Management activity is a set of actions of the enterprise management and other employees of the management apparatus in relation to the object of management - workforce or production system. These actions consist in the development of some managerial decision, which is essentially a product of managerial work, and bringing this decision to the executors, followed by clarification of the results of its implementation.

INTRODUCTION 3
1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT 5
2. WORKFLOW TOOLS WITHIN THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE 11
2.1. MODEL OF AUTOMATION OF MANAGEMENT PROCESSES 11
2.2. WORKFLOW SYSTEMS - CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 13
2.3. SUPPORT FOR MAIN WORKFLOW 13 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
3. IT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY IN RUSSIAN ENTERPRISES 17
3.1. IT AS A DIRECTION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY 17
3.2. CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IT IN WESTERN ENTERPRISES 19
3.3. CONDITIONS FOR IT IMPLEMENTATION AT RUSSIAN ENTERPRISES 20
CONCLUSION 23
REFERENCES 25

The work contains 1 file

Introduction

The main direction of the restructuring of management and its radical improvement, adaptation to modern conditions there was a massive use of the latest computer and telecommunications equipment, the formation of highly efficient information and management technologies on its basis. Means and methods of applied informatics are used in management and marketing. New technologies based on computer technology require radical changes in the organizational structures of management, its regulations, human resources, documentation system, recording and transmission of information. Of particular importance is the introduction of information management, which significantly expands the possibilities for companies to use information resources. The development of information management is associated with the organization of a data and knowledge processing system, their consistent development to the level of integrated automated control systems, covering vertically and horizontally all levels and links of production and marketing.

In modern conditions, effective management is a valuable resource of the organization, along with financial, material, human and other resources. Consequently, increasing the efficiency of management activities becomes one of the directions for improving the activities of the enterprise as a whole. The most obvious way to increase the efficiency of the labor process is to automate it. But what is true, say, for a strictly formalized production process, is by no means so obvious for such an elegant sphere as management. Difficulties that arise in solving the problem of automated support for managerial work are associated with its specifics. Managerial work is distinguished by its complexity and diversity, the presence of a large number of forms and types, multilateral links with various phenomena and processes. First of all, it is creative and intellectual work. At first glance, most of it does not lend itself to any formalization at all. Therefore, the automation of management activities was initially associated only with the automation of some auxiliary, routine operations. But the rapid development of information computer technologies, the improvement of the technical platform and the emergence of fundamentally new classes of software products have led today to a change in approaches to the automation of production management.

Management activities - this is a set of actions of the management of the enterprise and other employees of the management apparatus in relation to the object of management - the workforce or the production system. These actions consist in the development of some managerial decision, which is essentially a product of managerial work, and bringing this decision to the executors, followed by clarification of the results of its implementation.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology (hereinafter referred to as IT) is a complex of interrelated, scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods for the effective organization of the work of people involved in the processing and storage of information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as the social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. Information technologies themselves require complex training, high initial costs and high technology.

According to the American specialist in the field of management G. Poppel, under information technology (IT) should be understood as the use of computer technology and communication systems for the creation, collection, transmission, storage, processing of information for all spheres of public life.

1. Information technology and enterprise management

Today, the state of affairs in this area is characterized by extreme uncertainty. Firstly, this is due to the continuous increase in volume technology offerings requiring high investment and consequently increasing dependence on external services(for example, from software vendors). Intra-company allocations for IT needs are growing at a faster rate than other costs of the enterprise. At the same time, top management is little aware of the overall costs in the IT field. Yes, competent solutions corporate leadership cover only about 5% of the corresponding costs.

Secondly, the role of IT in economic activity many enterprises. When performing intra-company processes, the IT function has ceased to be auxiliary, becoming the most important part of the product or production facilities. Economic risks are currently largely determined by the risks in this area. The implementation of modern high-performance organizational projects (for example, "virtual organizations" without a rigid binding of production sites to a specific location) requires the full use of the IT potential with the help of telecommunications.

The rapid growth of IT costs does not contribute to stabilization. To control their increase and achieve greater flexibility in solving information technology problems, many enterprises go mainly in two ways. The first is that the firm creates intracompany information technology area, which offers services to the non-company market, thereby proving the possibility of cost-effective use of its capacities.

More often, enterprises choose a different path, when most of their own information technology personnel are transferred to the disposal of newly created subsidiaries or joint ventures with specialized information technology partners, also independently acting on the market. A small group of employees remains at the parent company, which is entrusted with the functions of information management.

Top management is beginning to realize what an important impact information technology solutions have on the business process itself and the culture of the enterprise. Therefore, he feels increasingly disadvantaged in the sense that he is forced to delegate relevant issues to internal divisions or external organizations. In addition, the first experience of the work of non-firm information technology services does not give much cause for optimism regarding the effectiveness of solving these problems. In this regard, the following key questions arise:

• what is attitude leading personnel to IT, what consequences follow from its more efficient organization and use in the production of new goods and services;
• what should know senior IT management of the firm to make informed decisions, in particular with regard to investments;
• to what extent is it permissible delegation IT functions;
• what should be role senior management in the management of information technology potential.

There are six stakeholder groups on which IT decision-making depends:

• top management which should manage IT as a strategic potential of the enterprise;
• specialists those involved in the search for system solutions for optimizing special functional tasks;
• managers of individual business units who must use IT as a matter of business logic to meet customer needs, reduce costs, etc.;
• accounting service managers, if provided for by the organizational structure of the enterprise:
• IT providers which must offer services in strict accordance with the problematic attitudes of their consumers;
• own information technology division.

In many enterprises, such interest groups are not recognized. Top management often delegates appropriate functions to a group of leaders, monitoring the implementation of several specified indicators. The conscious refusal of top management from their duties leads to the adoption of incompetent decisions, the setting of unrealistic planned tasks. There is also a lack of proper motivation in this area.

Due to the growing importance of IT in ensuring the success of the company, such a policy is unacceptable. Corporate management must now find answers to the following two questions.

First, it is necessary to determine exactly what contribution should bring IT into the process of production of goods and services. There are mainly three aspects that deserve attention here: 1) IT as production process support function, for example, in the field of communications or production automation, as well as in the generation and transfer of managerial knowledge and information for managing business operations; 2) IT how integral part of the product; 3) IT like organizational tool to create virtual enterprise forms.

Secondly, who should perform the listed and other functions. The issue of a coordination mechanism for certain types of information technology services is brought to the fore. The solution can be found in the use of the above specialized intra-company divisions and out-of-company affiliates. An intermediate solution is also possible in the form of creating strategic alliances between your own division and external partners. In the last two cases, the enterprise loses direct control over its information technology potential. It should be noted that such services can only be effective in close cooperation with their providers. General management must look for ways to eliminate or compensate for weaknesses in their work.

The considered changes in the requirements for interest groups in the field of IT are due to the dynamics of the development of enterprises and the external environment. The main aspects of this development and their impact on the role of IT in enterprise management are as follows.

Decentralization and the growth of information needs

Orientation towards maximum convergence with the client required enterprises to move to horizontal, decentralized structures. Decision-making under decentralization has led to a sharp increase in the need for information regarding the process of production of goods and services. There was a need for a more detailed acquaintance of the third party with the state of affairs in the relevant economic areas. In the new environment, the provision of information across the board must function flawlessly.

The use of IT is designed to level the organizational complexity of the enterprise. Previously, this was achieved by putting computers on complex calculations and processing very large volumes of documentation. Now it is a question of how ever more complex horizontal and vertical models of interconnections (whose structures are constantly changing) are improved with the help of new communication technology.

Previously, powerful processing systems were installed at enterprises, which prepared a huge number of digital reports, on the basis of which economic activity was subsequently managed. Now the question is how to develop such a technology, with the help of which it would be possible to constantly keep up to date with the events of managers and their partners who make decisions in a decentralized environment. New information technology systems should provide not some abstract economic system, but specific partners who participate in the economic process in various forms.

From data processing through Information Systems to knowledge management

It has long ceased to be necessary to consider IT as a means of processing data. With the help of this technology, information must be extracted from the data for the needs of the user, and the problem of "information overload" that arises in this regard requires massive means of selecting, further processing and updating information. At the same time, consideration should be given to the issue of commercially beneficial interfaces and compression of internal and external information, as well as the transfer of shared knowledge between organizational units and cooperation partners.

The rapid development of networks of local systems with a supra-regional and even international structure leads to the rejection of the classical working fields of informatics and the widespread use of telecommunications. Organizationally, this leads to the elimination of the boundaries of the enterprise. It becomes increasingly difficult to determine where it begins and where it ends. The creation and operation of an appropriate communication structure for such "virtual enterprises" is an information management task, just like the classic function of supporting a production process or developing IT-based goods and services. This is not only about information processing, but also about rational distribution of knowledge.

FORMATION OF INFORMATION RESOURCES OF THE COMPANY

Information is one of the most important means of achieving the goals of any activity. The degree of implementation and effectiveness in achieving goals depends on the completeness and quality of information.

The volume and quality of information used in the process of solving any problems (scientific, technical, managerial and economic) is determined by:

• the level of professional training of the performer;
• experience gained in solving other problems;
• awareness in the problematic areas of knowledge necessary to solve the problem;
• availability for a particular contractor of certain information resources containing the necessary information;
• the presence of a certain “basic level of technical equipment” that provides access to information resources and software products allowing them to be processed;
• volume of financial and labor resources who can be involved in obtaining and processing information;
• legal rules governing access to information and how it is used in an organization, country and internationally.

Each of these factors imposes restrictions on the information actually available to the executor and, therefore, changes the information environment in which the executor implements the tasks facing him.

The actual degree of accessibility to information resources in all countries is significantly lower than advertised. For example, according to data for 1991, modern national queuing systems in the United States could be used by about 25% of consumers (high-income strata of the population - 5% and members of society with free funds), while 75% of ordinary citizens, as a rule, did not could get access to the information they need.

Uncertainty in making information decisions is inevitable, but it is possible to work in a mode of uncertainty - and not just work, but also obtain the required results. Large systems are always managed in conditions of lack of information.

Filling gaps in information is divided into two different groups of information tasks:

• the first one is related to filling in information that exists, but is missing from a specific user for one reason or another (access conditions, regime restrictions, lack of required documentary sources, insufficient professional training of personnel involved in solving a problem, etc.);
• the second is related to the complete lack of information on the problem (lack of required scientific knowledge, solution methods, necessary standard and reference data, materials, equipment, etc.).

If the first group of tasks, as a rule, is solved by increasing the level and quality information service, then the second one requires additional research and development related to obtaining new information. Within the framework of the second group of tasks, the problem of identifying missing knowledge is also solved, which is sometimes defined as “knowledge about ignorance”.

On the other hand, there is a significant amount of repetitive, inconsistent in terms of methods of obtaining and processing, having different levels of reliability and accuracy, as well as deliberately false information in circulation. Such information creates significant, as a rule, difficult to overcome obstacles in solving problems.

In addition, it must always be remembered that the very fact of having all (basic, most important and reliable, etc.) information is a necessary but not sufficient condition for making effective decisions. For a person who makes decisions acts on the basis of certain internal attitudes that are peculiar only to him. He is not free from subjectivity in assessing the information at his disposal.

Therefore, when making any information decision, it is necessary to re-evaluate the information in terms of those tasks (goals) that are solved in this moment, based on the specific conditions of this moment.

The group of basic concepts necessary when considering issues of making information decisions should include: fact, knowledge, information, data, information, information resources.

Fact- a real, quite real event, phenomenon; what really happened.

The dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language gives the following relationship between the concepts of "knowledge", "information", "cognition":

Knowledge- a set of concepts, ideas about something, received, acquired, accumulated as a result of teaching, experience, in the process of life, etc. and usually implemented in activities.

Knowledge- the sum of certain knowledge, information in any area (areas).

Intelligence- general or very shallow knowledge, ideas about something.

Data, as a rule, it is defined as information that is stored in databases and processed by application programs, or information presented as a sequence of characters and intended for processing in a computer.

Information- First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that in the literal sense the concept of "information" is identical to the concepts of "information, data, knowledge".

However, as shown above, the concepts of "information" and "data" are included in more general concept- "knowledge". Therefore, the concept of "information" can be defined as the total amount of knowledge accumulated by mankind. But in different sources when defining the knowledge included in the concept of "information", various approaches are used.

It is proposed to accept as the basis for the definition of the term "information" its interpretation developed in the framework of the UNISIST medium-term program, in which information is defined as knowledge that is a product research activities in the field of natural and social sciences or related to this activity, on the one hand, and knowledge related to technology, on the other. Technology in the broad sense of the word includes scientific, engineering, managerial and other related knowledge, which is indispensable in the production of goods and the provision of services that society needs.

Summarizing the approach adopted in UNISIST and other publications, we define information as the total amount of knowledge about the reality around us, i.e. Information in the strict sense is knowledge included directly in the communicative process.

Information resource. Despite the increasing use of the concept of "information resource", there is currently no generally accepted definition of it, which makes it problematic to develop an effective policy at any level (international, national, regional, republican and sectoral) for the creation of information resources and their industrial operation in the interests of science, technology, production and management.

First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the concept of "information resource" did not arise in the process of rethinking the role of information in all types of social activities, but as a result of the introduction of a program-targeted approach into research on the creation and integration of information services.

Resources, as you know, are called elements of the economic potential that society has and which, if necessary, can be used to achieve specific goals of the economic and social development.

Within the framework of the program-target approach, information is considered as one of the types of resources in the implementation of targeted programs along with labor force materials, equipment, energy, in cash etc., i.e. information began to be regarded as one of the types of resources consumed in social practice.

But the inclusion of information in the composition of resources does not remove the uncertainty of the term "information resource", since there is no unambiguous approach to what information should be considered a resource and which should not be considered. An analysis of the definitions given in various sources shows that information resources include either all (any) information or its subsets, for the selection of which different authors use different criteria that are incompatible with each other, for example: classes of information, and / or types documents, and/or types of media (methods of fixation), and/or organizational structures, and/or the possibility of processing on various technical means, etc.

It was defined above that information in the strict sense is knowledge included directly in the communicative process.

The starting point for the inclusion of information in the sphere of circulation through various social channels is its fixation on certain types of media - documentation (fixing on certain material media), because only in this case it can be transferred between users and processes distributed in time and space.

From the moment knowledge is fixed on one or another carrier, it becomes information, and only this information can be considered as an information resource. But "the new carrier is ... new ways of registering, collecting, transmitting, storing and processing information and, consequently, new ways of managing."

Each new type of information carrier generates its own class of information resources, characterized by its set of properties associated with the fixation, reproduction, access, perception and processing of information recorded on the carrier, as well as the implementation of information transfer processes in time.

Under information resources it is proposed to understand all the accumulated information about the reality around us, recorded on material media and in any other form that ensures its transfer in time and space between different consumers for solving scientific, industrial, managerial and other problems.

Of particular note is the provision that all accumulated information is a resource, including unreliable (“defectological”) information, presented by dubious facts, false provisions, inefficient approaches, as well as outdated information; incomparable data accumulated by non-standard methods; information that has lost its specificity as a result of subjective interpretations in the process of private “theoretical” constructions; notorious misinformation that entered the information flows, and balanced information.

Only such an approach to the definition of information resources creates the prerequisites for identifying conflicting data, excludes cases of skipping “inconvenient” information and difficult situations (a difficult situation is understood as information about “unusual”, “impossible” use of known means and methods, “fundamentally impossible” phenomena and actions, i.e. everything that does not fit into the thesaurus of an individual performer and / or a whole team of performers).

Accounting for the “disinformation” factor (the possibility of receiving false and outdated information to the user) requires inclusion in the processes information activities special procedures for evaluating information for reliability. Without identifying unreliable and outdated information accumulated in information resources, prerequisites are created for making ineffective, and in some cases erroneous decisions that cause significant damage.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that unreliable and outdated information should not be destroyed. It should be localized, isolated, and on its basis it is necessary to build system filters to control information resources of any level (organizations, associations, national and international). At the same time, unreliable information itself must be continuously re-evaluated, refined, and at the same time, decisions made earlier on the basis of such information must be re-evaluated.

The collection of all information and the requirement to preserve “defective”, outdated information underlies the activities of the most effective information systems and is an important methodological principle of their construction.

On the other hand, when we say that an information resource is all information, we mean a global information resource, the completeness and effectiveness of which is currently insufficient and is determined by the level of the achieved balance of agreements at the international (through the UN), regional, bilateral and multilateral basis between various sources and users of information resources.

In real activity, each of the parties has its own subset of information, limited in terms of problems, completeness, quality and relevance for solving the tasks facing it. It is defined as an information resource of a particular user (individual, group of persons, enterprise, association, department, region, state, etc.).

Depending on the carriers of information, information resources are proposed to be divided into five main classes.

Documentation of all types on any type of media (including all types of machine-readable media used in computing and communication technology).

Staff(memory of people), possessing knowledge and qualifications in various fields of science and technology.

Organizational units- scientific, industrial, managerial and other organizations that have personnel, technical, production, financial and other capabilities to solve a certain range of problems and tasks.

industrial designs(any material objects created during the production process), recipes and technologies, software products, which are the materialized result of scientific and industrial activity of people.

scientific toolkit(including: automated systems for scientific research, workstations scientists and designers, expert systems and knowledge bases).

The creation of national information resources is impossible (especially in conditions of dynamically changing tasks) without studying and taking into account the entire structure of links between different classes of information resources. Therefore, one of the most important tasks of building an effective information system is the creation of a machine-readable register in the structure of documentary information resources, which should ensure the coordination of the use of information resources of organizations, firms and government agencies working in various fields.

It should be noted that the concept of "information resources" adopted in the Federal Law is much narrower and includes only documents.

Informational resources - separate documents and separate arrays of documents, documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, data banks, other types of information systems).

To justify the accepted approach to the definition of an information resource, it is necessary to show the limitations and incompleteness of the definition used in legislative documents.

• 1. The same information related to a particular problem can be recorded on different media and / or different information fragments of the same problem can be recorded in such a way that the correct perception of information becomes impossible if there is no access to all information fragments presented on various media. Therefore, the integrity of information resources is ensured if and only if the consumer (user) has access to all classes of media on which the information necessary to solve the problems facing him is recorded.
• 2. The narrowing of the concept of information resources to the class of documents excludes from consideration significant amounts of information recorded on other classes of media. But each class of information resources is also other ways of interacting with information resources, ways of creating, registering, collecting, storing, interacting with them and, consequently, other ways of managing information technologies, as well as a different legal framework that determines their use.
• 3. The rupture of information links between the selected classes of information resources generates gaps in information processes and technologies. This, in turn, leads to a loss of the integrity of the perception of the surrounding reality, a sharp decrease in the quality of information and effectiveness in making information decisions.
• 4. Prerequisites are created for the irretrievable loss of the most important information, which cannot be meaningfully comprehended only on the basis of documentary information resources. Taking into account only documentary information resources can lead to a complete loss of specific problematic information.
• 5. Violation of the integrity of the understanding of information resources creates the preconditions for a violation information security.

Given that the proposed approach to the definition of information resources differs significantly from the definition adopted in the legislation, the following is a list of precedents indicating the incompleteness of the legislative definition, in which information resources are reduced to documentary information resources:

• 1. In criminal practice:
• 1.1. The case is accompanied by “material evidence”, without them there is no case (hacking tools, murder weapon and / or its elements (cartridge cases, bullets, ropes, etc.)). "Material evidence" (or part of them) are kept "on the job".
• 1.2. Special collections are formed from the tools involved in the crime:
  • creation of collections of weapons to identify the type of weapon by ammunition;
  • collections of cartridge cases ("sleeve cases") and used bullets to trace the movement of "trunks" through crimes.
• 2. In expertise, metrology, agriculture:
  • reference samples, reagents, etc.;
  • reference objects (for example, the Kronstadt footstock (“sea level”); Greenwich and Pulkovo meridians, geodetic signs of the reference geodetic network (by accuracy classes);
  • "producer lines", elite seed material, etc.;
  • the most powerful instrumental complex of "reference time", a network of seismic and meteorological stations, control and measuring polygon complexes.
• 3. Exploration reports consist of two parts: descriptive and analytical materials and samples. This class includes meteorite collections and soil samples obtained as a result of planetary research.

The loss of samples drastically reduces the value of the reports. The results of different research parties may become incomparable. The "documentary value" of samples is inexhaustible (with the advent of new research methods, a new disclosure of information content occurs). For example:

• multiple re-evaluations of Kulik's expedition materials on the Tunguska meteorite;
• new estimates of the hypothesis of "life on Mars" based on the results of the analysis of meteorite material.
• 4. Etc.

Determination of the list of classes of information resources and a more precise definition of the boundaries and parameters of each class depends on the tasks that arise when creating viable national information resources, ensuring the required level of information security and the desired completeness of the legal support of information activities, as well as the achieved level of information resource management.

Let's bring brief description each of the listed classes of information resources and their place in the structure of information resources.

• Intergovernmental program of international cooperation in the field of scientific and technical information.

Question 5. Communication in the management system

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SUPPORT FOR MANAGEMENT.

Information and communication support of the management system is assessed in 7 sections using questions that provide specific answers. After that, a summary table is compiled, according to which a conclusion is made about the compliance of the existing information support with the reference one.

This technique allows you to answer questions such as:

- how fully the used information support meets the requirements of the tasks being solved, i.e. can the quantitative and qualitative composition of the existing IO be considered a necessary and sufficient condition for the effective implementation of management tasks and the adoption of optimal, timely and high-quality decisions based on the results obtained?

– whether the set of tasks to be solved is expedient or its adjustment is required

- whether information flows are rationally organized, linking the activities of the analyzed management unit with other related units of the organization and with third-party enterprises

- how does the electronic interpretation of information support affect the efficiency of solving managerial problems

– what are the directions of change in technologies for working with information.

Based on the results collected in the process of applying this method of materials and their subsequent analysis, it is possible to detect various aspects in the processes of information processing, which, as a rule, are not paid attention to in everyday activities, since they are performed constantly for a long time and seem quite natural and rational. . analysis of the results allows you to see the problems of management activities with a fresh look and identify negative and positive aspects.

In addition to the proposed methodology, it is also possible to use the method of rapid assessment of the management system developed by Skopina I.V., Baklanova Yu.O. allowing to obtain a reliable visual result with minimal time and labor costs (Figure 1)

Rice. 1. Information support for management

In accordance with this methodology, information support is evaluated according to 10 criteria using a two-point scale.

The undoubted advantages of this technique are:

• minimizing the time of the study;
• reliability of the received information;
• the possibility of visual reproduction of the information received;
• operating terminology understandable to the modern manager.

At the same time, this method of rapid assessment of management information support has a number of disadvantages:

• subjectivity of the result obtained;
• the impossibility of an unambiguous answer on some items of the questionnaire.

USE OF WORLD INFORMATION RESOURCES IN MANAGEMENT.

The current stage of human development is characterized by the rapid growth of the social and economic importance of information. According to statistics, the redistribution of labor resources from the sphere material production and services in the information sphere has led to the fact that more than 50% of the employed population is already working in the information sphere of developed countries.

Here are two key indicators, each of which strongly indicates the arrival of the information age:

1) the time of doubling the amount of accumulated scientific knowledge is already 3-4 years;

2) material costs for storage, transmission and processing of information exceed similar costs for energy.

The information processing industry plays the same role for industrialized countries that heavy industry played during the industrialization stage. Information resources are becoming the main national wealth of developed countries, and the effectiveness of their use increasingly determines the economic power of the country as a whole. Moreover, the leading role is played by "active" information resources, that is, that part of the resources that is information available for automated storage, search, transmission and processing.

The term "information" comes from the Latin word "informatio" - clarification, awareness, presentation.

Information is transmitted:

Orally and in writing, with the help of electrical signals and radio waves;

Information is received:

With the help of sense organs, electrical sensors of photo and video cameras.

In a broad sense, information is a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, the exchange of signals between animate and inanimate nature, people and devices.

Information- this is information about objects and phenomena of the environment, their parameters, properties and states, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them.

Since the 20th century, the view of information has spread as a public resource, similar to material, labor and monetary resources.

Information- this is new information that allows you to improve the processes associated with the transformation of matter, energy and information itself.

Information is inseparable from the process of informing, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the source of information and its consumers, since information is new information accepted, understood and evaluated by end users as useful. Information presented in an incomprehensible language is useless. Information is information that expands the end user's stock of knowledge about the world around him. Information is often compared to the word "data", but they are not the same thing. The data can be considered as signs or recorded observations, which for some reason are not used, but only stored. When it becomes possible to use data, it turns into information.

Informational resources— documents and arrays of documents in information systems.

To world information resources information that characterizes production relations in society is relevant. It includes information that circulates in the economic system.

Throughout the history of the development of civilization, material objects remained the subject of labor, activities outside of material production and service, as a rule, belonged to the category of non-production costs.

Information technology

The main direction of the restructuring of management and its radical improvement, adaptation to modern conditions has become the massive use of the latest computer and telecommunications technology, the formation of highly efficient information and management technologies on its basis. Means and methods of applied informatics are used in management and marketing. New technologies based on computer technology, require radical changes in the organizational structures of management, its regulations, human resources, documentation system, recording and transmission of information. Of particular importance is the introduction of information management, which significantly expands the possibilities for companies to use information resources. The development of information management is associated with the organization of a data and knowledge processing system, their consistent development to the level of integrated automated control systems, covering vertically and horizontally all levels and links of production and marketing.

Technology is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge implemented in labor methods, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, ways of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements.

Technology is inextricably linked with the mechanization of the production or non-production, primarily management process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications technology.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology is a complex of interrelated, scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods for the effective organization of the work of people involved in the processing and storage of information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as the social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. Information technologies themselves require complex training, high initial costs and high technology. Their introduction should begin with the creation of software, the formation of information flows in specialist training systems.

In recent decades, managements in the most developed countries, in particular, in the USA and Japan, on creative (creative) information technologies of the so-called third (highest) level. They cover a complete information cycle - the development of information (new knowledge), their transfer, processing, use to transform an object, achieve new higher goals.

Information technology of the third level means the highest stage computerization of management make it possible to use computers in the creative process, to combine the power of the human mind and the power of electronic technology.

Full integrated management automation involves the coverage of the following information management processes: communication, collection, storage and access to the necessary information, information analysis, text preparation, support for individual activities, programming and solving special problems. The main directions of automation of information and management activities of companies are as follows: automation of the process of information exchange, including PBX, "e-mail". modern technical means automation of information and management activities relate:

1. personal computers connected in a network;

2. electronic typewriters;

3. text processing systems (problem-oriented computer systems with great functionality);

4. copy machines;

5. communication means, telephone equipment;

6. tools for automating the input of archival documents and information retrieval (these include non-traditional storage media: magnetic disks and tapes, microfilms, disks with optical records);

7. means for information exchange - " Email”;

8. video information systems;

9. local computer networks;

10. integrated networks of institutions.

CLARIFY THE TERMINOLOGY

Information- a set of information perceived from the environment, issued to the environment, or stored within the information system.

Data- information presented in a form that allows to automate its collection, storage and further processing by a person or information means.

File- a sequence of records placed on external storage devices and considered in the processing process as a whole.

Database- a set of interrelated data with such minimal redundancy that allows it to be used in an optimal way for one or more applications in a specific subject area of ​​human activity.

Subject area- this is a reflection in the database of a set of objects of the real world with their connections, related to a certain field of knowledge and having practical value for users.

First of all, there is a database - a collection of data stored in secondary memory - on disks, drums, or some other medium.

Secondly, there is a set of batch processing applications that work with this data (select, update, include, delete). Additionally, there may be a group of online users interacting with the database from remote terminals.

Thirdly, the database is "integrated", i.e. contains data for many users. Databases are created for the purpose of centralized management of certain data.

Sharing data means not only that all existing application files are integrated, but also that new applications can be built on an existing database. The use of the database provides mainly: - independence of data and programs; - implementation of relationships between data; - compatibility of database components; - ease of changing the logical and physical structures of the database; - integrity; - restoration and protection of the database, etc. Other purposes of using the database include: reducing redundancy in stored data; eliminating inconsistencies in stored data by automatically correcting and maintaining all duplicate records; - reducing the cost of developing a software package; - programming queries to the database.

DB is dynamic information model some subject area, displaying the outside world. Each object has a number of characteristic properties, features, parameters. Working with the database is carried out by the attributes of objects.

What types of information can be obtained on the Internet.

The Internet provides the following information services:

· Email;

· Gopher (management of access to information);

· Usenet newsgroups (exchange of opinion with one person or with a group of people);

Anonymous FTP (file transfer protocol);

systems for transferring files by mail;

· access to library catalogs using Telnet;

· IRC or Place for Chat Lovers;

· broadcasting on the Internet;

· Finger (mechanism for the dissemination of information);

Wais databases;

the weather

Free access files

Dialogue logs

· FAQ — frequently asked questions;

sports and hobbies;

news and reviews;

college libraries;

government information;

· trips;

Work and career

Internet commercial services;

Basic concepts of information management

The information sphere is, firstly, the sphere of the economy engaged in the production, processing, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge, and secondly, the totality of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as regulatory systems the resulting social relations.

Information management is a special area of ​​management that covers all aspects of the problem of management in the field of creation and use of information resources.

Since information flows today permeate all spheres of human activity, for a more precise definition, it is necessary to limit the understanding of information management to two meanings:

• information management (information flows and information resources), that is, IT management, is an automated technology for processing information in a specific subject area;
• management with the help of information, that is, IT management, is a management technology, management in the proper sense of the word.

Public relations that arise in the information sphere in the implementation of information processes are called informational, in turn, the activity of implementing information processes is called informational.

Considering information relations, it should be noted that, despite all their diversity, they occur between constituent parts information sphere. Schematically, the information sphere can be represented in the form of five areas (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The structure of the information sphere

Although clear boundaries are drawn between the areas on the diagram, in real life such a distinction is impossible, since the functions of the areas of the information sphere often intersect, and the connections between the areas are complex and interdependent. The same actors can play different roles and be included in different areas.

• Finding, receiving and consuming information. This is the main area, so it is located in the center of the information sphere. It initiates processes in all other areas of the information sphere and is the cause of their occurrence. Briefly, this area can be denoted by the word "consumption".
• Creation and dissemination of original and derived information. This area can include all organizations and all individuals that in one way or another create both initial information (scientific facts, personal data, etc.)

  n., that is, in fact, actual data), and derived information (obtained as a result of processing the original).

• Formation and preparation of information resources, products and services. In this area, ordering, analysis and additional processing of information take place. As a result, primary and derived information is transformed into an information resource (for example, a thematic website on the Internet), a product (for example, the Garant legal system) or a service (for example, a systematic and periodic review of the market in the selected industry).
• Creation and application of information systems and tools, their provision. This is the sphere of technological support of information processes. On the one hand, this area can be considered as an auxiliary one (the production and consumption of information, the provision of information services existed even before the advent of information technologies in their modern form), on the other hand, this area itself is a powerful source of primary and derivative information.
• Creation and application of information security tools and mechanisms. In this area, technical and technological solutions, standards and methodologies are being developed to ensure the integrity, consistency and protection of private information or information subject to one or another type of accessibility restriction. The same area is connected with the issues of protecting a person from dangerous and harmful information.

What is the field of information management?

• In a narrow sense, this is a range of management tasks of an industrial and technological nature in the field of the organization's main activity, to one degree or another using the information system and the information technologies implemented in it.
• In a broad sense, it is a set of management tasks at all stages life cycle organization, which includes actions and operations both with information in its various forms and states, and with the organization as a whole based on information.

Information management covers all aspects of the problem of management in the field of creation and use of information resources. The purpose of information management is to increase the efficiency of an enterprise through the use of information systems and technologies.

The subject of information management is the processes of creation, operation and development of an enterprise information system.

The manager's area of ​​professional activity is providing effective management information resources and information systems at the organization level, ensuring the use of information as a strategic resource, organizing management systems in the information business industry, improving management in accordance with the trends of socio-economic development.

The objects of professional activity of a manager are various information resources and information systems of organizations in the economic, industrial and social spheres, information resources and information systems of departments of management systems of state enterprises, joint-stock companies and private firms, as well as various organizations in the field of information business. The professional activity of a manager also extends to information resources and information systems of research and production associations, scientific, design and design organizations, bodies government controlled and social infrastructure of the national economy.

The scope of information management is the totality of all management tasks related to the formation and use of information in all its forms and states to achieve the goals set for the enterprise. At the same time, the tasks of determining the value and efficiency of using not only the actual information (data and knowledge), but also other enterprise resources that are in one way or another in contact with information should be solved: technological, personnel, financial, etc.

Topic 7. Information resources in management

e. In these management tasks, information systems and the information technologies implemented in them are used to some extent.

The concept of information management combines the following approaches:

• economic - the issues of attracting new documented information are considered based on considerations of usefulness and financial costs;
• analytical - based on an analysis of the needs of users in information and communications;
• organizational - information technologies are considered in their influence on organizational aspects;
• systemic - information processing is considered on the basis of a holistic, system-oriented, all-encompassing information processing process in an organization, with special attention being paid to optimizing communication channels, information, material resources and other costs, work methods.

The main directions of information management:

• information system management at all stages of its life cycle;
• strategic development of IP;
• IS marketing.

Tasks of information management:

• formation of the technological environment of the information system;
• development of the information system and maintenance of its maintenance;
• planning in the information system environment;
• formation organizational structure in the field of informatization;
• use and operation of information systems;
• formation of innovation policy and implementation of innovation programs;
• personnel management in the field of informatization;
• investment management in the field of informatization;
• formation and maintenance of complex security of information resources.

Information management in an organization solves strategic, operational and administrative tasks. To the number strategic objectives include: creation of the organization's information infrastructure and information technology management. Operational and administrative tasks are of a narrower nature, focused on the performance of work in specific areas.

15. Information resources in management

Information systems as a basic component.

Information technology as a basic tool for information management.

Information resource as a basic component of information management.

The concept of information management, its structure and types.

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

TOPIC 1. CONCEPT AND STRUCTURE

__________________________________________________________________

Information management - a set of methods and means of information management and management with the help of information by the activities of an enterprise (organization).

The purpose of information management is ensuring the effective development of the organization through regulation various kinds its information activities. Tasks of information management: 1. high-quality information support of management processes in the organization; 2. management of information resources; 3. ensuring management of information processing at all levels; 4. provision of communications management.

The object of control in information management are:

Information in various forms of its existence;

information systems and information technologies;

· information industry and information market;

Personnel implementing the functions of production, use and storage of information.

Subjects of management there are special federal and regional bodies that implement the state policy in the field of information management and information resource management services of institutions, organizations and enterprises.

The place and structure of information management are presented in fig.

Information resources in management

Information Management Technologies

Figure 2 - Types of information management

In accordance with the extent of management tasks, there are strategic information management(SIM) and operational information management(OIM).

concept "strategic" in a relationship information management suggests one side , systematic determination of long-term goals in all areas (for a period of 3-5 years), on the other side - choice of the way to achieve the goal and the definition of a set of tasks, the solution of which leads to the goal.

Such tasks are solved at the level of the top management of the organization.

The selected solutions of long-term tasks form sets of initial data (tasks) for operational , i.e. the shortest-term level (in the field of information processing, this is a period of time up to one year).

The range of management tasks includes the development, implementation, operation and development of automated information systems and networks that support the activities of an enterprise (organization). In these networks, management of information resources must be provided.

So, information management is turning into a basic technology for organizing management activities in all areas of the information society.

123Next ⇒

The effective functioning of a company depends on many factors. One of these important factors, is the company's information resources. To solve problems within the company, prompt, reliable information is required. Such information within the organization must move and penetrate to those levels of the organizational system that are required. Today, one of the factors of growth and development of the organizational system is how high-quality and reliable information this organization has. We live in the information age, and the importance of information cannot be overestimated. At present, the level of development of information processes has increased so much that information resources have acquired their own orthosol, which subsequently led to the creation of an entire information industry.

Communication processes are the way information moves in an organizational system. The effectiveness of communication networks in an organization also depends on the information itself, which shows the relationship between these two processes. Each organization has its own information channels that provide information about the organization's environment. The task of such departments is not only to establish the movement of information, but also to assess the quality, decoding, and selection of information that is important for the operation of the organizational system.

An effective manager must be provided with all the information he needs. The purpose of the manager's work is to solve problems, but without providing reliable, high-quality information, it is impossible to plan correctly and formulate a management decision. In other words, without having the necessary information, it is impossible to engage in managerial activities.

Information properties. Information itself is information, facts about something. Management Information, is a set of such information and facts that a manager can use to achieve certain goals and formulate a management decision.

Any information, including management information, is divided into objective and subjective. Objective information is information that does not depend on the statement and opinion of an individual or individuals, but is considered generally accepted. Subjective information, on the contrary, contains the opinion of one individual, and is of a personal nature.

Characteristics of information.

• · Volume. The most important quantitative characteristic of information that makes it clear how much information has been received / will be sent. It is important to understand that an insufficient amount of information can create uncertainty, distortion of the message. Too much information can lead to information overload, also, a large amount of information is absorbed worse than a smaller amount.
• · Reliability. This property of information indicates how much the received message matches the sent one. The need to determine the reliability of information arises from the possibility of error, distortion of information during its transmission. Any organizational system seeks to obtain as reliable information as possible, using tools to improve information channels to achieve maximum reliability.
• · Saturation. The essence of this property is to determine the ratio of mediocre and important, useful information. In transmitted messages, mediocre, background information is used for a better, correct perception of basic information. Saturation, in turn, has three levels: 1. High level(up to 100%), such information is extremely informative, but not structured and difficult to understand. 2. Normal(from 50 to 70-80%) the optimal level of saturation, such information is meaningful and easily perceived by the recipient. 3. Low level saturation (up to 50%), such information actually has no meaningful component, the value of such information is extremely small.
• · Value. This is a quantitative characteristic of information that determines the meaning of information for the recipient. This property of information largely depends on the previous characteristics, in particular on saturation and reliability. No matter how important and necessary the information for the sender is, it must also be meaningful and reliable.
• · Openness. This characteristic shows the range of persons who can use, receive specific information. It is essential for an organization to establish a framework for openness of information. On the one hand, you can not publish all the information, but you should not hide all information processes. The task of an effective information department is to select indicative information for general publication.

There are 3 levels of openness. Secret, extremely limited in use information (available to an extremely small circle of people). Confidential, limited in use by regulations, powers (more accessible information, but within a separate structure). open information available to anyone who wants to get it.

• · Profitability. This property means that the costs of using and preparing specific information should not exceed the effect of using the information.
• · Objectivity. Information should not be personal and biased. The reliability of the information must be generally recognized.
• · Accuracy. The sender must be sure that the message sent by him is not distorted, does not contain errors.

Ways to generate information. One of the main ways of obtaining information is the process of communication, interaction. both within the organization and in external environment, information can come both in the process of communication, exchange, and in the form of messages. Also, the exchange of information, mutual enrichment of information are singled out separately. But to develop the necessary information, there are also other ways.

Introspection. This method is a selection of already available information from a particular person. This information Previously, it can be obtained as a result of training, obtaining a specialty, qualification, as well as under the influence of life experience and other acquired knowledge. This method of obtaining information is effective in decision making. Knowledge gained through education and experience has a wide range of applications, and can favorably affect the effectiveness of the development of management decisions.

Messages. Information messages are a set of information elements that have an internal relationship. One of the main ways of obtaining information in the process of communication. The information in the message must be accurate, significant, specific. The information message can be transmitted in writing and orally, as well as in various non-verbal ways.

Analysis. Unlike self-observation, analysis is a way of extracting information through the use of quantitative models, research. This is a specially modulated situation, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn. Such conclusions contain the required information.

Information can circulate, both within the organization and outside it, but relative to the organization itself. Depending on the source of information extraction, it can be divided into internal and external.

Internal environment. It includes all elements directly related to the organization. The effectiveness and potential of an organization largely depends on how well organized the internal environment is.

Information processes in the internal environment are important, as they contain reporting on the activities of the organization. Most often, information about the internal processes in the organization is hidden and not available for general use, as it contains strategic and economic indicators of the organization's activities. As a result, communication channels for such information should be structured and clearly defined to whom and how such information will be provided.

External environment. These are factors, subjects that affect the organization, but are outside of it. The selection of information in this environment of the organization is no less important than in the internal environment. Often information from the external environment is not accurate, not stable. The idea of ​​how the enterprise functions from the outside, and the identification of factors influencing the organization, significantly increases the effectiveness of planning. Information in this environment may contain information about competitors, about the market, interaction with the state. For information departments organization is extremely important to establish the flow of information from the external environment. Such information must meet all the requirements and requests of the organization, not be distorted, since such information is most often used in strategic planning and for solving important management tasks.

Information management. This type of activity is aimed at monitoring and managing information resources and flows in the organization and in the external environment of the organization. The basic goal of information management is to provide the organization with the necessary and important information for it, as well as control of all information processes, protection of information from external threats, regulation of information confidentiality, distribution of information as it is needed, delegation of authority to use specific information required for solving a specific problem. Also, one of the most important goals and objectives of information management is to create information space organizations. is the totality of all information related to the organization. Such information must be in an ordered state.

One of the main tasks of information management is the accumulation and preservation of those arrays of information that accumulate in the course of the organization's work. Such a collection of information is called information resources.

Informational resources- this is a collection of separate arrays of information that are contained in a documented form, has an orderliness and an established search system. Since information does not exist by itself, it must have a form, content. The totality of such information resources, and the provision of interconnection, interaction, and forms the information environment of the organization.

Information Systems. Information systems are a set of methods, models, projects, various technologies that are designed to work with information. The presence in the organization of such a system allows you to more effectively cope with planning (both tactical and strategic), various accounting operations. Most of these tasks are solved by re-processing operational management information.

The presence in the organization of an information system stimulates:

• · Increasing the degree of validity of decisions made. Availability of reliable information about environment, which is easy to find and easy to work with, significantly increases both the efficiency of decision making and the quality of the decision made.
• Accounting and operational collection of information, its processing and transmission efficiency. The better the information system is ordered and structured, the better is the process of its search, transfer, processing and other types of interaction.
• Ensuring timely management decision-making in realities market economy. The organization of communication channels, which subsequently form information systems, ensures the faster movement of information in the organization. The need for timely adoption of important management decisions, requires providing a specific element of the organization with reliable, valuable, holistic information. Also, such information should come without delays and distortions.
• · Restriction, ensuring the confidentiality of information. At proper organization information processes in the organization, the options for information leakage are excluded.

Ways to protect information. For a large and successful organization, information is a strategically important resource. Naturally, not all information is so valuable, but it is customary to hide and classify various strategic information, financial, accounting reports. Thus, there is a need to protect such information, both from getting it into an extraneous communication channel, and from persons for whom it is not intended. Information does not exist on its own, it is assigned to its carrier, whether it be physical, electronic, or information possessed by an individual.

To effectively protect information, it should be structured, inventory of available information resources. Thus, each organization will determine what information they should protect. Most often, organizations try to hide information from personnel departments, accounting (required by law), trade secrets, analytical information, information about technologies, production, and research results.

Very often, information security in organizations is not taken as seriously as it should be. Employees involved in communication processes in the organization, most often employees, so providing full-time employees in these positions is not budgeted. This becomes the main reason for the leakage of information, the formation of unnecessary, unnecessary communication channels.

To avoid leaks, declassify information, today, there are three basic principles of information protection:

• 1. Data integrity. Information that is stored in the organization, and is of great value, must be stored in a complete, complete manner. Problems arise with information on physical media: part of the information stored in this way is very often lost.
• 2. Information confidentiality. The information stored in the organization must have a confidentiality policy. It is extremely inefficient, and it is not right to open access to all information to any employee. This often leads to information leaks or distortion when it enters informal communication channels.
• 3. Protection against failures that lead to loss of information. One of the most common ways of storing information is the electronic method. It implies the storage of information on the servers of the organization. Given this, important information should be protected from its loss as a result of hacking, failures, incorrect work such servers.
• 4. Access to information for authorized employees. The problem of confidentiality, and getting information into unwanted communication channels, can also be solved by creating electronic databases of information. But storing information in this way, you should restrict access to it. To do this, it is necessary to register employees in the database, and, depending on the needs and powers of specific employees, provide information.

The widespread use of computer technology has only exacerbated the problem of protecting and storing information. It is extremely convenient to store information in electronic form, but very often there are additional difficulties in the form of the deliberate theft of such information. As mentioned above, information is a strategic resource of any organization, and storing it in electronic form creates very comfortable conditions for working with such information. But the storage of information on electronic media has a number of specific properties.

Every organization should have comprehensive measures to protect information. Basicly allocate technical and organizational measures to protect information. Technical information protection measures include various forms of protection against unauthorized access to confidential information, hacking of electronic databases, and measures to eliminate unwanted communication channels. Organizational methods of information protection include: careful selection of personnel responsible for working with important information, if possible, excluding important work with information of individual employees, organizing a backup recovery plan for electronic databases, means of protecting against unauthorized access to important information(even for senior management).

Protection of documented information. One of the most basic, and the most accustomed way of storing information is documents. The main task in the protection of documented information is to ensure a safe, secure workflow. For this, a special technological system is required when working with information. A secure workflow is the safe movement of documented confidential information through various communication channels, and points for receiving, reviewing, and using information. General principles to effectively protect the workflow, it consists in restricting access to such information, responsibility for the issuance of such information, responsibility for the safety of documented information, and strict regulation of access to information.