated Tax Information System", "Individuals", "Legal Entities", "Address Register", "Real Estate Register", database State Center for the payment of pensions.

Already today, every citizen of Kazakhstan can enter the e-government portal and receive electronic services in as soon as possible without direct contact with the government agency. To do this, you need to register on the portal, obtain an electronic digital signature and send a request signed with an electronic digital signature to receive the necessary certificate.

To provide transactional services of "electronic government", an automated system "Payment gateway" electronic government "was created for making Internet payments, such as payment of taxes, fines, penalties, etc. The payment gateway" electronic government "is a kind of store that allows the user to place orders for public services and, accordingly, pay for them by means of a payment card or from a current bank account. From the point of view of information exchange, the Payment Gateway of "electronic government" directly interacts with the information system of acquiring banks, and those, in turn, with the Kazakhstan Interbank Settlement Center and the treasury system. Information about the payer and the data of his payment card will be reliably protected from various kinds of information hacking by means of their transmission through special communication channels.

To pay for the service, you only need to dial the address of the Payment Gateway on the Internet or on the e-government portal. To do this, the user must also be registered on the "electronic government" portal and have an electronic digital signature of the National Certification Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In countries with developed economies, such as Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the USA, Singapore and others, payment for public services with bank magnetic cards through Internet banking systems, through the "electronic cash" systems of public electronic services has long been a practice. In Kazakhstan, such a project is being implemented for the first time.

Thus, "electronic government" is moving to the next - transactional - stage of its development.

Achievements of the electronic government of Kazakhstan. A "breakthrough" at the third, transactional stage was the creation of the IS "Electronic Public Procurement". From now on, an entrepreneur can participate in tenders without leaving the office. From January 1, 2010, all public procurement by the method of requesting quotations is made only in electronic format, on the public procurement web portal www.goszakup.gov.kz. Now about 44,000 participants are registered on the e-procurement portal, more than half of which act as potential suppliers. And these numbers are increasing almost every minute. Thus, the portal successfully demonstrates the fulfillment of its main tasks: increasing the openness of the public procurement process, creating equal conditions for competition and reducing budget expenditures for the purchase of goods and services. Since the beginning of 2010 alone, the average total budgetary savings due to the introduction of EGZ amounted to more than 4 billion 215 million tenge.

In 2009, the implementation of the E-licensing project began, which is mainly intended for business entities. This is a simplification of procedures for obtaining various licenses and permits for enterprises to carry out licensed activities. E-licensing enables the person who applies for a license to track the entire procedure for its consideration. At the same time, contact between the person who considers the application and the one who submits it is completely excluded. It has tremendous effectiveness in the fight against corruption. The project was launched as a pilot project in several ministries: the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Committee for the Regulation of Natural Monopolies and Protection of Competition of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Ministry of Culture and Sports, the Agency for Land Management, the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Ministry of Education and Science.

The regional direction of the state program is also developing. The unified electronic document management system has been introduced in the regions; since September 2009, all akimats have been using the efficiency of electronic document management. A survey of public services at the local level is currently underway with a view to bringing them online. A prototype of the "Electronic akimat" system for 5 selected services has been developed, and it has been introduced into trial operation in the akimat of Pavlodar region.

In December 2009, the project "Unified notarial information system" e-notariat "was put into commercial operation in the pilot zone in the city of Astana, the task of which is to ensure timely and reliable reporting on notarial actions, efficient work of notaries and their interaction with the republican and territorial notary chambers, with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The population, in turn, is provided with high-quality, legal notarial services.

One of the main functions of ES is the interdepartmental electronic interaction of state bodies. Which led to the creation of a cluster of different projects, which are at different levels and having different specifications to reduce the time for processing various processes, in particular document flow.

Unified transport environment of state bodies. Currently, government agencies are building their information and communication systems (ICS) independently and in isolation from each other, focusing solely on their own needs.

In particular, when implementing integrated distributed multi-level systems (systems of tax and customs administration, treasury and pensions), the lack of a unified transport environment for government agencies led to the creation of corporate communication networks. With this approach, significant financial and material resources are scattered, there is no unified security policy, and it is problematic to organize interdepartmental interaction at any level of the administrative-territorial structure of the state.

The solution is to create a unified multi-service secure transport environment of state bodies (hereinafter - UTS GO RK) with the participation of telecom operators based on modern technologies which will allow:

1. organize a unified information protection and security policy;

2. combine existing and developed departmental information systems of state bodies;

3. create virtual private networks;

4. reduce the cost of operating departmental networks of state bodies and the network of interdepartmental information exchange.

Establishment of the UTS GO RK on the basis of modern technical solutions should ensure the organization of a reliable public secure data transmission network with the provision of services of guaranteed quality of service for the transmission of heterogeneous traffic (video, voice, data) based on modern data transmission technologies.

Information systems of departments and local authorities. Departmental information systems reflect the specifics of the work of a particular department related to its functional purpose. Currently, the informatization of departments is mainly focused on the automation of internal business processes. In accordance with this concept, the architecture of departmental information systems should be revised and supplemented taking into account the provision of electronic services to citizens and business structures. In pursuance of this provision, each department must adopt its own industry informatization program.

Within the framework of departmental information systems, the components of the "Resources of Kazakhstan" database are formed, which are a set of independent databases, such as: natural and mineral resources and subsoil, the national oil and gas data bank, library funds, etc.

The real estate register is an integral part of the "Resources of Kazakhstan" database, and it is a single secure source of information about all real estate objects in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including buildings, structures, apartments.

The land cadastre is designed to store accounting information about land plots.

Departmental information systems that implement electronic services should be developed independently in accordance with a single ES architecture.

The main service providers within the framework of the concept are information systems of local authorities, providing services such as registration at the place of residence, payment utility bills etc.

Information systems that implement electronic services at the local level are developed centrally, tested in pilot areas and replicated in the regions.

The services of the "government-government" sector are provided by such integrated information systems as a unified electronic document management system, a standard system of information support for the administrative and economic activities of state bodies. Also here we can note such departmental systems as the information system for the formation of the republican budget and the Situational system of public administration of the Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the integrated information system of the treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the implemented system of electronic public procurement of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Public Procurement, etc.

Certification center for government agencies. In order to build a legally significant electronic document flow between state bodies using electronic digital signature technologies, the Ministry of Communications and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter referred to as MSI) is working to maintain and administer the Certification Center of state bodies (hereinafter referred to as CA CA).

At the same time, the scope of application of the EDS of the UTs GO has expanded, in particular on the Intranet - the portal of state bodies. Also, as part of the implementation of the order of the Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan A. Musin No. 07-7.51 dated December 10, 2008 regarding the connection of akimats of regions, Astana and Almaty to ESEDO, UTS and UC GO, work was carried out on the introduction of interdepartmental electronic document management using electronic digital signature tools in the Akimats of the regions, years. Astana and Almaty.

Since July 1, 2009, 16 regional akimats, including the years. Astana and Almaty participate in the interdepartmental electronic document management of the state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan using the EDS of the UC GO. During 2010, work is underway to introduce the UC HE in the LEAs of the regional, city and rural levels.

Currently, work is underway to implement and support the CA SC in the regional divisions of the Ministry of Communications and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as regional divisions of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Unified system of electronic document management of state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ESEDO). The goal of the project is to increase the role and importance of "electronic government" and the state as a whole, improve the quality of public services using modern information technologies, and form a unified information space government bodies, automation of workflow, increasing the efficiency and transparency of the processes of office work of government bodies, expanding the scope and availability of electronic services. The structure of the Unified System of Electronic Document Management of State Bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan (USEDO) is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The structure of the Unified System of Electronic Document Management of State Bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan (UESED).
The main work during the implementation of the ESEDO project was carried out in five areas:

1. Formation of the regulatory framework for electronic document management;

2.development of ESEDO software;

3.Security specifications for the implementation of ESEDO in state bodies;

4. implementation and administration of ESEDO in state bodies;

5.training of ESEDO users.

The objectives of the project were: automation of technological processes of preparation, registration, structuring, storage, archiving, search, processing, access control, issuance and distribution of documents.

The results of this project were:

1. building a unified system of operational electronic document management on a national scale using an electronic digital signature

2. clear structuring of office work processes in state bodies, bringing them to a single order

3. optimization of the work of civil servants by organizing uninterrupted and efficient access to documents, automating routine operations for tracking and searching for the necessary information, generating document flow reports

4. creation of a mechanism for dialogue between a citizen and public authorities through the web portal of "electronic government", ESEDO and the National Certification Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The introduction of ESEDO in state bodies was carried out for 5 years

Works on connection of electronic document management systems of 16 local executive bodies to the ESEDO Center have been completed, thus the number of ESEDO participants has increased.

As of December 2014, 65 central and 16 local executive bodies, 1,950 territorial subdivisions of state bodies actively use ESEDO or a departmental electronic document management system integrated with ESEDO.

Key indicators of the project in 2014:

The number of electronic documents sent through the ESEDO Center (interdepartmental document flow) of the CSC amounted to 99.16%, the share of paperless document flow in the total volume of document flow in the CSC and LEB was 64.71%.

The share of interdepartmental electronic document management (external outgoing documents) in the ESEDO system without duplication on paper amounted to 65.04% and intradepartmental electronic document management (internal outgoing documents) in the ESEDO system without duplication on paper amounted to 91.58%, which is an average of 78 .31%.

Intranet portal of state bodies. The intranet portal of the state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an internal corporate information system designed for:

1. providing civil servants with the means of collective work, the necessary information resources

2. solving organizational problems

4. information exchange

5. monitoring the implementation of action plans of the Government and strategic plans of state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

6. organizing an electronic meeting of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

7. organizing recruitment to the civil service and monitoring the number of civil servants;

8. monitoring the timely execution of control instructions from the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan to state and local executive bodies;

9. interdepartmental coordination of developed draft regulatory legal acts using an electronic - digital signature of the Certification Center of the Civil Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The purpose of the project "Intranet portal of state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan" is:

1. creation of an effective mechanism for information interaction between state bodies and civil servants of the Republic of Kazakhstan using modern technologies

2. providing civil servants with a "single point of access" to a wide range of information resources: data and services

In 2008, the information system "Intranet-portal of state bodies" of the Republic of Kazakhstan was put into permanent operation by members of the acceptance committee, which included representatives of:

1. Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

2. Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan

3.Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan

4. Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan

5. Ministry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for civil service affairs

6. Committee for Communication, Informatization and Information

As of 2010, the resources of the information system "Intranet portal of state bodies" of the Republic of Kazakhstan were provided with access to 31 state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan through the Unified Transport Environment of State Bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

More than 2,000 civil servants were trained to work on the Intranet portal of the state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The IPGO was integrated with such information systems as the Unified Electronic Document Management System, the Certification Center of the Civil Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the website and testing system of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Civil Service Affairs, as well as link integration with information systems of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In 2010, measures were taken to support users and technical support of the IPGO software, ensuring the operation of the IPGO services.

Unified multiservice (transport) environment for state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan (UTS GO). The scheme, which is shown in Figure 3. Modern information technologies that allow you to create, store, process and provide effective ways presenting information to the consumer have become an important factor in the life of society and a means of increasing the efficiency of managing all spheres of social activity. Modern society requires high speeds information processing, convenient forms of its storage and transmission.

Figure 3. Scheme of the Unified multiservice (transport) environment for state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan (UTS GO).

To date, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, a number of state bodies have created and operate data transmission networks, the largest of which are corporate communication networks of tax and customs administration, treasury and pension provision, there is a need to create or expand departmental data transmission networks in other state bodies. However, the lack of a unified centralized methodology for building departmental data transmission networks leads to duplication of work, to incompatibility of information and communication systems, a decrease in the efficiency of resources allocated to the construction and maintenance of data transmission networks, there is no unified security policy, and it is problematic to organize interdepartmental interaction at any level of administrative and territorial structure of the state. All these issues are resolved when creating a single secure multi-service transport environment for government agencies (ETS GO).

The multiservice data transmission network assumes a modern approach to the organization of communication. A unified network will ensure the operation of applied tasks, the provision of intradepartmental telephone communications and video conferencing, the environment for the operation of remote training applications for employees, and will solve the problems of automating the processing of citizens' or consumers' appeals. The network will provide an opportunity to separate and isolate the information flows of various departments, departments of institutions.

After analyzing the existing systems of interdepartmental electronic interaction, we can say that it facilitates the process of processing incoming requests from citizens and documents and providing a timely response.

2.3 Provision of public services in electronic format.

From January 1, 2010 - 100% transfer of public procurement by requesting quotations to electronic format, at www.goszakup.gov.kz. In 2009−2010 the introduction of projects "E-licensing" for business entities, "Unified notarial information system" e-notariat ", systems" Electronic akimat "

In 2010, the first transactional services appeared on the portal, suggesting the possibility of making online payments. So, first of all, online payment of taxes, state fees, duties and fines for traffic violations was implemented, in 2011 - payment for housing and communal services.

In 2011, the e-government portal offered Kazakhstan citizens the services of a registry office in a new electronic format, automating the procedure for filing an application for marriage/dissolution and registration of the birth of a child. During 2013, a number of other socially important public services were launched on the e-government portal of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including the services of the registry office, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In total, in 2014, users of the e-government portal were offered 119 interactive and transactional services on the e-government portal. This number included 77 public services, payment of 21 types of state fees, 16 types of state fees, 4 types of tax payments, as well as payment of fines for violations of the Rules traffic. In the classification according to the indicator "electronic participation" (e-participation) of citizens in electronic government projects in 2014, Kazakhstan is in 18th place.

Now 240 electronic services have been implemented on the e-government portal. Most often, Kazakhstanis receive address certificates (62 million), certificates of pension contributions (11.8 million) and certificates of registered rights to real estate (18.6 million) on the portal.

Since 2015, 215 electronic services have been provided.

Figure 4. Services and services of e-government

Note - Data from statistics from egov.kz, 2016
This figure shows in the context of the services provided on the e-government portal, the list of which is described in the Appendix List of e-government services.
Table 4

TOP 10 popular services on the e-government portal

According to the definition of the European Commission, e-government is the use of information and telecommunication technologies in government structures against the backdrop of organizational reforms and the formation of civil servants' skills aimed at improving the functioning of government structures and increasing the level of services they provide. From this it follows that the basic goal of introducing ES is to increase the efficiency of public services. The principles of ES imply the possibility of receiving traditional government services online. For citizens, this can be filing tax returns, voting, obtaining copies of various certificates, paying utilities, renewal of registration Vehicle and driver's license, job search, etc. For business - registration of new companies, renewal of licenses, payment of corporate taxes, sending information to statistical authorities, filing customs declarations, making payments to funds social insurance, public procurement, etc.

Development of electronic governments in different countries of the world

1980-09-22 00:00:00

Singapore

In 1980-1985, the first national computerization plan was implemented, during which reporting was translated into an automated form and data processing procedures were created. Over the past two decades, there have been a number of national programs, each building on the previous one's success in moving steadily towards making Singapore a networked nation. National ICT programs have resulted in many public administrations and services exploiting technology to improve efficiency, quality of service and access through electronic channels. Services previously provided by various Ministries and Agencies of the Government of Singapore are now provided under the e-Government Program at www.egov.gov.sg.

1987-09-01 00:00:00

South Korea

The decision to develop the infrastructure and e-government base in South Korea was made in 1987. Thanks to this system, residents of the country can perform almost all transactions without leaving home: from shopping in stores to paying bills and processing documents. In public places, you can see special terminals in which it is easy to find the necessary information or print any certificate. South Korea annually ranks first or second in the world both in terms of average Internet speed and broadband coverage of the population. A few years ago, a 100% electronic document management system was introduced in the public sector of the country.

1993-09-21 17:53:03

USA

A systematic approach to the development of e-government was laid down in the 90s of the last century. E-government in the United States began with the creation of the US President's website in 1993. In the United States, the development of e-government is carried out by a special division of the US presidential administration - the Office of E-Government and Information Technology, which, in turn, is a division of the Office of Management and Budget. The E-Government Department is headed by the Federal Director for Information Technology. The most popular e-government service in the United States is filing tax returns with electronic form.

1994-09-22 00:00:00

Canada

One of the first in the world back in 1994 began to solve the problem of open access to information of government agencies Canada. Having divided the project into three stages of implementation, the Canadians set the task of building an "electronic government" system in five years. As a result of the application of the modular principle, the system was divided into four circuits: the site of Canada; an information portal that combines subportals; middleware, including a search engine, business process automation systems, application and data integration systems; infrastructure software, consisting of a paper and electronic document management system, an electronic storage and a database management system. Today, as part of the work carried out to implement the project, the Canadian authorities are working and interacting directly with the population through the most powerful information portal, uniting up to 500 Internet sites.

2001-08-31 18:14:08

Latvia

The website politica.lv, covering the problems of public policy in Latvia, was created in 2001 with the overall goal of improving the quality of public policy in the country. Its main sub-goals are: 1) ensuring the availability of information resources in the field of public policy; 2) supporting an environment for qualified public policy discussions; 3) raising the level of state policy. The website provides resources on the following topics: public policy making, social inclusion, rule of law and corruption, human rights, civil society, education and employment, the information society and external relations.

2002-08-31 06:49:19

Germany

In Germany, since March 2002, the so-called Online Form Center has been operating, accessible through the portal www.bund.de. It provides access to approximately 1000 various forms documents used to communicate citizens with government departments. All government departments can use this centralized infrastructure for their online services. Germany was one of the first countries to introduce in November 2005 e-passport(ePass), which uses a microchip. Data such as last name, first name, patronymic, date of birth, nationality, as well as a digitized image of the owner's face are stored there.

2002-08-31 12:24:56

Brazil

In 2002, Brazil set itself the task of using ICT for voting. During the first round of the 2002 national elections, Brazilian voters were exposed to the technology of completely electronic elections for the first time. The success of these technologies, reflected in the relative absence of technical problems in voting, has been a major achievement for a country with a large population. For elections throughout the country, 406,000 electronic "ballot boxes" were placed. This technique is the size of cash register can operate without connection to the power grid and communication infrastructure, which is important for Brazil, given that many polling stations are located in sparsely populated areas where access to telephone lines limited. To cast your vote, it was enough just to type on the keyboard the code corresponding to one or another candidate. After voting, a digital photograph of the selected candidate and a proposal to confirm his choice (or change it) were displayed on the screen of the apparatus.

2002-08-31 18:14:08

Russia

In 2002, the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia" was adopted, designed for a period up to 2010. The result of the Program was the introduction and subsequent development of information technologies at all levels of government: federal and municipal. On August 16, 2007, the Russian government approved the concept of "electronic government".

2002-09-01 00:00:00

Estonia

In 2002, a unified state portal was created, bringing together all electronic services for citizens, businesses and officials. Registration on the Portal https://www.eesti.ee takes place using an ID-card, which is an electronic identity card of a citizen. An ID-card is an identification document of an Estonian resident from the age of 15, as well as a foreigner who has received a residence or work permit. Additionally, an ID-card gives the right to put an electronic signature on documents, equated by law with a handwritten one.

2004-08-31 06:49:19

Kazakhstan

The idea of ​​creating e-government in Kazakhstan was voiced in the annual Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on March 19, 2004. On November 10, 2004, the Program for the Formation of the Electronic Government for 2005-2007 was approved. The implementation of the program assumed a phased solution of the following tasks: Information stage - publication and dissemination of information. Interactive stage - the provision of services through direct and reverse interaction between the state body and the citizen. Transactional stage - interaction through the implementation of financial and legal transactions through the government portal. The transformational stage is the creation of complex, composite electronic services. Maximum efficiency in the provision of socially significant services. On April 12, 2006, the e-government web portal of the Republic of Kazakhstan was launched for the first time.

What is "Electronic Government"? How was it formed? What served as the prerequisites for its development in world practice? And what of the international practice is applied in Uzbekistan?

STEP ONE. STORY

The development of information and communication technologies in the modern world everywhere entails multilateral trends, including the transformation of the spheres of human activity and public institutions. In the context of the transformation of political institutions and public administration, taking into account the requirements of the information age, national governments set themselves an urgent task today and in the future - to ensure the effective formation, functioning and development of the "Electronic Government" system.

The concept of "Electronic government" was first covered in the United States in 1991, but at present, international practice has already accumulated sufficient experience in the formation and development of this system. In most advanced countries of the world, comprehensive programs have been developed and are being implemented that provide for strategies for the information development of the country. Also, the world community pays special attention to this area and is doing a great job on effective international cooperation, research activities and the implementation of global innovation projects. So, for example, since 2003, the United Nations Department of Public Administration and Development Management has been conducting studies every two years to assess the readiness and ability of national government structures to use ICT to provide public services to citizens, on the basis of which a rating of the countries of the world is compiled in terms of the level of development of e-government . The rating is formed on the basis of the e-government development index based on an assessment of the degree of coverage and quality of Internet services, the level of development of IT infrastructure and human capital. The 2016 study provided new evidence of the potential for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals, adopted during the UN Summit on Sustainable Development on September 25, 2015, and also showed a global trend towards the use of innovative resources and the introduction of ICT for service delivery , involving people in decision-making and promoting people-centred services that reflect their needs.

STEP TWO. ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT TODAY

Currently, there is no single strategy or template for the formation and development of e-government, which could act as a tool for transformation, transforming political processes that challenge its traditional institutions and mechanisms. Analyzing the world experience in the formation and development of the "Electronic Government" system, it is customary to single out two main models of the political strategy for the formation of electronic government: "Western" and "Eastern". The Eastern model, reflecting the specifics of the formation and development of the "Electronic Government" system in Asian countries, is characterized by reforming the public administration system based on the principles of new public administration and ensuring openness and transparency in the activities of state bodies.

This model has been most successful in the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Japan. While the Western model includes strategies for the formation of e-government in America and European countries. In most countries of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, special attention is paid to the introduction of ICT in administrative reform and citizen services, and in the United States a large role is also given to improving political system.

The e-government of the Republic of Korea, ranked third in the UN e-government ranking in 2016 and ranked first in the same ranking in 2010, 2012 and 2014, has won global recognition. One of the reasons for Korea's leadership not only among Asian countries, but also at the global level is the creation of favorable conditions for the development of ICT, in particular, the provision of opportunities for the comprehensive improvement of applications that are available for download on a single integrated portal of the country. It is conventionally accepted to single out four stages in the development of e-government in Korea. The first stage was Government 1.0 - as the earliest stage of creating conditions for the introduction of e-government, aimed at introducing ICT in the public administration sector, digitizing work processes and building an e-government infrastructure. Next is the Government 2.0 stage, focused on citizens, interacting with them online and interactively, implemented in the period from 2001 to 2007. E-government implementation projects were implemented on the basis of the principles of traditionalism (Confucianism) and "rational bureaucracy".

For several years, up to 40% of the legal acts regulating public administration and service have been changed. At the third stage of the development of e-government Government 3.0, in order to ensure the uninterrupted provision of electronic services to citizens, the integration of e-government information systems was carried out and open access to the data necessary for interaction with the state was provided. In 2013, work began on the implementation of the "smart" government strategy - e-government 4.0, through which, regardless of access channels, citizens can enjoy simple and free access to public services. Currently, more than 409 projects have been implemented, more than half of which were carried out by small and medium-sized enterprises, 300 thousand downloads of the source code of a single standardized e-government platform based on open architecture software (eGovFrame). The unified eGovFrame platform, which contributed to a significant reduction in the budget for the development of new and support for existing e-government systems, has become further widespread in Bulgaria, Mexico, Mongolia, and Vietnam.

The key factor that had a significant impact on the formation of e-government in Singapore is the creation in 1999 of the Agency for Information and Communication Development, which was entrusted with broad powers to consult, control and monitor the country's e-government processes, as well as the distribution of budget expenditures in this regard. . The Agency also monitors and regulates the implementation of projects outlined in the e-Government Strategic Development Plan of the e-Government Strategy Development Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister. The creation of so-called "cities" (TOWN), which are projects in which several line ministries take part, has become a fundamental decision in the field of management. In subsequent years, in Singapore, special attention was paid to the development of the provision of their own services by departments, such as filling out tax returns, issuing permits. And three years later, in 2006, the creation of a single portal for the integration of disparate services of various government organizations was completed. The official web portal of Singapore (www.gov.sg), uniting all spheres of life, has four interconnected sections: government, citizens, business and non-residents. For programs to improve the "Electronic Government" system, in particular, for further development the official web portal, the state annually allocates 0.5 billion dollars. Also, an indisputable advantage of Singaporean projects is the stimulation of the implementation of ICT projects on the basis of public-private partnership. A striking example is the $4 billion project to bring high-speed fiber optic internet access to all households in Singapore. The state invested only 1 billion dollars, leaving the missing part for implementation to the consortium that won the tender.

The program for the formation and development of the "Electronic Government" system of Japan is based on the program "317 steps" adopted in 2001, the main objective which - by 2055 to ensure the global leadership in the field of ICT. The introduction of modern information networks, the use of information technology in education, the development of e-commerce, the use of information technology in the administration and operation of social services and the security of information networks are the five priority areas in the implementation of this program. These reforms have become a key condition for the formation and implementation of Japan's state policy in the development and dissemination of ICT, including at such a high level of development of the country's e-government. The national program "Electronic Japan" (e-Japan) for the development of advanced information technologies, aimed at creating an infrastructure for high-speed data transmission networks in the country, expanding the use of the Internet, developing electronic commerce (e-commerce) and, as a result, giving impetus to the country's economy, contributes to the reduction of tariffs for all types of communication. Moreover, adopted by the “e-Japan Strategy” (e-Japan Strategy) in 2001, “e-Japan Strategy II” (e-Japan Strategy II) in 2003, “ New strategy reforms” (New IT Reform Strategy) in 2006, “Strategy of Japan 2015” (i-Japan Strategy 2015) in 2009 and “New ICT Strategy” in 2010 became the foundation for the formation of one of the most advanced e-government systems. Following the projects adopted by the Japanese government, the 2014 Declaration of the Most Advanced IT Nation in the World became the next stage in the formation of a system that is quite open, transparent and accessible to the people of Japan. These reforms have created conditions for the integration of innovative projects that have become solutions to the administrative problems of society. Internet of things, Big Data, Basic resident register cards are just some of them. The information system for seismic diagnostics and forecasting "Nowcast" was highly appreciated by the UN in the study of the level of development of e-government of the countries of the world in 2016.

The United Kingdom, which is a representative of the Western model of the political strategy for the formation of e-government, took first place in the Index e-participation, as well as in the ranking of countries in the world by the level of development of e-government prepared by the UN (as of 2016). The UK Strategic Program "Modernization of State Power", adopted in 1999 and covering five million civil servants of the country, has become a key element in the implementation electronic system information age management. Based on this Strategy, the UK Online government portal (www.open.gov.uk), the Direct Access project was created, allowing government bodies to provide citizens with electronic access to all forms of documents at a convenient time for them, use an electronic digital signature to fill out the forms required to receive electronic public services. Establishment of the position of an electronic envoy (e-envoy), authorized to observe the constitutional rights of citizens to access information, has become another step towards the comprehensive development of the country's e-government system, ensuring the openness of public administration, reducing corruption and improving financial management. In addition, the ICT strategy approved by the government in 2011, which was designed to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of public ICT systems, has become a way to solve a number of problems in the country's ICT field by centralizing control over ICT, creating equal opportunities for software open source, creating a nationwide “app store”, encouraging regular reporting by ministers and senior government officials on the progress of ICT projects and programs.

Built on the principles of service provision of public services, rapid satisfaction of citizens' needs through ICT and elimination of redundant functions of government authorities, the US e-government is considered one of the most effective systems.

A systematic approach to development was laid down in the 90s in the "E-Government Strategy" (E-Government Strategy), aimed at increasing the efficiency of the federal government. An important success factor was the integration of positions related to the informatization of public administration and the quality of interactive government services into the overall system for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of government departments, which was reflected in the amount of funding from the State budget and special funds. The official government portal (www.First-Gov.gov) brings together federal, state, and local government websites, contains 27 million web pages, and provides over a thousand electronic forms and real-world services. Service areas are classified based on their scope, such as obtaining licenses, questions social security, obtaining passports and others. Moreover, along with the improvement of administrative activities, much attention is paid to improving the functioning of the political system within the framework of ICT. An example of this is the Federal Corporate Information Technology Architecture of US government organizations, which involves the creation of uniform standards for government information systems, including data standards, standards for interdepartmental information exchange, metadata (and information retrieval) standards, and security standards.

The "Electronic Europe" program, based on the basic principles of the macroeconomic policy of the EU countries, is the approach of European countries in the field of information society formation. Standard reports on the implementation of projects within the framework of the e-government of the European Union countries are published on the official website (epractice.eu) and are based on a list of the main elements of the IT infrastructure, such as public service portals, network infrastructure and data centers, integration infrastructure and forwarding of electronic messages, infrastructure of identification and authorization and others. The agreed minimum legal framework for the development of e-government in the form of European Commission Directives creates the conditions for the formation of the necessary foundation for the development of an e-government system. Accordingly, all EU countries have adopted laws covering both technical aspects and ethical and political issues of e-government, such as digital signatures, e-commerce, data protection, distribution of government orders, access to information and others. Particular attention is paid to national portals for the provision of electronic public services. Thus, in a number of European countries, on special issues or for certain categories of citizens, additional e-government portals also function. For example, in France - the Portal for civil servants, in the Netherlands - the "feedback" portal with citizens (Citizenlink), the purpose of which is to stimulate the participation of citizens in public life and the life of the state by measuring the level of satisfaction of citizens with the activities of the state. Access to both national portals for the provision of electronic public services, and additional ones in a number of countries is available not only through the Internet and a computer, but, for example, as in the UK, it is possible using digital television channels and mobile phones. It is also worth noting the implementation of specialized solutions for managing all electronic forms used in the interaction of the state with individuals and legal entities, which will make a significant contribution to the development of electronic government in European countries by establishing electronic interaction and creating opportunities for electronic document management. Examples are eForms in the Netherlands or the Online Form Center in Germany.

STEP THREE. PERSPECTIVES

As world experience shows, higher stages of e-government functioning, the relationship between e-government and the nature of administrative reforms, a greater focus on the needs of citizens as consumers of public electronic services, ensuring openness and transparency of the activities of government bodies are recognized as strategic tasks for the formation and development of e-government. .

Despite the similarities between the Eastern and Western models of the political strategy for the formation of e-government, each state, based on its economic, social and political interests, develops and continuously improves the mechanisms for implementing e-government. Concepts for the implementation of e-government go in the direction from the use of online services and the widespread use of ICT for the provision of public services to the transformation of political institutions, principles and mechanisms that provide for the modernization of the forms and sphere of influence of citizens on the process of making and implementing managerial decisions.

In the period from December 11 to 17, 2016, specialists from the e-Government Development Center were on a business trip to participate in the training program for experts in information and communication technologies - at the training course "Expert in ICT Policy", held in Seoul.

The course was attended by 20 experts (delegates) from 12 countries such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, Costa Rica, Iran, Kenya, Laos, Mongolia, Sudan, Tanzania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.

The program was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) in cooperation with the National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA) of the South Korean government from April 12 to 17, 2016.

As part of this course, in the conference halls of the Intercontinental Seoul COEX hotel in Seoul, the program organizers conducted trainings in the following areas:

1. "Korea's ICT Policy - Success factors and challenges", which reflected the stages of political decision-making on the widespread adoption of ICT.

1. "Trends in the development of the ICT industry and prospects" ("Trend and Outlook of ICT Industry"), which reflected macroeconomic environment development of ICT, changes in the ICT environment, which is expected in the future with the widespread introduction of ICT in the lives of citizens.

1. “Barriers in the development of e-government. Best Practices in Korea”, which described the principles of e-government, IT initiatives in Korea, barriers that have arisen in the construction of e-government, an integrated government data center, MINWON (interactive services portal), KONEPS (electronic trading system).

1. “Cloud Computing Policy in Korea”, where the Korean legislation in the field of cloud computing, implemented projects for cloud computing were described.

1. "5G: The next generation service" ("5G: The next generation service"), which reflected the history of the development of 2G, 3G networks.
2. At the lecture

July 23, 2008 10:10 am

Svetlana Shlyakhtina

The continuous increase in the apparatus of the public sector, the decrease in the effectiveness of its work and the aggravation of the problems of interaction between various state structures among themselves, as well as with citizens and commercial organizations - these are the consequences of the low efficiency of the work of government bodies observed in all countries of the world. As experts have long proved, only full automation of public administration based on modern information technologies will help to change the situation radically, which should ultimately lead to the creation of electronic government (E-Government, ES). According to Gartner, it will transform the internal and external relations of government organizations based on the use of the Internet, information and telecommunications technologies in order to optimize the services provided, increase the level of public participation in government issues and improve internal processes.

E-government is a complex set of means of interaction between government authorities, citizens and business entities and involves three areas of interaction: G2B / B2G (state-business / business-state), G2G (state-state) and G2C / C2G (state- citizens/citizen-state). This division is conditional, since the named functions are often performed by the same electronic government structures. But these areas have different goals. The development of G2B/B2G should facilitate interaction between commercial structures and the government through open online access to legislative information (legislative acts, federal rules, instructions) and provide the possibility of reporting to regulatory government agencies via the Internet. The main purpose of G2G is to improve the interaction between federal, state and local authorities, and G2C/C2G is to provide citizens with convenient and fast online access to information and services. In other words, on the one hand, e-government provides access to legislative information, and on the other hand, it allows citizens and commercial structures carry out a variety of operations, from paying utility bills to reporting to government agencies, via the Internet.

Goals and results of the implementation of ES

According to the definition of the European Commission, e-government is the use of information and telecommunication technologies in government structures against the backdrop of organizational reforms and the formation of civil servants' skills aimed at improving the functioning of government structures and increasing the level of services they provide. From this it follows that the basic goal of introducing ES is to increase the efficiency of public services.

The principles of ES imply the possibility of receiving traditional government services online. For citizens, this can be filing tax returns, voting, obtaining copies of various certificates, paying utility bills, renewing vehicle registrations and driver's licenses, finding a job, etc. For business - registration of new companies, renewal of licenses, payment of corporate taxes, sending information to statistical authorities, filing customs declarations, making payments to social insurance funds, public procurement, etc.

The main results of the creation of the EP, according to the European Commission, will be:

● improving the quality of services provided by government agencies;

● reduction of customer service time;

● reduction of administrative barriers;

● expanding the range of public services;

● improving the efficiency of government agencies;

● improvement of customer satisfaction indicator.

In general, as rightly noted at the last forum of the world's leading politicians, businessmen and scientists, The Microsoft Government Leaders Forum, the head of Microsoft Corporation Bill Gates, “implementation of the ES concept will help increase the productivity of government structures and the level of services they provide, as well as significantly reduce management costs. ". For state structures, the introduction of ES promises to reduce the cost of transactions and simplify the interaction between various departments. And for businesses and ordinary citizens, this initiative in the future will lead to significant time savings, a reduction in financial costs and an increase in the quality of services provided. Time savings will be achieved due to the absence of the need to go to the authorities (any public service can be obtained online) and communicate with civil servants, as well as reducing the number of administrative errors. The reduction in financial costs will come from lowering the cost of services, such as fees for obtaining permits or licenses (which is possible due to the reduction in the number of civil servants), and the elimination of administrative barriers that require a lot of additional resources to overcome in the traditional state structure. Improving the quality of services will occur through automation and a fundamental change in the approach to the principle of providing services, when the interests of not departments, but customers paying for services will be put at the forefront.

And all this is not just words - a number of studies confirm that the introduction of ES can really improve the performance of government agencies. The inefficiency of their functioning under the traditional model is evidenced, for example, by the figures given at the latest The Microsoft Government Leaders Forum. It turns out that $484 billion is spent annually on bureaucratic red tape in Europe, and about $843 billion in the US. If governments could save at least 15% of these costs, this would be comparable to half the health care budget. Significant savings are also possible by reducing the administrative apparatus - for example, according to the European Commission's eGovernment Action Plan, the transformation of the British Pensions Commission in accordance with the principles of the EP freed up 50% of the office staff, which was switched to other administrative tasks.

Citizens and commercial structures can also save a lot. Thus, according to the European Commission, the complete transfer of public services online will allow citizens to save up to 150 euros annually, and companies - up to 50 euros, which are now spent on overcoming administrative barriers. If we talk about saving time, then only electronic tax declaration, if it is introduced in all EU countries, will save European citizens about 100 million hours a year. Research shows that just being informed can be effective: According to the Implementing the President's Management Agenda for E-Government report, UsinessLaw.gov, a popular US site that provides small businesses with quick access to legal and regulatory information, helps merchants reduce overall costs. complexity at $56 million per year. And the Regulations.gov portal, which comments on legislative acts, helped merchants save more than $90 million in the first year of its operation just by providing timely information on the intricacies of legislative acts.

All these figures are not comparable with the amount of funds saved during electronic public procurement (eProcurement), the effectiveness of which is determined by several factors at once:

● analysis of market conditions and selection of the time and method of procurement, as well as planning the procurement procedure;

● reduction in purchase prices due to the expansion of the range of suppliers, increased competition between them and consolidation of purchased batches of the same type of products;

● savings on costs associated with registration and settlements, speeding up information exchange and document flow;

● transparency of the procurement procedure and reduction of abuse and corruption;

● achieving savings through the use of the auction mechanism.

In terms of real results, the recently adopted European Commission's eGovernment Action Plan 2010 emphasizes that “eGovernment initiatives in Europe have already resulted in significant savings in time and money in some EU Member States”. At the same time, first of all, savings from electronic public procurement were implied, and Italy, where the transition to eProcurement technology led to annual savings of 3.2 billion euros, and Portugal, where about 30% of funds from previously spent. According to forecasts, the full transition to electronic public procurement in all EU countries will help reduce public spending by 80 billion euros per year. And Russia is no exception - according to the recently published "National Procurement Transparency Rating", prepared jointly by NAUET and the Anti-Corruption Ministry of Education and Science, by developing electronic public procurement, the state can ideally reduce costs in this category by 45%.

True, all this will be achievable only if a number of conditions are met, the most significant of which are:

Reorganization of internal structures and processes of state institutions by automating processes and taking into account the principles of accountability, transparency and efficiency. Automation will provide instant access to the right documents, accountability will increase the responsibility of the parties, transparency will improve public control over the work of the government and reduce corruption, and the speed of updating information will provide reliable (rather than outdated) data on request;

● secure access to services (deployment of identity systems, support of security policies, etc.), without which the development of online services is doomed to failure;

● the use of a wide range of channels for the effective provision of services, and innovative channels (computer, mobile phone, digital TV, etc.) should not exclude, but complement traditional ones, since not all categories of the population (for example, the elderly) will wish to switch to new ways of getting services;

● standardization of services based on international standards and support for multilingualism, since services should be available to all citizens regardless of their nationality, language of communication, place of residence, etc.;

● convenience and support, since the receipt of services should be designed for all categories of the population (regardless of the level of education, skills, physical abilities, etc.), while citizens should be able to consult at any time regarding the receipt of services.

Technology of transition to EP

The formation of e-government involves a comprehensive solution of the following tasks:

● full automation of public administration based on modern information technologies;

● implementation of the reform of public administration institutions;

● providing a government web presence;

● achieving a high level of telecommunications infrastructure;

● increasing the level of readiness of the population to use information services.

In turn, the government web presence (according to the classification of the European Commission) is characterized by the sequential passage of five stages (Fig. 1):

1. Information (Information) - means a 20% web presence and involves the creation of regularly updated government websites with the publication of basic government information (regulations, orders, decrees, etc.) on them, links to ministries and state departments (education , healthcare, finance, etc.).

2. Interactive one-way (One way interaction) - assumes a 40% web presence and consists in organizing passive interaction between clients and the government. It implies, for example, providing electronic access to various forms of documents that citizens and businesses need to interact with the state. You can print the form you need, but you will have to send it in the traditional way, and not via the Internet. Or, for example, searching for vacancies in government organizations based on user-specified criteria.

3. Interactive bilateral (Two way interaction) - means 60% web presence and is implemented through interactive two-way interaction. At this stage, online services acquire interactivity and it becomes possible to request information on certain speeches and discussions, contact government officials by e-mail, participate in online discussions or leave comments on message boards, etc.

4. Transactional (Transaction) - assumes 80% web presence and is characterized by transactional interaction, which makes it possible to provide services that can be performed online at all stages. Examples include filing applications electronically for licenses to practice, filing tax returns, applications for exchange of documents, etc. At this stage, one of the serious problems is to ensure the safety of work.

5. Proactive (Targetisation) - means 100% web presence and is different in that the government not only provides citizens and commercial structures with services, but also involves citizens in decision-making and two-way dialogue based on interactive services.

Rice. one.Government Web Presence Levels

Information presence and passive interaction

Today, a lot has been done in the field of e-government formation in the world. Many countries have government portals from where citizens can access all government agencies. The number of such portals, apparently, is close to stabilization, since the rapid increase in their number that began with the growing interest in EP has been replaced by an equally rapid decline, which today has been reduced to a minimum (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Change in the number of government
resources in 2002-2006

At the same time, the range of government organizations available through the web portals is expanding. The web now contains not only the websites of the government and major ministries, but also of many government organizations, including local governments. For example, in the EU, according to CapGemini, out of almost 12.6 thousand authorities providing services (including municipalities), 92% have their own websites.

Of course, far from all government sites available on the Internet differ in the required level of preparation and updating, there are also purely formal or not fully debugged projects, the benefits of which are either not there at all, or very little. For example, the government web portal of Zimbabwe has pages that do not load correctly, some of the links on the Venezuelan website do not work properly, Vanuatu's website takes an unreasonably long time to load, and the Vatican's portal has extremely complex language. Some of these websites (as a rule, of small countries), which are officially considered to be governmental, in fact, are not and are designed for tourists, not for citizens.

Some government resources (6%) are not updated regularly, as noted in the Global E-Government 2006 report, but most (94%) have updated online publications, and 72% contain not only basic information about the government, but also links to government databases (ministries, government departments, etc.).

Interactive two-way interaction

The level of interactivity of government resources is growing year by year, although with varying degrees of success. Today, on most government resources (91%), two-way interactivity is implemented only through the possibility of citizens contacting government officials via e-mail (Table 1). In about a third of the resources, visitors can participate in online discussions or post comments on message boards related to the issues being discussed. 19% of government websites allow citizens to register for updates on specific issues (usually in the form of monthly electronic newsletters or notices) sent by email. And only a few websites are personalized according to the interests of visitors (6%) and have PDA access (1%), and some web resources even have a wap version for access from a mobile phone.

Table 1. Forms of interactive presence in 2001-2006

Transactional interaction

The ability to process transactions today is still limited - only a third (29%) of government resources, and only 10% of sites have three or more services (Table 2). Nevertheless, this is not so little, if we recall that in 2001, 92% of the resources did not have any online services at all. On other web portals, the level of services is limited to passive interaction, or the services offered can only partially be performed online (for example, you can apply for some kind of certificate, but not pay for this service, etc.).

Table 2. Provision of online services in 2001-2006

The highest level of penetration of online transaction services was achieved for the countries of the Pacific region (48%), Asia (42%), Western Europe (34%) and the Middle East (31%). And among the states, the undoubted leader is the United States, where transaction services are available on 73% of government resources, and on half of the sites the number of online services is three or more. Russia, united with the Central Asian republics, is at the bottom of the list, since only 11% of the resources in it have such services.

Proactive Engagement

Proactive interaction is characteristic of the highest level of ES development and has not yet been achieved in any country in the world, although some experiments have taken place as part of the promotion of some services of this level. For example, in a number of countries, in particular in the United States, online elections have already been held today.

The leading countries in terms of the development of ES consider proactive interaction to be a matter of the near future. For example, the introduction of tools for effective public debate with the aim of more active participation of citizens in democratic decision-making is one of the tasks of the i2010 eGovernment Action Plan adopted by the European Commission, which reflects the direction of development of European EG until 2010.

Popularity and variety of online services

As a rule, the list of online services is quite standard: ordering the necessary document, filling out a tax return, registering with a job search agency, paying for telecommunications services, fines for traffic violations, postal parcels, etc. Sometimes, as noted by Brown University, you can find unique services, such as processing compensation payments in Australia, opting out of various types of service in Zambia, sending a donation to the Pope in the Vatican, accessing educational services in El Salvador or electronic homework help in Luxembourg.

For information on which services are more prevalent and which are less, see the Online Availability of Public Services: How Is Europe Progressing? company CapGemini, dedicated to the analysis of the situation with EP in the EU countries. The most developed are services for the payment of taxes and contributions to social insurance funds, presented on the government portals of 94% of the EU countries. Less common are services related to registration procedures (72%), job search and medical certificates (71%), as well as services for issuing licenses and permits (61%). In general, G2B/B2G services are more priority than G2C/C2G services: if two-thirds of the existing services are available for online business, then only one-third is available for citizens.

Obstacles to the development of online services

According to the Brown University Taubman Center for Public Policy report, a significant brake on the development of online government services is the inability to use credit cards and digital signatures. If on commercial sites this practice has long become commonplace, then on government resources everything is different. Credit cards are accepted on only 4% of sites, and digital signatures for financial transactions are only allowed on 1%.

In addition, support for the secrecy of online interactions and security policies during financial transactions is extremely poorly implemented. Only 26% of the studied resources provide some level of confidentiality of the input data, and only 14% have a security policy. As analysts emphasize, this is absolutely not enough, because if citizens do not feel safe when conducting online transactions, then they will not use them, and this will negatively affect the pace of development of e-governments.

ES maturity level in different countries

The level of development of ES, or, as they say, the level of its maturity, is different in different countries: some are at the forefront and provide citizens with a variety of online services, while others are still limited to the information level of interaction. The main indicator of ES maturity is the E-government Readiness Index, annually calculated by the UN for all UN member countries and taking into account the level of development of web services, the development of telecommunications infrastructure and the readiness of citizens to use information services. The top ten countries in terms of the degree of maturity of the EP are shown in Table. 3. Russia has an E-government Readiness index of 0.5329, and in terms of the degree of maturity of the EP, it is at the level of Belarus and Mauritius (Table 4).

Table 3. Top ten countries
according to the degree of maturity of the EP

Most studies designed to assess the level of development of e-commerce analyze indicators such as the presence of government information on websites and the level of passive and active interactivity. The most complete information on this issue is provided in the report of Brown University (Brown University), which analyzes the government resources of 198 countries and assesses the level of presence of their governments in the web space. The study is based on the analysis of many criteria (including the presence of online publications and links to resources with the right information, the level of access to government databases, the number of online services and the level of security policy in conducting online transactions), and its result is the ranking of countries according to the conditional web presence index assigned to them.

Table 4. Five countries close to Russia
according to the degree of maturity of the EP

Last year, South Korea had the highest ranking index (60.3 points), which means that each South Korean website analyzed had more than half of the features important for its informational suitability, free access for citizens and provision of services. With a noticeable lag behind South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore follow, and only then the turn comes to the USA, Canada and the leading European countries (Table 5). Russia is approximately in the middle of the list with an index of 31.9 (Table 6), and, interestingly, its index is slightly higher than that of such advanced Western European countries as Denmark (31.8), Austria (30.6), etc. Apparently, the implementation of the "Electronic Russia" program, according to which all ministries and other government structures were obliged to develop and maintain their own web resources, had an effect. This is confirmed by the fact that a year ago, in the corresponding report, Russia had an index of government web presence of 24.2 and this indicator it was not far ahead of Rwanda and Samoa.

Table 5. Top ten countries
by the presence of EPinweb-space

However, one should not think that the presence of the government in the web space and the provision of some services to citizens is enough to create an effective electronic signature - rather, this is a necessary minimum, but nothing more. Therefore, it is no less interesting to evaluate not the level of service provision, but the efficiency of the ES in general, which was done by Japanese experts in their report The Waseda University Institute of e-Government, who analyzed the situation in 32 countries. In the course of the study, they studied many different indicators of the performance of national e-governments.

Table 6. Five countries close to Russia
by the level of the index of government presence in the web space

Countries' Internet readiness was measured by total Internet users, broadband users, mobile users, and PC users. In addition, the security system of web resources was evaluated. most prepared in network plan were Sweden, the Netherlands and Japan.

The level of web presence was measured by the presence on the Internet of web services necessary for the operation of ES (online information through government portals and the availability of systems on the Web for electronic payments, filing tax returns, voting, etc.), as well as the level of friendliness of their interface. The leaders in this category were recognized as the USA, Canada and South Korea, where there are more government web services, and their interface is carefully thought out in terms of convenience and friendliness.

Separately, the level of efficiency of the functioning of government web portals was revealed, for which the researchers took into account whether the resource was publicly opened to the general public, covered in the press and on television, how often updates are made, how convenient the navigation system is, and whether the resource has multilingual support. It turned out that the first three parameters are well implemented in most ranked countries, but multilingual support leaves much to be desired. Only a few resources, in addition to native and English, support other languages. At the same time, the government websites of the UK, the US, the Philippines and Singapore are available only in English, and in some countries of Latin America and Asia, some of the resources do not even have an English version. The government websites of Germany, Canada and Australia are the best in this regard.

In addition to the above areas, the study analyzed such management aspects as:

● management optimization (taking into account the degree of optimization, systematization and efficiency of administrative processes through the use of information technology);

● introduction of CIO (the level of efficiency of IT application in the management process was revealed);

● stimulation of ES (priority for ES was taken into account when planning and determining the government strategy, factors conducive to the development of ES, legal regulation).

According to the entire set of criteria, the USA, Canada and Singapore (Table 7), which were in the same positions in the rating a year ago, are unequivocally recognized as countries with the maximum level of development of e-government, which indicates that e-governments are developing most dynamically in them. But Japan, South Korea, Germany and Taiwan, also included in the top ten countries, have made a significant leap forward over the past year (they were not previously in the top ten), while Australia and the Scandinavian countries have slightly slowed down. Russia was awarded the “honorable” 31st place (this despite the fact that 32 countries appeared in the rating), and as a result, it ended up between Peru and Vietnam, which, of course, does not inspire optimism.

EP in Russia

According to the UN report, Russia occupies only 50th place in the world in terms of ES maturity, and ES cannot be called effective, given the penultimate place in the ranking of The Waseda University Institute of e-Government.

The reasons for such low ratings are obvious. The level of penetration of information technologies is very low - on average, there are only 14.6 PCs per 100 people (IDC report), only every sixth Russian uses the Internet (data from FOM), and the availability of services provided electronically in Russia is only about 25% (data of the Ministry of Information and Communications of the Russian Federation).

The effectiveness of public administration in Russia is generally falling, which is reflected in various international ratings. For example, according to the GRICS index, which indicates the level of quality of public administration for more than 200 countries, Russia is in the lower part of the rating, and the indicators estimated by this index with the introduction of informatization in government structures change, as a rule, for the worse (Fig. 3). And the citizens themselves generally give a negative assessment of the activities of civil servants (more than 71% of respondents, according to the FOM) and the quality of public services (only 14% of respondents are satisfied with their quality).

Rice. 3. The level of government in Russia

The business costs of overcoming administrative barriers are enormous, especially for small businesses that spend 8.5% of their revenue under this item (data from the 10th Russian Internet Forum "RIF-2006"). According to the level of corruption in state structures of Transparency International, Russia is in 121st place. For comparison, even most of the former Soviet republics are significantly higher in the ranking: Ukraine and Georgia are in 99th place, Latvia is in 49th, Lithuania is in 46th, and Estonia is in 24th, not to mention leading European countries occupying the first positions.

Of course, all the above figures refer to the average for the entire country. If we talk about individual regions, the picture may turn out to be quite different. If we try to evaluate the readiness rating for e-government according to the UN methodology not for the whole of Russia, but only for Moscow, then the data will turn out to be very good (Tables 8 and 9).

Table 8. Five countries with close proximity to Moscow
the level of readiness for EP, calculated according to the UN methodology

The regions are, of course, far from the level of Moscow, although it is also interesting to look at the level of their readiness for the EP. It turns out that the capitals are not followed by those regions that are traditionally included in the top ten most developed in terms of IT (in particular, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, etc.), but, for example, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Table 10) , which, apparently, is explained by the policy of favoring the development of ES, carried out in the region. This index is calculated according to a methodology similar to the UN methodology and consists of an assessment of five parameters: ICT infrastructure, access of authorities to ICT, access of the population and business to ICT, the level of readiness of the population (level of education, ICT skills, motivation to use the Internet and e-government services).

Table 9. Assessment of government presence in the web space for Moscow,
made according to the UN methodology

Despite Russia's low scores in most international rankings, there are also positive trends. Over the past year, Russia has made significant progress, as evidenced by the Center for Public Policy Brown University report, according to which the index of government web presence in Russia increased from 24.2 to 31.9 over the year. This suggests that now the Russian basic state structures became available on the Internet.

Table 10. Ten Russian regions with the highest index
readiness for e-government

In addition, one of the priority areas of the federal target program "Electronic Russia" is the automation of public procurement - as a result, the country is gradually moving to the technology of electronic public procurement. The positive dynamics of this transition is obvious: according to the National Procurement Transparency Rating, in 2006 in Russia, about 100 billion rubles were saved due to the introduction of an electronic public procurement system. And this is provided that the market is still characterized by an extremely low competitiveness index (2.5 bidders per purchase).

Thus, over the past year, Russia has made significant progress. However, given that at the moment only active computerization and automation is being carried out in government agencies, and the creation of a unified system at the federal, regional and municipal levels that supports interdepartmental information exchange is a matter of the future, it is easy to guess that before the real provision of online services at the state level in the whole country is still far away.