home Magazine Automation of enterprise logistics processes as one of the most effective tools to overcome the crisis. Automation of the main logistics business processes Automation of logistics business processes is implemented through

Automation of enterprise logistics processes as one of the most effective tools to overcome the crisis. Automation of the main logistics business processes Automation of logistics business processes is implemented through

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The importance of properly functioning logistics in times of crisis

One of the fastest growing areas in terms of the use information technologies is logistics. In essence, the logistical approach to processes means the desire to move inventory as much as possible in the minimum time, taking into account various restrictions imposed. Such an approach is not always given due attention in an economy oversaturated with money and long-term projects, which, as a rule, contribute to excessive demand and somewhat relax enterprises. The number of personnel and their salaries are growing, while the quality of movement of goods along the value added chain leaves much to be desired. And only the most advanced enterprises - industry leaders who live every working day like the last, are capable of " Peaceful time"prepare for possible troubles. It is in such enterprises that the right people work, who form and control the right logistics processes.

Rice. 1. Warehouse business processes

The less attention to logistics, the higher the losses of the enterprise during the crisis

During the crisis, the struggle for each client intensifies. In a credit-overheated market, customers could line up with suppliers. Now, as virtually every business carefully analyzes what is worth paying for and what is not, attention to detail and quality of service are turning from marketing slogans into everyday realities.

The storekeeper was looking for goods in the warehouse for an unreasonably long time? Tomorrow another supplier will ship this product to the same customer. Still found a product, but mistakenly shipped a similar one? In the best case, on the same day, this product can be politely asked to be picked up and never brought back.

If we calculate the total annual lost profit from lost customers and, as a result, a practically non-renewable loss of market share, the situation very quickly ceases to be optimistic for the enterprise.

Warehouse logistics automation - a way to reduce enterprise losses

Until the losses of the enterprise exceed all conceivable limits, the solution of logistical problems using modern automation systems, as a rule, can be postponed "for later" due to the objective priority of marketing and sales, which are at the forefront of the business. It should be noted that the timely establishment of order in the relevant rear units is an equally important managerial and accounting task, especially during a crisis period. First of all, it makes sense to organize at least an address space in the warehouse, thereby increasing the accuracy of accounting. Penalties of large retail chains for erroneously delivered goods are not The best way maintaining the morale of the company's staff, especially during a period of increasing non-payments. It is at this difficult time that it makes sense to use an information system that allows automatic selection of goods from storage places in the warehouse. It is this process that takes up to 60% of the total time of all warehouse operations.

Rice. 2. Organization of address storage in a warehouse

Automation of transport logistics - assistance in eliminating problem areas of cargo transportation

Idle time of own and client transport on the territory adjacent to the warehouse is another opportunity to lose clients forever. Can a single information space be redundant for an enterprise, allowing managers, logisticians and dispatchers to take into account and optimally manage the delivery of goods to industrial, trade and forwarding enterprises? Instead of being confused with complex spreadsheets, with the introduction of an automated transportation management system, it will be possible to get a current picture of the order execution for customers at any time "on a click". And this is not to mention transportation planning and advanced analytics inherent in systems of this level. Identification of deviations from the established standards will help to eliminate problem areas of cargo transportation.

Rice. 3. Functionality of the automated transport management system "1C-Logistics: Transport Management".

According to the report of the Minister of Transport and Communications I.E. Levitin, the cost road transport in Russia is one and a half times higher than in developed foreign countries. The size of the transport component in the final cost of production reaches fifteen to twenty percent (15-20%) against seven to eight percent (7-8%) in countries with developed economies. In most cases, the reduction in transportation costs as a result of optimization and automation of processes can amount to millions of rubles a year.

One of key issues arising in the process of cargo transportation is the inefficient use of models and types Vehicle due to the lack of algorithms for their selection, taking into account the maximum use of lifting characteristics. An absolute benefit from the introduction of a transportation automation system is the control of the load factor of vehicles when completing flights.

Another leverage for reducing transport costs is tracking the quantitative and technological coefficients of transportation performance efficiency (KPI). The automated system calculates each of them and provides all necessary information responsible employees to make informed and timely management decisions.

To reduce transportation costs and speed up the execution of operations, zoning of delivery addresses and additional filtering of transportation jobs by delivery zones when completing flights are also used. This avoids unreasonably high vehicle mileage due to the lack of optimal routing algorithms. As a result, significant savings in fuel and lubricants, which during the crisis will not hurt at all.

Implemented an automated warehouse management system – reduced personnel costs

When there is less money on the market as a whole, they immediately begin to diligently count at every enterprise - in almost all areas of work, the struggle to minimize costs begins. At Russian warehouse complexes, the fund wages can reach 30% - 60% (or even more) of total costs for the operation of the warehouse. But as soon as an automated warehouse management system starts working at the facility, from 30% to 50% of warehouse personnel become redundant (data from AXELOT projects). This staff can be safely redirected to other vacant areas of work that meet the qualification requirements. But the remaining storekeepers will not have to feverishly rush around the warehouse in search of goods that have gone missing somewhere. Savings from the release of warehouse staff in a year are easy to calculate, and in many cases exceed the total cost of the automation project. warehouse logistics, including the cost of services, software and the necessary radio equipment to support barcoding technology.

Rice. 4. Excerpt from an example of calculating the payback of a warehouse automation project based on "1C-Logistics: Warehouse Management"

Automated control system allows you to increase the speed of the warehouse and optimize the storage area

Time becomes even more valuable during a crisis - one of the key logistical parameters. If a warehouse does not ship fast enough due to poor logistics, this results in unsatisfied demand. What yesterday the client of the enterprise was ready to buy immediately, today can turn into stale goods for a sufficiently long period. And for this product you will need to pay the supplier, thereby increasing unnecessarily inventory. As a result, instead of increasing turnover and profits - freezing stocks and rising costs. These costs, individual for each enterprise, can also be calculated for a period and sooner or later come to the conclusion that it was more correct not to lead to losses from the very beginning. The operation of any warehouse complex costs money. These costs can be easily recalculated per unit of area and per unit of time, that is, how much does it cost the enterprise an hour of warehouse operation or storage of goods on an area of 1 sq. m. From the above example, it follows that the operation of automated placement of goods, releasing 500 out of 4000 sq. m. m warehouse, leads to savings of about 2 million rubles a year. This is a lot of money even in non-crisis times.

Rice. 5. Automated selection of goods in the system "1C-Logistics: Warehouse Management 3.0"

Additional income of the enterprise from the provision of safekeeping services is another result of warehouse automation

In many cases, warehouse space is not used efficiently enough. But even if this is not the case, during periods of crisis, the demand for certain commodity groups drops significantly. At the same time, the deficit warehouse space in large cities is still preserved. As soon as the warehouse automation system “squeezes” the storage places to the maximum, it immediately becomes possible to diversify the business to use the freed up warehouse space to provide safekeeping services (which are much more financially interesting than regular rent) to other enterprises. The same staff in the same territory is involved, and instead of costs - income. In this case, the basic functions of the warehouse automation system are supplemented by the so-called billing for the calculation of services rendered. This means that almost every warehouse operation can be systemically charged, and this provides an opportunity to transparently and reasonably provide services to bailors on a commercial basis.

Rice. 6. One of the forms of the report of the safekeeping warehouse, created in "1C-Logistics: Warehouse Management"

Logistics automation solutions: "1C-Logistics: Warehouse Management" and "1C-Logistics: Transportation Management"

I would like to draw attention to distinctive features joint solutions of the company "1C" and the company AXELOT "1C-Logistics: Warehouse Management" and "1C-Logistics: Transportation Management". Work in the mass market initially implies the maximum possible accessibility for the consumer and the alienability of the software product and related services. Most of these software products related to the warehouse process logic is open for modification. In practice, this means that in the vast majority of cases, enterprises can implement the purchased software on their own. This requires at least one smart logistician and one competent automation specialist on a technology platform

Automation of enterprise logistics processes as one of the most effective tools to overcome the crisis

The importance of properly functioning logistics in times of crisis

One of the most dynamically developing areas in terms of the use of information technology is logistics. In essence, the logistical approach to processes means the desire to move inventory as much as possible in the minimum time, taking into account various restrictions imposed. Such an approach is not always given due attention in an economy oversaturated with money and long-term projects, which, as a rule, contribute to excessive demand and somewhat relax enterprises. The number of personnel and their salaries are growing, while the quality of movement of goods along the value added chain leaves much to be desired. And only the most advanced enterprises - industry leaders who live every working day as if it were their last, are able to prepare for possible troubles in "peacetime". It is in such enterprises that the right people work, who form and control the right logistics processes.

The less attention to logistics, the higher the losses of the enterprise during the crisis

The storekeeper was looking for goods in the warehouse for an unreasonably long time?

Tomorrow another supplier will ship this product to the same customer. Still found a product, but mistakenly shipped a similar one? In the best case, on the same day, this product can be politely asked to be picked up and never brought back.

Warehouse logistics automation - a way to reduce enterprise losses

Until the losses of the enterprise exceed all conceivable limits, the solution of logistical problems using modern automation systems, as a rule, can be postponed "for later" due to the objective priority of marketing and sales, which are at the forefront of the business. It should be noted that the timely establishment of order in the relevant rear units is an equally important managerial and accounting task, especially during a crisis period. First of all, it makes sense to organize at least an address space in the warehouse, thereby increasing the accuracy of accounting. Penalties of large retail chains for erroneously delivered goods are not the best way to maintain the morale of the enterprise's staff, especially during a period of frequent non-payments. It is at this difficult time that it makes sense to use an information system that allows automatic selection of goods from storage places in the warehouse. It is this process that takes up to 60% of the total time of all warehouse operations.

Rice. 1. Organization of address storage in a warehouse

Automation of transport logistics - assistance in eliminating problem areas of cargo transportation

Idle time of own and client transport on the territory adjacent to the warehouse is another opportunity to lose clients forever. Can a single information space be redundant for an enterprise, allowing managers, logisticians and dispatchers to take into account and optimally manage the delivery of goods to industrial, trade and forwarding enterprises? Instead of being confused with complex spreadsheets, with the introduction of an automated transportation management system, it will be possible to get a current picture of customer order fulfillment at any time “on a click”. And this is not to mention transportation planning and advanced analytics inherent in systems of this level. Identification of deviations from the established standards will help to eliminate problem areas of cargo transportation.

According to the report of the Minister of Transport and Communications I.E. Levitin, the cost of road transport in Russia is one and a half times higher than in developed foreign countries. The size of the transport component in the final cost of production reaches fifteen to twenty percent (15–20%) against seven to eight percent (7–8%) in countries with developed economies. In most cases, the reduction in transportation costs as a result of optimization and automation of processes can amount to millions of rubles a year.

One of the key problems that arise in the process of cargo transportation is the inefficient use of models and types of vehicles due to the lack of algorithms for their selection, taking into account the maximum use of lifting characteristics. An absolute benefit from the introduction of a transportation automation system is the control of the load factor of vehicles when completing flights.

Another lever for reducing transport costs is tracking the quantitative and technological coefficients of transportation performance efficiency (KPI). The automated system calculates each of them and provides all the necessary information to responsible employees for making informed and timely management decisions.

To reduce transportation costs and speed up the execution of operations, zoning of delivery addresses and additional filtering of transportation tasks by delivery zones when completing flights are also used. This avoids unreasonably high vehicle mileage due to the lack of optimal routing algorithms. As a result, significant savings in fuel and lubricants, which during the crisis will not hurt at all.

Implemented an automated warehouse management system - reduced personnel costs

When there is less money on the market as a whole, they immediately begin to diligently count at every enterprise - in almost all areas of work, a struggle begins to minimize costs. In Russian warehouse complexes, the payroll fund can reach 30% - 60% (or even more) of the total costs of warehouse operation. But as soon as an automated warehouse management system starts working at the facility, from 30% to 50% of warehouse personnel become redundant (data from AXELOT projects). This staff can be safely redirected to other vacant areas of work that meet the qualification requirements. But the remaining storekeepers will not have to feverishly rush around the warehouse in search of goods that have gone missing somewhere. Savings from the release of warehouse staff in a year are easy to calculate, and in many cases exceed the total cost of the automation project.warehouse logistics , including the cost of services, software and necessary radio equipment to support barcoding technology.

Rice. 2. Excerpt from the example of calculating the payback of the projectwarehouse automationbased on "1C-Logistics: Warehouse Management"

Automated control system allows you to increase the speed of the warehouse and optimize the storage area

Time becomes even more valuable during a crisis - one of the key logistical parameters. If a warehouse does not ship fast enough due to poor logistics, this results in unsatisfied demand. What yesterday the client of the enterprise was ready to buy immediately, today can turn into a stale product for a fairly long period. And the supplier will have to pay for this product, thereby increasing the inventory without special need. As a result, instead of increasing turnover and profits - freezing stocks and rising costs. These costs, individual for each enterprise, can also be calculated for a period and sooner or later come to the conclusion that it was more correct not to lead to losses from the very beginning. The operation of any warehouse complex costs money. These costs can be easily recalculated per unit of area and per unit of time, that is, how much does it cost the enterprise an hour of warehouse operation or storage of goods on an area of 1 sq. m. From the above example, it follows that the operation of automated placement of goods, releasing 500 out of 4000 sq. m. m warehouse, leads to savings of about 2 million rubles a year. This is a lot of money even in non-crisis times.

Additional income of the enterprise from the provision of safekeeping services is another resultwarehouse automation

In many cases, warehouse space is not used efficiently enough. But even if this is not the case, during periods of crisis, the demand for certain commodity groups drops significantly. At the same time, there is still a shortage of warehouse space in large cities. As soon as the warehouse automation system “squeezes” the storage places to the maximum, it immediately becomes possible to diversify the business and use the freed up warehouse space to provide safekeeping services (which are much more financially interesting than regular rent) to other enterprises. The same staff is involved in the same territory, and instead of costs - income. In this case, the basic functions of the warehouse automation system are supplemented by the so-called billing for the calculation of services rendered. This means that almost every warehouse operation can be systemically charged, and this provides an opportunity to transparently and reasonably provide services to bailors on a commercial basis.

Evgeny Lomko, AXELOT

10.08.2017

For the literate and effective work It is not enough for today's organizations to simply improve products. This approach was relevant at the beginning of the 2000s. Now it is necessary to improve efficiency.

A business system of any kind is a group of business processes with one final goal. The goal is to sell a product, service or information end user and make a profit. The business process itself is a complex consisting of interrelated actions occurring within the business.

Key components of business processes in logistics

Internal processes are divided into the following four types:

profit from the sale of goods;

planning and management of internal data for sales implementation;

resource processes, in particular, the delivery and maintenance of products in the warehouse;

transformation.

Logistics is responsible for the following processes:

strategic planning of goods movement;

full control of commodity flows.

Optimization of business processes in logistics allows you to ship resources and reduce the cost of goods. To properly implement these tasks, logistics companies:

organize the delivery of goods: agree on dates, analyze the client's transport capabilities, lay a route, develop route maps;

responsible for the goods: accept and ship goods, organize warehousing;

keep track of documents: provide information to the recipient, record applications from stores and put marks on invoices.

Additional automation of business processes in logistics helps to achieve even better results.

Optimization and reengineering of business processes

Apart from improvement logistics processes , reengineering is used to optimize processes that are directly related to the business. This concept is used to refer to a complete restructuring of the organization of doing business.

The general scheme of reengineering processes looks like this:

managers carry out modeling of business processes in logistics and specific tasks of the company as a whole;

based on the data obtained, they develop new models and work on new technologies;

the model is carefully analyzed, after which they look at the positive and negative consequences of the implementation and evaluate the usefulness;

if the results are positive, new model put into direct production.

For competent reengineering, first of all, they recreate a large map, which shows all the components that ultimately form the internal processes. The map is drawn up in such a way as to graphically display all the necessary details and form levels, displaying the horizontal and vertical relationships of the processes.

After that, managers proceed to a total analysis of all the little things. If the final profit after the analysis pays for the costs of the analysis by more than 2 times, then the project should be declared expedient and the entire plan provided should be implemented in the near future.

Logistics automation is most important for a company when the field of activity is retail. A large number of distributed outlets and numerous nomenclature makes the problems of automation of logistics processes the most important.

Five areas of logistics can be distinguished: purchasing, transport, warehouse, production, distribution, and based on this, it is possible to determine the processes that need and can be automated in these areas.

Let's take a closer look at automation in each of the directions.

Purchasing logistics

Effective cooperation with suppliers is one of the important components of obtaining competitive advantage. The ability of an automated system to take into account the mode and range of work of each supplier allows you to avoid many problems with supplies and temporary lack of goods on the shelves.

Centralized Purchasing Management — the most important part of purchasing logistics automation. Often, purchases in retail chains are carried out in a decentralized manner, i.e. each purchasing manager orders the goods himself, defining the terms of the transaction, and the management sees only the purchases that have already been made.

1. The supplier sends a proposal for cooperation to the main office of the retail network. The assortment offered by the supplier, prices and terms of delivery in without fail are usually reviewed by the category manager or assortment board or commercial director.

2. When a positive decision is made, data on the supplier and its assortment are entered into the enterprise information system, which also allows you to fix various conditions for working with the supplier: assortment, prices, discounts, delivery method, deferred payments, commodity loans.

Information system for each heading allows you to determine main and alternative suppliers. When placing an order to a supplier, the system automatically sends data on the order to the main supplier (via the system electronic document management EDI) and if he did not confirm the order, automatically opens a list of alternative suppliers of the required goods.

3. After the supplier is entered into the system and the purchase of goods from this supplier is registered in the system, new stage. Since the payment for the goods mainly takes place after their delivery on the basis of the accompanying documents received, in practice situations often arise when the supplier brings more goods than ordered. If this deviation is not tracked, then he will issue an invoice for payment for the quantity brought. This will cause the store to pay for an unnecessary surplus of goods.

Function of management of mutual settlements with suppliers requiring the utmost clarity and attention. Often things go like this. The purchasing manager negotiates with the supplier about product discounts and a favorable payment schedule. Payment for the goods directly by employees of the financial or accounting service is made on the basis of documents that come in huge quantities, which are late. Working with a huge amount of documents, the financier or accountant is simply not able to keep track of all the terms and schedules of payment, and if the payment is late, the supplier may suspend the delivery. This situation leads to a deterioration in relations with the supplier and nullifies all the agreements reached with him.

Using information system things are different. Purchasing managers set up all the conditions for payment to suppliers in the system, on the basis of which the system automatic mode generates requests for payment. This makes it possible not only to avoid errors in calculations, but also to plan the expenditure of funds for purchases.

Distribution logistics

Automation of the customer relationship process allows you to explore the preferences of customers, increase their loyalty by providing discounts, segment the customer audience, make mass mailings correspondence, issue reports for decision-making optimization of marketing costs.

For retail trade, the problem of pricing is one of the most difficult, and therefore the automation system should provide the ability to flexibly configure various price formats. One of the advanced systems of trade automation - Axapta Retail, created on the basis of the standard functionality of the ERP-system Microsoft Business Solutions Axapta supports three pricing schemes listed below.

1. In the case when all stores of the distribution network have centralized system pricing, the slightest price change for any of the million assortment items is promptly brought to each store. Wherein this information reflected in financial plans, as a separate shopping complex, and the entire network as a whole.

2. In the case when pricing is done by each store separately, information about prices for each assortment item, as well as about any price changes, goes to the central office and becomes the basis for making management decisions.

3. Commercial network may include both shops having single system pricing, and shopping malls that set their own prices for some or all assortment items. In this case, Axapta Retail will allow you to quickly take into account all price changes at any level - from the central office to the store - and make appropriate management decisions.

Warehouse Logistics

Warehouse logistics automation performs such functions as controlling the storage and physical movement of goods in the warehouse, optimizing the warehouse space used and the flow of goods, preventing theft of goods, increasing accuracy in product identification, using barcoding and data collection terminals, and conducting an inventory.

Increasing the efficiency of warehouse space use is one of the most important problems of warehouse logistics. The profit of the retail enterprise depends on its resolution. Increasing the number of storage units and reducing life cycle products requires constant movement of goods around the warehouse.

Special solutions for automating the management of cellular warehouses allow taking into account seasonality, history and product turnover indicators. Based on these indicators, the system issues recommendations on the place to store this type of product. The system can also determine the optimal volume of a cell for storing goods, generate a schedule for its movement through the racks and monitor its execution in real time.

Conducting an inventory is one of the most time-consuming and long-term functions of warehouse logistics. Automating this feature helps reduce the risk of theft and shortages. The use of data collection terminals during the inventory and their subsequent automated transfer to the system helps to avoid multiple data entry and, as a result, the appearance of inaccurate information. An important advantage of automation is that the store does not have to be registered for the inventory period.

Production logistics

To production logistics in retail include cooking, bakery, butchering, assembling finished product. While retail production is often a side activity, it can increase margins.

Transport logistics

The transport management system helps retailers to optimize the supply of goods and is an additional method of reducing costs. However, for effective use existing on the market today solutions for the automation of transport logistics an important factor is the retailer-supplier relationship.

One use case for transport logistics automation is the dynamic routing method (used in the supply chain management system of Manhattan Associates).

The supplier informs the retailer about the readiness of the goods, and the retailer, using an automated transportation management system, selects the shortest and least costly delivery method and informs the supplier about it. Usually the least expensive way involves several stops, during which the machine is filled with small batches of goods. Another way is to send fully loaded trucks that deliver goods to the distribution center. In it, the cargo is broken into small lots and delivered either to the retailer or directly to the client.

1.7. AUTOMATION OF PRODUCTION ANDLOGISTICS PROCESSES

1.7.1. Automated control systems

Automation of control at various levels of industrial production is implemented using automated control systems - automated control systems (or ERP) and process control systems. ERP systems in the hierarchical management structure cover levels from the enterprise to the workshop, and process control systems - from the workshop and below, although at the workshop level there may be tools for both automated control systems and process control systems. At the same time, there may be intershop communications in the process control system if a single technological process is implemented in several shops.

Recently, in connection with the development of the Internet, automation has spread to managing communications between enterprises. Corresponding subsystems appeared in ERP, but often interaction with suppliers and customers is carried out using independent SCM and CRM systems, respectively.

Modern ERP systems are built on the basis of the concept of hierarchical enterprise management. Along with this concept, a trend towards the creation of multi-agent control systems based on the principles of process management has recently become more and more noticeable.

AT modern systems ERP distinguish a number of subsystems. The following is a list of the major subsystems found in many ERP systems, along with their inherent functions.

one . Production scheduling. Main functions: network planning of production, calculation of needs for capacities and materials, inter-shop specifications and accounting for the movement of products, monitoring the implementation of plans.

2. "Operational production management". Functions: maintenance of data on products, control of work performed, marriage and waste, calculation of resource consumption rates, management of service units.

3. "Project management". Functions: network planning
design work and control of their implementation, calculation of the need for
production resources.

4. "Financial and economic management, accounting".
Functions: accounting for cash and production costs, marketing research, pricing, budgeting races
moves, maintaining contracts and mutual settlements, financial reports,
reporting on taxes, analysis of the solvency of the enterprise.

5. Logistics. Functions: sales and trade, statistics and analysis
sales, warehousing, supply management,
passes and purchases, transportation management, optimization
vehicle routes.

6. "Personnel management". Functions: personnel records, maintaining
staffing, payroll.

7. "Management of information resources". Functions: document and workflow management, installation and maintenance of software, generation of models and
application interfaces, simulation of production processes.

As noted above, there are varieties of automated control systems with their own English names. If the most common system with the functions listed above are called ERP, then systems focused on production management (operating with information about materials, production, control, etc.) are called MRP-2.

In ERP, an important role is given to EDM (Enterprise Data Management) data management systems, similar to PDM systems in CAD.

MES systems are close in their functionality to ERP systems and have a number of subsystems for the following purposes:

Synthesis of schedules of production operations;

Distribution of resources, including the distribution of performers by work;

Dispatching the flow of orders and work;

Management of documents related to the operations performed;

Operational quality control;

Operational adjustment of process parameters based on
process data, etc.

The world leader among ERP software systems is the R / 3 system (SAP), among the leaders are also Vaap IV systems, Oracle Applications, J. D. Edwards. From the point of view of integration of control and design systems, attention should be paid to the Omega Production system (SIKOR company). Among the domestic automated control systems, the Parus, Galaxy, Flagman, M-2, etc. systems should be mentioned.

So, in the Baan IV system there are the following subsystems.

"Administrator of the enterprise", with her help
the indicators of financial and economic activity are analyzed, the values of current indicators are compared with the limit ones, information reports are generated, which allows in general to judge the state of affairs at the enterprise;

"Production" - serves to maintain data (specifications, technological routes) about products, planning
and operational management of production processes;

"Project" - deals with planning design work taking into account the required resources, including financial, and control
implementation of plans;

"Sales, supply, warehouses" - designed to solve the corresponding logistics problems;

"Transport" - serves to determine the optimal transportation routes, taking into account the load of crews and to control the location of goods;

"Personnel Management" - deals with the maintenance of staff
timetables personnel records, payroll;

"Finance" - manages in cash, financial
planning, cost allocation, tax and financial
reporting;

"Process" - focused on the management of continuous
production processes;

"Service" - serves to manage maintenance processes with scheduling preventive measures, performing repairs, determining the required resources, tariffs for expendable materials;

"Enterprise Modeling" - designed to evaluate
the efficiency of the enterprise through the creation and use of models;

"Toolkit" - a tool environment for describing the structure of the database, generating applications using the 4GL language.

The following subsystems operate in the Parus system:

"Financial management";
"Logistics";

"Manufacturing control";

"Personnel Management";

"Business Process Management".

Components (modules) of the Flagman corporate information system (Infosoft company) are grouped together, called contours. There are seven circuits in the system: financial and economic management, logistics, production management, personnel management, accounting and analysis, controlling, information resource management.

A step towards the creation of a single information space for production management is the creation of means for interfacing different automated control systems with each other. Such facilities are called converters or bridges (ERPBridges). For example, the R/3 system has a number of bridges, such as a bridge linking R/3 to the F/Ops production management system. The F/Ops system belongs to the MES product class.

The functions of MES systems are the analysis of production processes, their optimization, management of resources and consumption of materials, analysis of equipment downtime, diagnostics and prevention of equipment breakdowns, control and management of product quality, generation of production reports for transfer to the ERP level.

Among other MES systems, one of the prominent places is occupied by Wonderware's InTrack program. This software allows businesses to easily model and control each stage production process- from the receipt of raw materials, materials and components to the release of finished products. With InTrack, you can define and model processes, prioritize work, control work in progress, manage inventory, collect data, and more.

The InTrack program uses simulation models of production. The models represent the stages and processes of production, described in terms of static objects, such as materials, operations, machines, areas, data sets, etc., and dynamic objects that characterize the movement of inventories, such as work in progress.

An example of an autonomously used organization system and
customer relationship management is a CRM system
Marketing Center of PRO-INVEST company. The system allows you to document contacts with clients, plan work for each contact, accumulate statistics for subsequent marketing analysis, etc.

An example of SCM systems is the domestic system of the BSE company, consisting of subsystems: Vector - for control warehousing; e-Partner - to manage relationships with suppliers and partners; e-Purchase - for managing trading operations.

The APCS software is represented by real-time operating systems, SCADA programs, drivers and controller applications.

The main requirements for real-time operating systems are high speed response to requests from external devices, system stability (i.e., the ability to work without freezing), and economical use of available system resources.

In process control systems, both variants of the widely used UNIX and Windows operating systems, as well as special real-time operating systems, are used. Promising is LynxOS - a multi-tasking, multi-user, UNIX-compatible system. Windows NT becomes a real-time system with the addition of VenturCom's RTX environment. An advanced RTX API based on the Win32 API enables the creation of drivers and real-time applications. In addition, Microsoft has developed a special version of the Windows NT operating systems for embedded applications called Windows NT Embedded.

When using embedded equipment based on the VMEbus bus in a process control system, it is advisable to use QNX or VxWorks operating systems, and in the case of a CompactPCI bus-based process control system, OS-9, QNX operating systems or Windows NT extensions for real time.

The QNX operating system from Canada's QSSL is open, modular, and easily modifiable. It is designed in accordance with POSDC standards, supports ISA, PCI, CompactPCI, PC/104, VME, STD32, etc.

The Vx Works real-time operating system performs scheduling and task management functions. It can function both in multiprocessor systems with shared memory and in loosely coupled systems using distributed message queues. Vx Works supports all networking tools common to UNIX, as well as OPC interfaces (OLE for Process Control). Together with the Tornado tool system, it is a cross-system for developing application software.

The OS-9 multitasking, multi-user system has an integrated cross-environment designed for application development, including an editor, a source code browser, debuggers, C / C ++ compilers, communication protocols X.25, FR, ATM, ISDN, SS7, etc. are supported.

SCADA systems in process control systems differ in the types of supported controllers and ways of communicating with them, the operating environment, types of alarms (alerts), the number of trends (trends in the state of the controlled process) and the way they are output, features of the human-machine interface, etc.

Communication with controllers and applications in SCADA systems is usually carried out through DDE, OLE, OPC or ODBC technologies. Serial industrial buses Profibus, CANbus, Foundation Fieldbus, etc. are used as communication channels.

Alarms are fixed when the values of the controlled parameters or their rates of change go beyond the limits of the permissible ranges.

The number of simultaneously displayed trends can be different, their visualization is possible in real time or with pre-buffering. Opportunities for interactive work of operators are provided.

Programmable controller programs are written in C/C++, VBA, or original languages developed for specific systems. Programming is usually done not by professional programmers, but by factory technologists, so it is desirable that programming languages be fairly simple, built on visual images of situations. In this regard, in many systems, various schema languages are additionally used. A number of languages are standardized and presented in international standard IEC 1131-3. These are graphic languages of SFC functional diagrams, FBD block diagrams, LD ladder diagrams and text languages - Pascal-like ST and low-level instruction language IL.

One of the well-known SCADA systems is the Citect system from the Australian company Ci Technology, which runs in a Windows environment. It is a scalable client/server system with built-in redundancy for increased reliability. It consists of five subsystems: input/output, visualization, alarms, trends, reports. Subsystems can be distributed according to different nodes networks. The original Cicode programming language is used.

The Trace Mode SCADA system for large process control systems in various industries and urban services was created by AdAstra. The system consists of a tool part and executive modules. Management of technological processes, development of automated workplaces for heads of workshops and sections, dispatchers and operators are provided. It is possible to use operating systems QNX, OS9, Windows.

Another example of a popular SCADA system is Bridge VIEW (another name for Lab VIEW SCADA) from National Instruments. The system core manages the database, interacts with device servers, responds to alarms. When setting up the system for a specific application, the user configures the input and output channels, specifying values such as polling frequency, signal ranges, etc., and creates an application work program. Programming is carried out in the graphic language of block diagrams.

The purpose of the application software is the analysis of production, the impact on it in real time. For the development of application software in the process control system, packages of the Component Integrator type are used. Well-known Component Integrator complexes include FIX, Factory Suite 2000, ISaGRAF, etc.

WonderWare's Factory Suite 2000 is used to design industrial automation systems from process control systems to process control systems. In particular, this complex includes systems InTouch 7.0 and InTrack. With the help of InTouch 7.0, distributed applications are created with the means of building a human-machine interface, in particular, a SCADA system. The InTrack module discussed above serves to manage material flows and inventories, controls the loading of equipment at the enterprise. It is integrated into the well-known enterprise resource planning system iBaan. Other Factory Suite 2000 modules include the IndustrialSQL Server real-time database, InControl's suite of process control programming tools, SPC Pro statistical data analysis software, and more.

One of the developed tool environments for developing real-time applications is the Tornado system, created for the multitasking operating system VxWorks by Wind River. Application development is carried out on an instrumental computer, which can be a PC or workstations from Sun, HP, IBM, DEC. Tornado basic configuration includes C/C++ compilers, debuggers, target machine simulator, command interpreter, object browser target system, project management tools, etc. To develop software for embedded signal processors, Tornado is used together with a special operating system WISP. The Tornado Prototyper tooling environment and the VxWorks operating system simulator running under Windows can be obtained free of charge over the Internet, which allows you to pre-develop an application program, and only then purchase full version cross systems.

The ISaGRAF tool environment is used to develop application software for PLC programmable controllers. The environment implements the Flowchart flowchart methodology and five programming languages according to the IEC 61131-3 (IEC 1131 - 3) standard.

With the development of network infrastructure, it becomes possible
closer integration of APCS and APCS, previously developed
offline. The use of information on technological processes in the automated control system makes it possible to more rationally plan production and manage the enterprise. Integration is expressed in the use at these levels of common software tools, databases, links with the Internet based on the development of PC-compatible controllers and Industrial Ethernet networks, etc. .