Companies carrying out exploration drilling for oil. Drilling map of Russia

Drilling market is a key driving force in the oilfield services market of the Russian Federation. Drilling accounts for more than 30% of the total oilfield services market (in in monetary terms). Together with drilling services (including horizontal drilling support) and other services used during well construction, this share exceeds 50%.

During 2016, new trends emerged in the drilling market that significantly affect the prospects for market development and are of fundamental importance for making strategic decisions by market participants.

. In 2016, Russia achieved historical maximum oil production in the amount of 547.5 million tons. The active growth in oil production was primarily ensured by an increase in drilling volumes - by 23.2% in 2015-2016. Production growth over the same two years amounted to 3.8%.

In accordance with the agreement on limiting oil production dated December 10, 2016, Russia pledged to reduce production from the level of October 2016 by 300 thousand barrels per day, or by 2.7%. Expected that production volume in 2017 will decrease by approximately 0.5% compared to 2016, and in the subsequent period production will show moderate growth and reach 570 million tons in 2025.

In 2017, despite restrictions on oil production, the drilling market expects increase in penetration volumes by 8-10% from the 2016 level. This is due to the need to maintain production at old, depleting fields.

In the medium term, drilling will mainly focus on maintaining production levels. Starting from 2018, it will be formed trend associated with moderate growth of the drilling market in physical terms and rapid growth in monetary terms.

The share of horizontal drilling in production will continue to increase: from 11% in 2010 it increased up to 36% in 2016, and by 2021 will reach 44-46%.

In exploration drilling, the decline in volumes in 2015 gave way to a 3% increase in 2016. In the period until 2026 it is predicted comparable volumes of exploration drilling due to the growing importance of additional exploration in mature fields.

Share open market in drilling continues to decrease: in 2016 it amounted to 44% with the prospect of further reduction due to the consolidation of the market by Rosneft.

As a result of key market trends, it is expected significant increase in competition between contractor companies, as well as increased price pressure on them from customer companies.

The analytical report aims to provide expert support for making strategic and operational decisions to a wide range of market participants, based on the following key elements research:

Grade key factors and development trends, including those common to oil and gas industry RF, and specific to the drilling market and its key segments.

Market volume forecast for the period up to 2026 for development (separately horizontal) and exploration drilling. The forecast was formed in the context of the main oil production regions and taking into account the characteristics of drilling in each of them.

Analysis of customers and the competitive environment of contractors, including assessment of the drilling rig fleet and scope of work.

Report contains a basis for assessing the potential of the entire range of drilling-related service and equipment segments, including drilling services, horizontal drilling support, primary cementing, well injection and others.

Around sources The following materials were used to generate the report: RPI knowledge base, company data, industry statistics, assessments of industry experts.

"Russian oil drilling market" is intended for the following industry audiences:

Oil and gas production companies

Oil service companies

Manufacturers and suppliers of oil and gas equipment

Banks and investment companies

Consulting companies

"Russian oil drilling market" is the first in a series of reports on the main segments of the Russian oilfield services market. The reports analyze the current state and development prospects until 2025 in the following segments:

1. Directional drilling support(69,500 rubles)

2. Sidetracking (69,500 rubles)

3. Major renovation wells (69,500 rubles)

4. Hydraulic fracturing (69,500 rubles)

5. Seismic exploration (69,500 rubles)

6. Coiled tubing(64,500 rubles)

1. Introduction
2 Main conclusions of the study
3 Oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2006-2016 and forecast of production volumes for the period until 2026
3.1 Oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2006-2016 by company
3.2 Oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2006-2016 by oil production regions
3.3 Forecast of annual oil production in Russia for the period 2016-2026
4 Volume of the oil service market in Russia in monetary terms
4.1 Methodology for calculating the volume of the oil services market
4.2 Volume of the oil services market in 2005-2016
4.3 Forecast of the volume of the oil services market for 2017-2026
5 Current state of the drilling market
5.1 Dynamics of drilling volumes in 2001-2016
5.2 Dynamics of production drilling volumes in 2006-2016
5.3 Dynamics of exploration drilling volumes in 2006-2016
5.4 Volume of the drilling market in monetary terms in 2006-2016
5.5 Main production trends in the drilling market
5.5.1 Development of horizontal drilling
5.5.2 Changes in capital costs in production drilling
5.5.3 Effects of measures to increase production levels
5.6 Main technological trends in the drilling market
5.7 Current management challenges and trends in the drilling market
5.7.1 Well construction management problems
5.7.2 Formation of the estimated cost of well construction
5.7.3 Development of time standards
5.7.4 Risk management of well construction projects
6 Forecast of dynamics of penetration volumes for 2016-2026
6.1 Forecast methodology
6.2 Forecast of production drilling volumes for 2017-2026
6.3 Forecast of horizontal drilling volumes for 2017-2026
6.4 Forecast of exploration drilling volumes for 2017-2026
6.5 Forecast of drilling market volumes in monetary terms for 2017-2026
7 Main customers in the drilling market
8 Analysis of the competitive environment in the market of drilling contractors
8.1 Drilling market in Russia by drilling contractors
8.2 Production capacity of main drilling contractors
8.3 Activities of drilling contractors by region
8.4 Major mergers and acquisitions in the drilling contractor market in 2016
9 Profiles of main contractors
9.1 Independent drilling contractors
9.1.1 Eurasia Drilling Company Ltd.
9.1.2 Gazprom Burenie LLC
9.1.3 ERIELL
9.1.4 Integra-Burenie LLC
9.1.5 Catoil-Drilling LLC (Petro Welt Technologies Group of Companies, former C.A.T. oil AG)
9.1.6 KCA Deutag
9.1.7 Nabors Drilling
9.1.8 NSH ASIA DRILLING LLC (“Neftserviceholding”)
9.1.9 Group of companies (GC) “Investgeoservice”
9.1.10 CJSC Siberian Service Company (SSK)
9.1.11 TagraS-Holding LLC (UK Tatburneft LLC, Burenie LLC)
9.2 Drilling divisions of vertically integrated companies
9.2.1 Drilling rigs subsidiaries OJSC Rosneft
9.2.2 Drilling block of NGK Slavneft
9.2.3 Drilling divisions of Surgutneftegaz

Schedule 3.1. Dynamics of annual oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2006-2016 by company, million tons

Chart 3.2. Distribution of the increase in oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2016 by producers, million tons

Chart 3.3. Share of manufacturing companies in oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2016, %

Chart 3.4. Dynamics of annual oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2006-2016 by oil production region, million tons

Chart 3.5. Distribution of the increase in oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2016 by oil production regions, million tons

Chart 3.6. Forecast of the dynamics of annual oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2016-2025 by oil production regions, million tons

Chart 3.7. Forecast of the dynamics of annual oil and gas condensate production in Russia in 2016-2025 by type of field, million tons

Schedule 4.1. Annual total volumes of the Russian oil services market in 2005-2016, billion rubles, % annual growth

Chart 4.2. Specific shares of Russian oilfield services market segments in 2016, % of the total market volume in monetary terms

Chart 4.3. Contribution of segments to the total volume of the Russian oilfield services market in 2016, billion rubles

Chart 4.4. Forecast of volumes of the Russian oilfield services market in 2017-2026, billion rubles, % annual growth

Schedule 4.5. Forecast volumes of oilfield services market segments and their specific shares in 2026, billion rubles, %

Chart 4.6. Forecast shares of Russian oilfield services market segments in 2017-2026, % of the total market volume in monetary terms

Chart 4.7. Specific shares of Russian oilfield services market segments in 2017-2026, % of the total market volume in monetary terms

Schedule 5.1. Production and exploration drilling in Russia in 2001-2016, million m 30

Schedule 5.2. Wells completed construction, in production and exploration drilling in Russia in 2006-2016, units

Schedule 5.3. Average depth of one well, completed construction, in production and exploration drilling in Russia in 2006-2016, m

Schedule 5.4. The influence of an increase in the number of wells and an increase in the depth of wells on the volume of penetration in production and exploration drilling in Russia in 2006-2016, %

Schedule 5.5. Production drilling in Russia in 2006-2016. by oil production region, million m

Schedule 5.6. Changes in production drilling in Russia in 2016. by oil production region, million m

Chart 5.7. Commissioning of wells completed construction in production drilling in Russia in 2006-2016. by oil production regions, units

Schedule 5.8. Average depth of one well, completed construction, in production drilling in Russia in 2015-2016, m

Chart 5.9. Exploration drilling in Russia in 2006-2016. by oil production region, million m

Schedule 5.10. Number of wells completed during exploration drilling in Russia in 2006-2016. by oil production regions, units

Schedule 5.11. Average depth of one well completed in exploration drilling in Russia in 2015-2016, m

Schedule 5.12. Dynamics of the drilling market volume in monetary terms in 2006-2016, billion rubles.

Chart 5.13. Dynamics of the drilling market volume in monetary terms in 2006-2016 by oil production region, billion rubles.

Chart 5.14. Dynamics of the volume of horizontal and directional drilling in Russia in physical terms in 2006-2016, million m

Schedule 5.15. Dynamics of the number of wells completed in horizontal and directional drilling in Russia in 2006-2016, units

Chart 5.16. Average depth of one well, completed construction, in production and exploration drilling in Russia in 2006-2016, m

Chart 5.17. Average depth of one horizontal well completed in Russia in 2016, m

Chart 5.18. Average depth of one directional well completed in Russia in 2016, m

Chart 5.19. Dynamics of changes in capital costs per 1 meter of production drilling in Russia in 2006-2016, thousand rubles. per m

Schedule 5.20. Dynamics of changes in capital costs per 1 m of production drilling for customers in Russia in 2015-2016, thousand rubles. per m

Chart 5.21. Effects on increasing oil production from the commissioning of new wells and geological and technical measures in Russia in 2006-2016, million tons

Schedule 6.1. Dynamics of changes in monthly drilling progress in Russia in 2012-2017, million m

Schedule 6.2. Forecast of annual volumes of production drilling in Russia for the period 2016-2026, million m

Schedule 6.3. Forecast of annual volumes of production drilling in Russia at new fields for the period 2016-2026, million m

Schedule 6.4. Forecast of the share of drilling at new fields in production drilling in Russia in 2017-2026, %

Schedule 6.5. Forecast of annual volumes of penetration in horizontal drilling in Russia for the period 2016-2026, million m

Chart 6.6. Forecast of annual volumes of exploration drilling in Russia for the period 2016-2026, million m

Chart 6.7. Forecast of the production drilling market volume by oil production regions in Russia for the period 2016-2026, billion rubles.

Chart 6.8. Forecast of the volume of the horizontal drilling market by oil production regions in Russia for the period 2016-2026, billion rubles.

Chart 6.9. Forecast of the volume of the exploration drilling market by oil production regions in Russia for the period 2016-2026, billion rubles.

Drilling is the impact of special equipment on soil layers, as a result of which a well is formed in the ground through which valuable resources will be extracted. The process of drilling oil wells is carried out in different directions of work, which depend on the location of the soil or rock formation: it can be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

As a result of the work, a cylindrical void in the form of a straight trunk, or well, is formed in the ground. Its diameter may vary depending on the purpose, but it is always less than the length parameter. The beginning of the well is located on the soil surface. The walls are called the trunk, and the bottom of the well is called the bottom.

Key milestones

If medium and light equipment can be used for water wells, then special equipment for drilling oil well Only heavy ones can be used. The drilling process can only be carried out using special equipment.

The process itself is divided into the following stages:

• Delivery of equipment to the site where the work will be carried out.
• The actual drilling of the mine. The process includes several works, one of which is deepening the shaft, which occurs through regular washing and further destruction of the rock.
• To prevent the wellbore from being destroyed and clogging it, the rock layers are strengthened. For this purpose, a special column of interconnected pipes is laid into the space. The space between the pipe and the rock is fixed with cement mortar: this work is called plugging.
• The last job is mastery. The last layer of rock is opened there, a bottom-hole zone is formed, and the mine is perforated and fluid is drained.

Site preparation

To organize the process of drilling an oil well, it will also be necessary to carry out a preparatory stage. If development is carried out in a forest area, it is required, in addition to completing basic documentation, to obtain consent for the work from the forestry enterprise. Preparation of the site itself includes the following steps:

1. Cutting down trees on the site.
2. Dividing the zone into separate parts of the land.
3. Drawing up a work plan.
4. Creation of a settlement to house the workforce.
5. Preparing the foundation for a drilling station.
6. Carrying out markings at the work site.
7. Creation of foundations for the installation of tanks in a warehouse with flammable materials.
8. Arrangement of warehouses, delivery and debugging of equipment.

After this, it is necessary to begin preparing the equipment directly for drilling oil wells. This stage includes the following processes:

• Installation and testing of equipment.
• Wiring lines for power supply.
• Installation of bases and auxiliary elements for the tower.
• Installing the tower and raising it to the desired height.
• Debugging of all equipment.

When the equipment for drilling oil wells is ready for operation, it is necessary to obtain a conclusion from a special commission that the equipment is in good condition and ready for work, and the personnel have sufficient knowledge of safety rules for this kind of production. When checking, it is clarified whether the design is correct lighting(they must have an explosion-resistant casing), whether lighting with a voltage of 12V is installed along the depth of the mine. Remarks regarding performance and safety must be taken into account in advance.

Before starting work on drilling a well, it is necessary to install a pit, bring in pipes to strengthen the drill shaft, a bit, and small special equipment for auxiliary works, casing pipes, instruments for measurements during drilling, provide water supply and solve other issues.

The drilling site contains accommodation facilities for workers, technical premises, a laboratory building for analyzing soil samples and the results obtained, warehouses for equipment and small working tools, as well as facilities for medical care and safety features.

Features of drilling an oil well

After installation, the processes of re-equipping the traveling system begin: during this work, equipment is installed, and small mechanical means are tested. Installing the mast opens the process of drilling into the soil; the direction should not diverge from the axial center of the tower.

After the alignment is completed, a well is created according to the direction: this process means installing a pipe to strengthen the trunk and filling the initial part with cement. After setting the direction, the alignment between the tower itself and the rotor axes is adjusted again.

Drilling for a pit is carried out in the center of the trunk, and during the work, casing is done using pipes. When drilling a hole, a turbo drill is used; to adjust the rotation speed, it is necessary to hold it with a rope, which is fixed on the tower itself, and physically held by the other part.

A couple of days before the launch of the drilling rig, when the preparatory stage has passed, a conference is held with the participation of members of the administration: technologists, geologists, engineers, drillers. Issues discussed at the conference include the following:

• Layout of strata in an oil field: a layer of clay, a layer of sandstone with water carriers, a layer of oil deposits.
• Design features of the well.
• Rock composition at the research and development point.
• Taking into account possible difficulties and complicating factors that may arise when drilling an oil well in a particular case.
• Review and analysis of the standard map.
• Consideration of issues related to trouble-free wiring.

Documents and equipment: basic requirements

The process of drilling an oil well can begin only after a number of documents have been completed. These include the following:

• Permission to start operating the drilling site.
• Map of standards.
• Journal on drilling fluids.
• Journal on ensuring labor safety at work.
• Accounting for the functioning of diesel engines.
• Shift log.

To main mechanical equipment and consumables, which are used in the process of drilling a well, The following types include:

• Equipment for cementing, the cement mortar itself.
• Safety equipment.
• Logging mechanisms.
• Process water.
• Reagents for various purposes.
• Water for drinking.
• Pipes for casing and actual drilling.
• Helicopter pad.

Well types

In the process of drilling an oil well, a shaft is formed in the rock, which is checked for the presence of oil or gas by perforating the shaft, which stimulates the influx of the desired substance from the productive area. After this, the drilling equipment is dismantled, the well is sealed indicating the start and end dates of drilling, and then the garbage is removed and the metal parts are disposed of.

At the beginning of the process, the trunk diameter is up to 90 cm, and by the end it rarely reaches 16.5 cm. During the work, the construction of a well is done in several stages:

1. Deepening the bottom of a well, for which drilling equipment is used: it crushes the rock.
2. Removing debris from the mine.
3. Secure the trunk with pipes and cement.
4. Work during which the resulting fault is examined and productive locations of oil are identified.
5. Descent of depth and its cementing.

Wells can vary in depth and are divided into the following types:

• Small (up to 1500 meters).
• Medium (up to 4500 meters).
• Deep (up to 6000 meters).
• Ultra-deep (more than 6000 meters).

Drilling a well involves crushing a solid rock formation with a chisel. The resulting parts are removed by washing with a special solution; The depth of the mine becomes greater when the entire face area is destroyed.

Problems during oil drilling

While drilling wells, you may encounter a number of technical problems that will slow down or make work almost impossible. These include the following phenomena:

• Trunk destruction, collapses.
• Discharge of liquid into the soil for flushing (removing parts of rock).
• Emergency conditions of equipment or mine.
• Errors in drilling the barrel.

Most often, wall collapses occur due to the fact that the rock has an unstable structure. A sign of a collapse is increased pressure, greater viscosity of the fluid used for flushing, as well as an increased number of pieces of rock that come to the surface.

Liquid absorption most often occurs when the underlying formation completely absorbs the solution. Its porous system or high degree absorption contributes to this phenomenon.

During the process of drilling a well, the projectile, which moves clockwise, reaches the bottom and rises back. The drilling of the well reaches the bedrock formations, into which cutting up to 1.5 meters occurs. To prevent the well from being washed out, a pipe is immersed at the beginning, which also serves as a means of carrying the flushing solution directly into the trench.

The drill bit, as well as the spindle, can rotate at different speeds and frequencies; this indicator depends on what types of rocks need to be punched and what diameter of the crown will be formed. The speed is controlled by a regulator, which regulates the level of load on the bit used for drilling. During the work, the necessary pressure is created, which is exerted on the walls of the face and the cutters of the projectile itself.

Well drilling design

Before starting the process of creating an oil well, a project is drawn up in the form of a drawing, which outlines the following aspects:

• Properties of the discovered rocks (resistance to destruction, hardness, degree of water content).
• The depth of the well, its angle of inclination.
• The diameter of the shaft at the end: this is important to determine the extent to which it is affected by the hardness of the rock.
• Well drilling method.

Designing an oil well must begin with determining the depth, the final diameter of the shaft itself, as well as the level of drilling and design features. Geological analysis allows us to resolve these issues, regardless of the type of well.

Drilling methods

The process of creating a well for oil production can be carried out in several ways:

• Shock-rope method.
• Work using rotary mechanisms.
• Drilling a well using a downhole motor.
• Turbine type drilling.
• Drilling a well using a screw motor.
• Drilling a well using an electric drill.

The first method is one of the most well-known and proven methods, and in this case the shaft is pierced with chisel blows, which are carried out at certain intervals. The blows are made through the influence of the weight of the chisel and the weighted rod. The lifting of the equipment occurs due to the balancer of the drilling equipment.

Working with rotary equipment is based on the rotation of the mechanism using a rotor, which is placed at the wellhead through drilling pipes that perform the function of a shaft. Drilling small wells is done through the participation of a spindle motor in the process. The rotary drive is connected to a cardan and a winch: this device allows you to control the speed at which the shafts rotate.

Drilling with a turbine is carried out by transmitting rotating torque to the column from a motor. The same method allows you to transfer hydraulic energy. With this method, only one energy supply channel operates at the level before the face.

A turbo drill is a special mechanism that converts hydraulic energy in solution pressure into mechanical energy, which ensures rotation.

The process of drilling an oil well consists of lowering and lifting the column into the shaft, as well as holding it suspended. A column is a prefabricated structure made of pipes that are connected to each other using special locks. The main task is the transfer various types energy to the bit. In this way, movement is carried out, leading to the deepening and development of the well.

Drilling volumes in Russia have fully recovered after the 2014–2015 crisis, when falling oil prices and sanctions led to a reduction in investment in the domestic oil industry. At the same time, drilling is becoming more technologically complex and expensive, but experts believe that the current peak in drilling volumes will not last long. About trends in the Russian market of drilling services in the review of Siberian Oil The article uses materials from a study of the service market in oil industry, provided by Tekart. .

Ups and downs

After the 2009 crisis in 2010–2013. In Russia, there was a dynamic increase in drilling volumes. During this period, production directional drilling was most actively used. The increase in penetration in production drilling during this period was 26.1%, and in exploration drilling - 14.9%.

In 2014, the situation changed: oil prices fell, Russia found itself under sanctions from the EU and the United States, as a result of which investment activity decreased and drilling volumes decreased again. However, this indicator was also influenced by another factor: the growth in the volume of horizontal drilling, which allows obtaining a greater flow rate from wells compared to directional drilling. The volume of work in this area from 2008 to 2015. increased by 4.3 times. According to Techart, the share of horizontal drilling in the total volume of production drilling in 2016 was 33.5% (8.3 million m).

As a result, the drop in the total volume of penetration in 2014 was 4.1% compared to 2013. At the same time, exploration drilling, on the contrary, increased by 21.6%. A year later, the picture changed to the opposite: production drilling recovered the decline of 2014, while exploration drilling, on the contrary, decreased. 2016 was characterized by an increase in both production and exploration drilling. The volume of development drilling at the end of 2016 amounted to 24.8 million m (+14.5%), in exploration - 910.0 thousand m (+6.1%).

In monetary terms, however, the changes in the market looked different. Due to the increasing complexity of production conditions, the depletion of traditional deposits in last years The demand for such technologically advanced services as sidetracking and horizontal drilling is growing; the average well depth and, accordingly, the volume of investment per meter of penetration are increasing.

Structure of the Russian service market in the oil and gas industry

by type of service in 2016, % of the total volume in value terms

Infographics: Daria Hasek

The growth of work in new regions with more difficult conditions (when developing new fields in Eastern Siberia, the Timan-Pechora region, etc.) also necessitates higher costs. The lack of infrastructure in the regions and difficult natural conditions require specialized machinery and equipment, which leads to rising prices and an increase in the average cost of a well.

According to the Central Dispatch Department of the Fuel and Energy Complex, in 2016, the total volume of investments in production and exploration drilling for all companies producing oil in Russia amounted to 673.5 billion rubles. ($11.1 billion). The increase in investment in production drilling compared to 2015 is estimated at 19.4%. The volume of investments in exploration drilling increased to 9%.

Share of horizontal drilling in the Russian Federation
in 2011–2016,

% of total production drilling volume

Average annual growth rate (CAGR) of investments in drilling in 2011–2016 amounted to 13.4%. At the same time, due to changes in exchange rates average over the same period in dollar terms showed negative dynamics (-1.9%).

In 2016, the average cost of drilling one meter in production drilling, calculated as the ratio of investment volume to the total drilling rate, increased by 4.2% (in ruble terms). The same trend was observed in exploratory drilling. The average price per penetration showed continuous growth during 2011–2016. and in 2016 reached the level of 57.9 thousand rubles/m for production and 25 thousand rubles/m for exploration drilling.

Main players

All oil service companies that are currently represented on the Russian market are conventionally divided by analysts into three groups.

The first includes service divisions within vertically integrated oil companies: NK Rosneft, service divisions of Surgutneftegaz, Bashneft, Slavneft, etc. It should be noted that if in 2009–2013. While service divisions were actively withdrawn from vertically integrated oil companies, today’s trend, on the contrary, is the development by oil and gas companies of their own or affiliated services.

Dynamics of drilling volumes in the Russian Federation
in 2011–2016, %

Source: Tekart based on data from the Central Dispatch Department of the Fuel and Energy Complex

The second group is foreign service companies: Schlumberger, Weatherford (in August 2014, Russian and Venezuelan oil service assets were purchased by Rosneft), Baker Hughes, as well as a number of “second-tier” companies (KCA Deutag, Nabors Drilling, Eriell and others).

The third group consists of large independent Russian companies, whose turnover exceeds $100 million. They arose as a result of the acquisition of oil service divisions of oil producing companies or as a result of the merger of smaller service companies. These include BC Eurasia, Siberian Service Company, Gazprom Burenie (sold in 2011 to the structures of A. Rotenberg).

Average cost of drilling
in 2011–2016, thousand rubles.

Source: Tekart based on data from the Central Dispatch Department of the Fuel and Energy Complex

Currently, the leadership in the Russian oil and gas drilling market remains with large independent companies and structural divisions VINK. At the end of 2016, the TOP 3 market participants in terms of drilling progress (in descending order) included EDC (BC Eurasia and SGK-Burenie, formerly owned by the Schlumberger group), service divisions of OJSC NK Surgutneftegaz and "RN-drilling". In total, these three companies accounted for about 49% of the penetration.

Technological level Experts rate independent Russian service companies as “average”. So far, in comparison with the generally recognized leaders of the world market, they can offer standard services with an optimal price/quality ratio.

The service structures of vertically integrated oil companies, in terms of technological capabilities, are also at an average level. As a rule, they have the closest ties with scientific industry institutes and possess a number of unique patents. Their additional advantage is a large margin of safety and access to funds from the parent company to finance the purchase of expensive fixed assets.

Foreign service companies, leaders of the global service industry, acted as the main suppliers of technology in the Russian Federation in the early 2000s. Currently, players such as Schlumberger and Halliburton account for about 14% Russian market services in the oil and gas industry in monetary terms. However, among largest participants They are not represented on the drilling services market.

Basics competitive advantage large foreign companies - Newest technologies service. Foreign companies were among the first in Russia to begin performing complex hydraulic fracturing operations, took cementing, drilling fluid preparation and other drilling support services to a new level, pioneered the use of coiled tubing technology, and offer modern software products.

Their main drawback is high cost services. It is for this reason that there is currently a decrease in the activity of foreign market participants in Russia. Practice shows that for simple drilling, Russian oil producing companies prefer to turn to domestic contractors. They use the services of foreign companies mainly when implementing complex projects, where technologies and competencies in the field of integrated project management are in demand.

It is worth noting that for the world leaders in oilfield services in 2015–2016. After record results in 2014, they also turned out to be unsuccessful on a global market scale. Annual sales at Schlumberger, Halliburton, Baker Hughes and Weatherford fell 50-60% to 2010 levels.

Drilling rigs are trending

Russian drilling companies are not public and do not publish information about their fleets, so it is quite difficult to assess their capacity. The Russian fleet of drilling rigs (DR) of all classes of lifting capacity, according to various estimates, ranges from 1000 to 1900 units. At the same time, the fleet of operating equipment in 2016 amounted to about 900 drilling rigs, according to Techart analysts.

From the point of view of the equipment used, each of the groups of companies has its own characteristics of the consumption of drilling rigs. The service divisions of vertically integrated oil companies, relying on the authority of the parent company and, as a rule, relatively high volumes of investment programs, often independently dictate the requirements for purchased installations. Manufacturers are developing new modifications for them. Foreign contractors prefer to work with European and American equipment suppliers. Independent companies give priority to one or another supplier based on specific needs, ease of procurement and operation of equipment.

Alexey Cherepanov,
Head of operational efficiency programs for Gazprom Neft's own oil services:

Considering the introduction of new technologies for the use of big data, which penetrate almost all areas human activity, drilling efficiency will increase, due to which the profitability threshold for many fields will significantly decrease. With increasing drilling efficiency, as happened in the USA during shale revolution, the relationship between penetration and the number of drilling rigs will change or may even disappear in explicit form. In Russia, the process of transition to high-tech drilling has already begun, therefore, in the absence of general economic shocks, we should expect at least a quantitative change in functional connections and trends in the next few years.

If in the early 2000s drilling rigs of foreign manufacture were practically not supplied to Russia, then since 2006 imported products gradually gained a foothold in the Russian market. First of all, priority was given to European and American plants (Bentec, Drillmec, National Oil Well Varco, etc.).

However, the demand for drilling equipment in 2006–2008. was active around the world, which led to a significant level of utilization of all major global manufacturers, which was taken advantage of Chinese companies, which had a significant amount of unused capacity.

As a result, already in 2008, the share of Chinese drilling rigs, according to Techart, accounted for more than 60% of the Russian market in physical terms.

In 2011 and 2012 There have been fundamental changes in the market: the share of imports has decreased. This was due both to the restoration of production at the Uralmash plant and to the introduction of an import duty in 2012: 10%, but not less than 2.5 euros/kg. As a result, prices for Chinese drilling rigs soared by 30–40%.

Over the past four years, the structure of purchases has seen a fairly stable ratio of domestic and foreign (primarily Chinese) products. Russian technology is in first place (from 46% to 61%). This is followed by equipment imported from China (up to 39%). For 2015–2016 4 American-made units were imported to Russia.

On this moment The main Russian players, capable of producing popular rigs with a lifting capacity of 225–320 tons, can produce up to 76 rigs per year, with 40 of them coming from the Uralmash plant.

Forecast for the future

The prospects for the drilling and accompanying services market are largely related to the development of the service market in the oil and gas industry as a whole.

Despite the decline in oil prices, the drilling market remains attractive to investors. This is due to the need to maintain the current level of production and development of new fields.

Contrary to the expectations of previous years, the peak of drilling, according to Tecart, occurred in 2016. In 2017, according to preliminary estimates, there will be a slight increase in the increase in penetration, since the implementation of projects in the Bolshekhetskaya Depression (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) and the Yurubcheno-Tokhomskaya zone (Eastern Siberia) is planned for this year. Soon major projects There are no plans for the development of fields with large volumes of drilling, so in 2018–2020. The level of penetration is expected to fall to the level of 2016.

In addition to a slight increase in drilling volumes, the market is expected to grow rapidly in value terms. This is due to the fact that maintaining production at existing fields involves significant difficulties, and oil producing companies are moving to develop new fields in regions such as Eastern Siberia and the Timan-Pechora region, where higher costs are required.

Introduction

2.1 Exploration stage

2.2 Drilling wells

2.4 Drilling fluid

2.5 Offshore drilling

3.2 Well design

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Oil and natural gas are one of the main minerals. Oil production began to grow at a particularly rapid pace after drilling wells began to be used to extract it from the bowels of the earth. The increasing consumption of oil and gas in industry and the possibility of their rapid and economical extraction from the subsoil make these minerals the object of priority searches.

From an environmental point of view, oil production, oil refining and gas industry act as major environmental pollutants and have a negative chemical and physical effect on all natural components.

The expansion of the mineral resource base and fuel and energy resources is inextricably linked with an increase in the volume of drilling work for the search and detailed exploration of the most important types of minerals.

Since a further increase in the number of exploration and production wells, as well as in the volume of mineral extraction open method is inextricably linked with a violation of the ecological balance, then environmental protection and subsoil protection acquire important economic significance.

drilling man-made impact of drilling rig

1. Regulatory legal framework regulating economic activity

Legal protection of nature is a set of established by the state legal norms and legal relations arising as a result of their implementation aimed at implementing measures to preserve natural environment, rational use natural resources, improving the human living environment in the interests of present and future generations.

To the system legal protection nature of Russia includes four groups of legal measures:

) legal regulation of relations on the use, conservation and renewal of natural resources;

) organization of education and training of personnel, financing and logistical support of environmental actions;

) state and public control over the implementation of environmental protection requirements;

) legal liability of offenders.

The sources of environmental law are legal acts that contain legal norms regulating environmental relations.

Environmental legislation includes the federal law dated January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" and other legislative acts of a comprehensive legal regulation.

The subsystem of natural resource legislation includes: Land Code of the Russian Federation, Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2395-1 “On Subsoil”, Fundamentals of Forestry Legislation of the Russian Federation, Water Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ “On animal world", as well as other legislative and regulations.

Listed below are some documents in the field of regulation of fishing activities:

· PB 08-623-03Safety rules for exploration and development of oil and gas fields on the continental shelf;

· No. 116-FZ Federal Law "On industrial safety hazardous production facilities";

· Regulations for the preparation of design technological documents for the development of oil and gas oil fields

RD 153-39-007-96(instead of RD 39-0147035-207-86).

This Regulation determines the structure and content of project documents for the industrial development of technological schemes, projects and refined development projects, as well as trial operation projects and technological schemes for the pilot industrial development of oil and gas-oil fields, both when using development methods mastered by practice, and when applying methods for increasing oil recovery from reservoirs.

2. Exploration and production drilling for oil and gas. General information

2.1 Exploration stage

The exploration phase is carried out in one stage. The main goal of this stage is to prepare fields for development. During the exploration process, deposits and reservoir properties of productive horizons must be delineated. Upon completion of exploration work, industrial reserves are calculated and recommendations are given for putting fields into development.

Exploration of hydrocarbon deposits is a set of works that allows one to assess the industrial significance of a deposit identified at the prospecting stage and prepare it for development. Includes drilling exploration wells and conducting research necessary to calculate the reserves of the identified field and design its development.

During geological exploration, the following parameters are identified:

geological structure of the field;

spatial location, conditions of occurrence, shape, size and structure of deposits;

quantity and quality of minerals;

technological properties deposits and factors determining the operating conditions of the field

When designing a system for placing exploration wells, their number, location, drilling order and density of the well pattern are determined. The most commonly used pattern of wells is a uniform pattern over the area of ​​the field. The main indicators of the efficiency of the exploration stage are:

the cost of 1 ton of oil and the increase in reserves per 1 m of drilled exploration wells;

the ratio of the number of productive wells to the total number of wells.

2.2 Drilling wells

Among geological research and work, a large place is occupied by drilling wells, their testing, core sampling and its study, sampling of oil, gas and water and their study, etc.

Drilling -the process of destruction of rocks using special equipment - drilling equipment.

Goals and objectives:

· establishment (clarification of tectonics, stratigraphy, lithology, assessment of horizon productivity) without additional well construction;

· identification of productive objects, as well as for delineation of already developed oil and gas-bearing formations;

· extraction of oil and gas from the bowels of the earth;

· injection of water, gas or steam into formations in order to maintain reservoir pressure or treatment of the bottomhole zone. These measures are aimed at extending the period of flowing oil production or increasing production efficiency;

· oil and gas production while simultaneously clarifying the structure of the productive formation;

· determining the initial oil-water saturation and residual oil saturation of the formation (and conducting other studies);

· monitoring the development object to study the nature of the advancement of formation fluids and changes in gas and oil saturation of the formation;

· studying the geological structure of large regions in order to establish general patterns of occurrence of rocks and identify the possibility of the formation of oil and gas deposits in these rocks.

Drilling wells for oil and gas, carried out at the stages of regional work and prospecting; exploration, as well as development, is the most labor-intensive and expensive process. High costs when drilling oil and gas wells are due to: the complexity of drilling to great depths, the huge volume of drilling equipment and tools, as well as various materials that are required to carry out this process, including clay solution, cement, chemicals, etc. In addition, costs increase due to environmental protection measures.

2.3 Main problems when drilling wells

The main problems arising in modern conditions when drilling wells, searching and exploring for oil and gas, boil down to the following.

The need for drilling in many regions to great depths exceeding 4-4.5 km is associated with the search for hydrocarbons in unexplored low parts of the sediment section. In this regard, the use of more complex but reliable well designs is required to ensure the efficiency and safety of work. At the same time, drilling to a depth of more than 4.8 km involves significantly higher costs than when drilling to a shallower depth.

In recent years, more difficult conditions have arisen for drilling and oil and gas exploration. Geological exploration work at the present stage is increasingly moving into regions and areas characterized by complex geographical and geological conditions. First of all, these are hard-to-reach areas, undeveloped and undeveloped, including Western Siberia, the European north, tundra, taiga, permafrost, etc. In addition, drilling and exploration for oil and gas are carried out in difficult geological conditions, including thick layers of rock salt (for example, in the Caspian region), the presence of hydrogen sulfide and other aggressive components in deposits, abnormally high reservoir pressure, etc. These factors create great problems when drilling, searching and exploring for oil and gas.

Drilling and searching for hydrocarbons in the waters of the northern and eastern seas washing Russia creates enormous problems that are associated both with the complex technology of drilling, searching and exploration for oil and gas, and with environmental protection. Entering marine territories is dictated by the need to increase hydrocarbon reserves, especially since there are prospects there. However, this is much more difficult and expensive than drilling, prospecting and exploration, as well as developing oil and gas accumulations on land.

Drilling to great depths (over 4.5 km) and trouble-free installation of wells is impossible in many regions. This is due to the backwardness of the drilling base, worn-out equipment and the lack of effective technologies for drilling wells to great depths. Therefore, the challenge is to modernize the drilling base in the coming years and master the technology of ultra-deep drilling (i.e., drilling over 4.5 km - up to 5.6 km or more).

Problems arise when drilling horizontal wells and the behavior of geophysical surveys (GIS) in them. As a rule, imperfect drilling equipment leads to failures in the construction of horizontal wells.

Errors during drilling are often caused by the lack of accurate information about the current coordinates of the well in relation to geological reference points. Such information is needed especially when approaching a productive formation.

Current problem is the search for traps and the discovery of non-anticlinal oil and gas accumulations. Many examples from foreign objects indicate that lithological and stratigraphic, as well as lithological-stratigraphic traps can contain huge amounts of oil and gas.

In our country, structural traps in which large accumulations of oil and gas are found are more involved. In almost every oil and gas province (OGP), a large number of new regional and local uplifts have been identified, constituting a potential reserve for the discovery of oil and gas deposits. Non-structural traps were of less interest to oil workers, which explains the lack of major discoveries in these conditions, although oil and gas objects with insignificant reserves were identified in many oil and gas fields.

But there are reserves for a significant increase in oil and gas reserves, especially in the platform areas of the Ural-Volga region, the Caspian region, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, etc. are available. First of all, reserves can be associated with the slopes of large uplifts (arches, megaswells) and the sides of adjacent depressions and troughs, which are widely developed in the mentioned regions.

The problem is that we do not yet have reliable methods for searching for non-anticlinal traps.

In the field of search and exploration for oil and gas, there are problems associated with increasing the economic efficiency of geological exploration for oil and gas, the solution of which depends on: improving geophysical research methods in connection with the gradual complication of geological and geographical conditions for finding new objects; improvement of methods for searching for various types of hydrocarbon accumulations, including those of non-anticlinal genesis; increasing the role of scientific forecasting in order to provide the most reliable justification for prospecting work for the future.

In addition to the above-mentioned main problems facing oil workers in the field of drilling, prospecting and exploration of oil and gas accumulations, each specific region and area has its own problems. The further increase in proven oil and gas reserves depends on the solution to these problems, as well as economic development regions and districts and, consequently, the well-being of people.

2.4 Drilling fluid

Drilling fluid - a complex multi-component dispersed system of suspension, emulsion and aerated liquids used for flushing wells during the drilling process. To prepare drilling fluids, finely dispersed, plastic clays with a minimum sand content are used, capable of forming a viscous suspension with water that does not settle for a long time.

When circulating in the well, the drilling fluid: creates back pressure against the pore pressure; cleans the face of drilled rock; transports drilled rock from the well; transmits hydraulic energy to the downhole motor and bit; prevents screes, landslides, etc.; provides a lubricating and anti-corrosion effect on drilling tools; cools and lubricates the bit; providing information about the geological section.

The choice of solution formulations for drilling individual intervals of deep wells in complex mining and geological conditions is the greatest difficulty, therefore the use of universal drilling fluids is very effective, allowing, with minimal adjustments, to ensure the drilling of various drilling intervals. Minimizing the consumption of materials for preparing the solid phase of drilling fluids makes it possible to simplify the task of their disposal.

The country's drilling organizations are increasingly using drilling fluids with a low solid phase content (polymer clay, polymer solutions, solutions with a condensed solid phase, etc.). This makes it possible to reduce clay consumption, increase mechanical drilling speed, and improve the technical and economic performance of drilling operations.

The method of using environmentally friendly drilling fluids based on peat and sapropels, developed at Tomsk Polytechnic University, deserves attention.

To prepare drilling mud from peat, soda, KSSB, CMC and other non-deficient and environmentally friendly substances are used. The drilling fluid was characterized by stable properties and was easily cleaned of sludge.

The cost of 1 m of drilling a well using peat solution for flushing is about 2 times lower compared to clay solution. If we take into account that additional costs are required for the neutralization and disposal of toxic drilling waste, then economic efficiency the use of peat solutions will be significantly higher. Peat drilling fluids are suitable for drilling wells in clay and carbonate rocks, salt deposits, as well as when drilling into productive formations. In many cases, peat can replace clay and chalk, resulting in solutions with a low solid phase content and low consumption of alkaline and polymer reagents and surfactants.

It should be noted that since the concentration of the solid phase of peat solutions is low (2-8%), the corresponding consumption of reagents is two to three times less than for the treatment of clay and chalk drilling solutions. Based on peat, effective and cheap reagents and modifiers for clay solutions have been obtained.

Distinctive feature peat drilling fluids is their good compatibility with clay, carbonate and mineralized solutions, as well as with all polymer additives. The density of the solution can be adjusted by selecting the appropriate genetic type of sapropel: organic sapropels and peat sapropels make it possible to obtain drilling fluids with a density of 1.01-1.03 g/cm3, siliceous and mixed sapropels 1.04-1.06 g/cm3, carbonate - 1. 07-1.12 g/cm3. If necessary, they can be additionally weighted with chalk and barite.

Peat is a cheap and widespread organic raw material and can be used both in its natural form and in the form of lump products from numerous peat enterprises. The use of peat instead of clays in hard-to-reach areas of Siberia and the Far North is especially promising, since the cost of clay powders is 35-40 $/t, and transportation costs for their delivery to the Tyumen region reach 100 $/t.

Compositions of peat-based drilling fluids have been developed for drilling wells in permafrost, clay deposits and opening productive formations. Polymer peat solutions have high technological and rheological properties with low consumption of high-molecular compounds and surfactants, suitable for drilling wells under impact conditions high temperatures and pressure, as well as polymineral aggression. Peat drilling fluids are environmentally friendly, easy to clean from sludge, and after use they can be used for reclamation of disturbed lands, both in the form of solutions and unused peat residues formed in wells.

Based on peat and sapropels, lightweight cementing materials for fastening wells have been obtained, which have high corrosion resistance to formation waters. In addition, when using them, cement savings are achieved.

According to calculations by VNIIKR Oil, reducing the consumption of materials by only 1% when drilling wells will allow, without additional costs for their production, only the Ministry of Petroleum Industry to increase the volume of penetration by 200-300 thousand m. The use of peat and sapropels in drilling will make it possible to significantly reduce the cost of purchasing clay powders and chemical reagents. But the main economic effect can be obtained by reducing environmental loads on environment and reducing the costs of environmental protection measures.

The use of cheap and widespread organic raw materials with high adsorption and ion-exchange capacity is also possible for the treatment of drilling wastewater. Peat and sapropel are widely used to increase the fertility of unproductive soils. All this indicates the need for large-scale introduction of peat and sapropel for the neutralization of drilling waste and reclamation of disturbed lands.

A significant part of the reagents used to regulate the properties of solutions are, to one degree or another, harmful to human health. When introduced into a solution and evaporated, they pollute the air, as a result of which their concentration in the air of the working area (the space up to 2 m above the level of the floor or working area where workers are permanently or temporarily staying) is limited. Maximum permissible concentrations (MAC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area according to GOST 12.1.005-76 are considered to be concentrations that during daily (except weekends) work for 8 hours or for another duration, but not more than 41 hours per week, for entire working experience cannot cause diseases or deviations in the state of health that are detectable modern methods research, in the process of work or long-term life spans of the present and subsequent generations."

2.5 Offshore drilling

The depletion of oil and gas reserves on land is gradually increasing and the global energy crisis is worsening, this leads to the need for more and more extensive development of oil and gas resources of the seabed.

Oil production at sea is now about 1/3 of the world's. Already at present, countries such as Norway, Great Britain, and the Netherlands fully satisfy their oil needs through offshore fields, and Great Britain also meets their gas needs.

Potential oil and gas resources in the waters of the World Ocean exceed their reserves on land by almost three times.

Russia is currently on the threshold of industrial development of oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf. It has 22% of the World Ocean shelf area, 80% of which is considered promising for hydrocarbon production. About 85% of the reserves of fuel and energy resources fall on the shelf of the Arctic seas, 12% on the shelf of the Far Eastern seas, and the rest on the shelves of the Caspian, Black, Azov and Baltic seas.

3. Main man-made objects and their impact on the environment

3.1 Equipment used when drilling wells

Wells are drilled using drilling rigs, equipment and tools.

Figure 1. Drilling rig

A drilling rig is a set of surface equipment necessary to perform well drilling operations (Figure 1). The drilling rig includes:

·derrick;

· equipment for mechanization of hoisting operations (hoists and winches);

· surface equipment directly used during drilling;

·actuator;

· drilling fluid circulation system;

· habitual buildings.

The tools used in drilling are divided into main (bits) and auxiliary (drill pipes, drill joints, centralizers).

Drill pipes are designed to transmit rotation to the bit (during rotary drilling).

3.2 Well design

The upper part of the well is called the mouth, the bottom is called the bottom, the side surface is called the wall, and the space limited by the wall is the wellbore. The length of the well is the distance from the mouth to the bottom along the axis of the wellbore, and the depth is the projection of the length onto the vertical axis. Length and depth are numerically equal only for vertical wells. However, they do not coincide for inclined and curved wells.

Figure 2. Well design

The following rows of casing pipes are lowered into the well (Figure 2):

Direction - to prevent erosion of the mouth.

Conductor - for fastening the upper unstable intervals of the cut, isolating horizons with groundwater, and installing blowout prevention equipment at the wellhead.

Intermediate casing string (one or more) - to prevent possible complications when drilling deeper intervals (when drilling the same type of section of strong rocks, a casing string may be absent).

Production string - for isolating horizons and extracting oil and gas from the formation to the surface. The production string is equipped with elements of the string and casing equipment (packers, shoe, check valve, centralizer, thrust ring, etc.).

3.3 Types of offshore drilling rigs

Drilling barge- for drilling wells mainly in shallow and protected areas (Figure 3). Scope of application: inland deposits: river mouths, lakes, swamps, canals and shallow depth(usually from 2 to 5 meters). Drilling barges are usually not self-propelled, and therefore are not able to carry out work in an open sea situation.

Figure 3. Drilling barge

A self-elevating floating drilling rig consists of floating pontoons with a drilling rig installed in the center and support columns in the corners. At the drilling site, the columns are lowered to the bottom and deepened into the ground, and the platform is raised above the water. The depth of water at which a jack-up drilling platform can operate is limited; as a rule, the length of the supports does not exceed 150 meters. stability depends on the type of soil at the bottom of the sea.

Submersible drilling rig.Not a common type of drilling rig.

The submersible installation is a platform with two housings placed on top of each other. The upper building contains living quarters for the crew. The lower part is filled with air (which provides buoyancy) when moving, and after arriving at its destination, the air is released from the lower body, and the drilling platform sinks to the bottom.

The advantage is high mobility, however, the depth of drilling work is small and does not exceed 25 meters.

Semi-submersible platformsused at great depths (more than 1500 m). The platforms float above the drilling site, held in place by heavy anchors. The design includes supports that provide buoyancy to the platform and provide heavy weight to maintain an upright position. (when the air is released, the semi-submersible installation is only partially submerged, without reaching the seabed and remains afloat).

During the drilling process, the lower body is filled with water, resulting in the necessary stability being achieved.

Drilling ship

Drilling vessels are self-propelled and therefore do not require towing to the work site. They are designed specifically for drilling wells at great depths (not limited). The drill shaft runs through the entire hull of the ship, expanding towards the bottom. The oil, extracted and then refined, is stored in hull tanks before being loaded onto shuttle cargo tankers.

Gravity-type drilling platforms are the most stable, as they have a strong concrete base resting on the seabed. This base contains drilling columns, storage tanks and pipelines, and a drilling derrick sits on top of the base. The seabed where gravity platforms are installed must be carefully prepared. Even a slight slope of the bottom threatens to turn the drilling site into a Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the presence of protrusions on the bottom can cause the foundation to split.

3.4 Impact of man-made objects on the environment

Modern technology fastening wells during drilling is imperfect and does not provide reliable isolation of layers behind the casing. For this reason, fluid flows from high-pressure formations to low-pressure ones occur, i.e. most often from bottom to top. As a result, the quality of the entire hydrosphere sharply deteriorates.

When conducting geological exploration, exploitation and transportation of oil, land is withdrawn and natural waters and the atmosphere are polluted. All components of the environment in oil production areas experience intense technogenic pressure, and the level of negative impact is determined by the scale and duration of exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits.

The processes of exploration, drilling, production, preparation, transportation and storage of oil and gas require large volumes of water for technological, transport, household and fire-fighting needs with the simultaneous discharge of the same volumes of highly mineralized wastewater containing chemical reagents, surfactants and petroleum products .

Sources of pollution of territory and water bodies in oil fields are present to one degree or another in any area technological scheme from the well to the tanks of oil refineries.

The main environmental pollutants in technological processes oil production are: oil and oil products, sulfur and hydrogen sulfide-containing gases, mineralized reservoir and wastewater oil fields and well drilling, drilling sludge, oil and water treatment and chemical reagents used to intensify the processes of oil production, drilling and treatment of oil, gas and water (Table 1 shows the main negative impacts of work on the environment).

Table 1.

Negative impact on the environment of exploration and production work in oil fields

Production and technological stages Natural objects Earth surface Aquatic environment Atmospheric air Search and exploration Disturbance and contamination of soil and vegetation cover. Alienation of land for the construction of drilling rigs and the placement of temporary settlements. Activation of exogenous geological processes. Decrease in the bioproductivity of ecosystems. Pollution of surface and groundwater with flushing liquid, salinization of surface water bodies during spontaneous outflow of brines discovered by structural prospecting and exploration wells. Emergency releases of oil and gas during drilling and development of wells. Gas and dust pollution during the construction of roads and industrial sitesExtraction Removal of land from agricultural use for oilfield facilities Violation of the isolation of aquifers due to overflows Pollution with hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides during the operation of wells. Emission of exhaust gases from vehicles and engines of drilling rigs. Primary processing and transportation. Land acquisition for waste storage. Violation of the environmental situation during the construction and operation of main oil pipelines. Leakage of petroleum products and chemical reagents from tanks and dosing units. Pollution of surface and groundwater with fuels and lubricants, household and technical waste. Spraying and bottling of oil and petroleum products. Losses due to evaporation of light fractions of oil during storage in tanks and during loading and unloading operations

The well construction technology used today causes both man-made disturbances on the earth's surface and changes in physical and chemical conditions at depth when reservoir layers are opened during the drilling process. Environmental pollutants during drilling and equipping wells are numerous chemical reagents used to prepare drilling fluids. To date, not all reagents included in drilling fluids have established maximum permissible concentrations and limiting harmfulness indicators.

Significantly pollute the environment with oil and petroleum products, which can reach the surface not only as components of drilling fluids, but also when using fuels and lubricants, during well testing or as a result of an accident.

During the construction of a drilling rig, air pollution is mainly limited to emissions of exhaust gases from engines Vehicle.

The operation of diesel units throughout the year on one drilling rig ensures the release into the atmosphere of up to 2 tons of hydrocarbons and soot, more than 30 tons of nitrogen oxide, 8 tons of carbon monoxide, 5 tons of sulfur dioxide.

During the period of drilling a well, drilling fluids, the consumption of which per object can reach 30 m3/day, have a negative impact on the soil layer, surface and underground waters. In addition, when drilling wells, it is possible to use petroleum products in a volume of up to 1 thousand tons per year.

During the well testing period, hydrocarbon pollution predominates, and at the stage of drilling rig dismantling, the territory is contaminated due to used technical materials and equipment that cannot be restored.

Flushing fluids contain a number of chemical ingredients that have toxic properties (ammonium, phenols, cyano groups, lead, barium, polyacrylamide, etc.) Discharge of flushing fluids causes particularly severe environmental consequences special purpose, for example, on a solar base. The presence of organic reagents contributes to the formation of suspensions and colloidal systems in wastewater.

Sources of pollution during well drilling can be divided into permanent and temporary (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Classification of pollution sources during well drilling

3.5 Environmental problems when drilling wells

So, below are the main environmental problems that arise when drilling wells:

· the ability to cause profound transformations of natural objects of the earth's crust at great depths - up to 10-12 thousand m. In the process of oil and gas production, large-scale and very significant impacts are carried out on formations (oil, gas, aquifers, etc.). Thus, intensive oil extraction on a large scale from highly porous sand reservoirs leads to a significant decrease in reservoir pressure, i.e. formation fluid pressure - oil, gas, water. Thus, the equilibrium of the lithosphere is disturbed, i.e. the geological environment is disturbed;

· In order to maintain reservoir pressure, the injection of surface water and various mixtures into formations is widely used, which leads to a complete change in the physical and chemical situation in them. Don’t forget about the amount of water pumped into the formations;

· IN emergency situations during open gushing, fluids can pour out onto the surface and directly pollute the surrounding natural environment- soil, land, water, atmosphere, vegetation;

· In the process of drilling wells, even without disrupting the technology, drilling fluids enter the absorption horizons, as well as the penetration of solution filtrate into the near-well space;

· Highly toxic gases such as, for example, hydrogen sulfide can come from the well and be released from the solution; flares in which unused associated petroleum gas is burned are environmentally hazardous;

· it is necessary to withdraw the corresponding plots of land from agricultural, forestry or other use. Oil and gas production facilities (wells, oil collection points, etc.) occupy relatively small areas in comparison, for example, with coal quarries, which occupy very large areas (both the quarry itself and overburden dumps);

· The use of a huge number of vehicles, especially motor vehicles for drilling preparation and mining work. All this equipment - automobile, tractor, river and sea ​​vessels, aircraft, internal combustion engines in drilling rig drives, etc. one way or another pollute the environment: the atmosphere - with exhaust gases, water and soil - with petroleum products ( diesel fuel and oils), mechanically (soils are pressed).

4. Measures to reduce negative impacts

4.1 Stage of preparatory work for the construction of geological exploration wells

At the first stage of preparatory work for the construction of geological exploration wells, the need arises for a rational selection of land plots for the construction of drilling sites. The provision of land allotments for the construction of wells for temporary use is carried out for the entire period of mineral exploration, after which they must be returned to the user of the land in a condition suitable for agricultural use. To ensure effective environmental protection and reliable protection of subsoil, it is necessary to have the following data: description of the complex geological structure, rationale for choice necessary equipment and materials, expected volumes of drilling fluids and generated drilling waste, selection and provision of progressive systems for opening productive formations, reducing losses of materials during exploration, deciphering the economic and environmental indicators of drilling operations.

Particular attention should be paid to taking measures for possible complications and accidents when drilling wells, preserving areas of land from pollution, their neutralization and complete restoration to their original state, suitable for further use.

The size of the allocated areas during drilling operations depends on the purpose and depth of the wells, the equipment used and the adjacent structures. So, for example, for the construction of structural prospecting wells using drilling rigs with a diesel drive on a flat surface topography, areas of 2500 m are required, and in mountainous areas - 3600 m. When using the BU-50 Ar drilling rig, the area of ​​land plots on the flat and mountainous relief, respectively, is NOOO and 16,000 m. To accommodate residential settlements, depending on the number of workers, the allocation of the necessary land can additionally reach 7,400 m. For pits for dumping oil and drilling wastewater, waste solutions with a volume of 240 m3 on flat terrain, 3,500 m2 are needed, and 500 m3 - 4500 m2. For metal containers for collecting petroleum products with a volume of 200 m3, areas of 3500 m3 are required.

Before the delivery of materials and equipment to the drilling site under construction, it is necessary to carry out work to remove the fertile surface layer of the earth. To collect liquid drilling waste and cuttings, sludge pits are built, the volume of which depends on the depth and diameter of the wells. To provide the drilling site with clean water in the amount of 400 m3 per day or more, it is necessary to drill an additional well for water, which then ends up in the barn in the form of drilling wastewater.

Oil influx, waste and sludge may also enter here. The brines have a mineralization of up to 250 g/l and are drained into a barn. Thus, liquid and solid drilling waste of complex composition, containing aggressive components that pose a great danger to the environment, accumulate in barns.

When drilling deep wells for oil, the highest environmental loads on the environment and widespread contamination of the subsoil occur due to poor-quality isolation of layers. Significant harm to the environment is still caused by low-quality materials and toxic chemicals. In addition, due to imperfections and long periods of transportation and storage, materials such as cement and chemicals lose their original properties, which leads to waste of materials and costs.

One of the most important reserves for improving the quality of flushing and casing wells and reducing environmental loads on the environment is the use of the optimal amount of high-quality materials, which for exploration and production wells, respectively, amount to 25 and 30% of the total costs of well construction. Great importance has a justified standardized consumption of material at the stages of design, planning and operational management of the well construction process. In this regard, VNIIKR Neft has developed algorithms and programs to optimize the consumption of materials for flushing and methods for determining the volume of spent drilling fluids when drilling wells.

Taking into account the losses of binders and reagents for cementing wells makes it possible to achieve significant savings and increase the efficiency and quality of formation isolation work.

4.2 Disposal of waste drilling fluids

Drilling waste (DW) -These are drilling wastewater (DWW), waste drilling fluids (WDR) and drilling cuttings (DS).

Drilling wastewater- water generated during washing of the drilling site, drilling equipment and tools; contain residues of drilling fluid, chemicals, oil

Drill cuttings- a mixture of water and particles of destroyed bottom hole and borehole walls, drill bits, casing pipes, and abrasive material. It usually rises to the surface when cleaning a well with special devices (bailers, spoons, glasses, etc.). That part of the mud that is carried out of the well by the drilling fluid is called drilling mud. The particles that are caught in core drilling by the cuttings pipe are commonly referred to as drill cuttings.

Spent drilling fluid is the solution obtained after the completion of the construction cycle of a well or part of it. OBRs are formed as a result of the production of solution when drilling intervals composed of clayey rocks, changing one type of solution to another, as well as during the elimination of accidents and complications.

Disposal of drilling waste:

OBRs that meet certain requirements can be reused to drill another well.

Drilling waste is collected in two barns on the drilling site. The barns are lined with plastic film (Figure 5). The heavy fraction of waste settles at the bottom of the barn (mechanical separation into liquid and solid phases). The clarified part (if chemical analysis meets the requirements for safe discharge) is discharged on the drilling site, used for other technological purposes or disposed of. After pumping out the clarified part, the sludge is treated with thickening (dolomite) and hardening (cement mortar) compounds and buried.

Figure 5. Sludge pit

4.3 Measures to protect lands from technogenic impact

To prevent and eliminate the consequences of the negative impact of technogenic factors on soil and vegetation cover, measures are taken that are divided in relation to prospecting and exploration work and oil production in the fields (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. List of measures to protect lands from technogenic impact

An important direction When protecting land, drilling wells using the cluster method is used.

At the same time, specific capital investments for each well are reduced, the norm of land allocation is reduced and the length of communications is reduced. At the same time, the circulation of formation waters is limited when they are collected in the reservoir pressure maintenance system, which has a beneficial effect on the state of the environment.

Depending on the intensity and duration of soil contamination with petroleum products, technical, chemical and biological remediation is provided.

The first of them includes work on cleaning the territory, planning disturbed areas and machining soil (loosening, disking) for artificial aeration of its upper horizons and accelerated weathering of the pollutant. To restore the productivity of oilfield lands, it is recommended to deep plow them and leave them to burn out (solar thermal reclamation). Under the influence of solar thermal treatment, the processes of degradation of petroleum products intensify, the water-air regime improves and the biochemical activity of soils increases.

In order to create optimal conditions For the vital activity of bacterial microorganisms capable of assimilating hydrocarbons, acidic soils are subjected to liming. To restore the quality of soddy-podzolic soils, which as a result of oil pollution have been transformed into technogenic solonchaks, gypsum is used together with artificial moisture.

Conclusion

So, drilling wells for oil and gas, carried out at the stages of regional work, prospecting, exploration, and development, is the most labor-intensive and expensive process. In addition, drilling wells entails a wide range of serious environmental problems, both in terms of mechanical impact on the environment (the well construction technology used today causes man-made disturbances on the surface of the earth) and in terms of chemical pollution (oil and petroleum products pollute the environment , which can come to the surface not only as components of drilling fluids, but also when using fuels and lubricants, during well testing or as a result of an accident; the composition of flushing fluids includes a number of chemical ingredients that have toxic properties).

Thus, environmental problems during drilling are very important today and must be solved rationally.

So, for example, one of the most important factors improving the quality of flushing and securing wells, as well as reducing the environmental load on the environment, is the use of the optimal amount of high-quality materials (for exploration and production wells they account for approximately 30% of construction costs).

Again, the problem of excessive material costs arises - drilling equipment, its operation and storage require large expenses, but save on high-quality well casing devices, drilling fluids, etc. is inappropriate, since an unscrupulous approach to organizing production can lead to accidents and colossal damage to the operating system.

Bibliography

1. Akulyshin A.N. etc. Operation of oil and gas wells. - M.: Nedra, 1889, 480 p.

Ishmurzin A.A. Machinery and equipment for the collection and treatment of oil, gas and water. - Ufa: Publishing house. Ufimsk. Oil Institute, 1981.90 p.

Krets V.G., Koltsov V.A., Lukyanov V.G., Saruev L.A. and others. Oilfield equipment. Set of Catalogs. - Tomsk: Publishing house. TPU, 1997.822 p.

Reference Guide for Design of Oil Field Development and Operation. Oil production. Ed. Sh.K. Gimatudinova. - M: Nedra, 1983.455 p.

Equipment and technology of oil production: Textbook for universities / A.Kh. Mirzajanzadeh, I.M. Akhmetov, A.M. Khasaev, V.I. Gusev. Ed. Prof. A.H. Mirzajanzadeh. - M.: Nedra, 1986.382 p.

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