Features of the location of light industry enterprises. The main branches of light industry in Russia

Light industry- a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various kinds raw materials.

The light industry carries out both the primary processing of raw materials and the production finished products. Light industry enterprises produce products of production, technical and special purpose, which is used in furniture, aviation, automotive, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, agriculture, law enforcement agencies, transport and healthcare.

One of the features of light industry is quick returns. Money . The technological features of the industry allow for a quick change in the range of products at a minimum cost, which ensures high mobility of production.

Light industry unites a group of industries that provide the population with fabrics, clothing, footwear and other consumer goods.

Features of light industry:

The products of the industry affect the standard of living of people;

Labor-intensive industry, which employs mainly women (75% of employees);

The size of the enterprises is small and does not require large amounts of energy and water.

The main raw material of light industry is products Agriculture both crop production (cotton, linen, etc.) and animal husbandry (leather, wool, natural silk, etc.).

A significant role in the expansion and spatial orientation of the raw material base for light industry is played by scientific and technical progress. Based on organic synthesis in areas of placement petrochemical enterprises The production of synthetic materials has increased significantly: fibers and threads, plastics, rubber, rubber, and artificial leather. As a result, there was a kind of approach of raw materials to the places of production and consumption. finished products light industry, since the chemistry of organic synthesis, as is known, is located in areas where productive forces are concentrated. The share of the use of chemical fibers in the total volume of processed raw materials is more than 30%. The degree of use of chemical raw materials in the light industry of economically developed countries is much higher and continues to increase.

Light industry sectors (with the exception of the primary processing of raw materials) according to their attraction to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption are divided into the following groups shown in Figure 11.1.

Figure 11.1 - Branches of light industry

The importance of light industry in the future should increase, which will undoubtedly be influenced by the sociologization of the economy in market conditions, the available raw materials, and the availability of qualified personnel.

However, it can be assumed that, in general, light industry products of Kazakhstan will not become competitive in the world market in the near future. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the country, due to climatic conditions, does not have enough of its own natural raw materials in the form of cotton and silk, and secondly, the competition of the southern countries, which are in more favorable conditions for combining a significant amount of raw materials and labor resources(China, India), as well as economically developed and traditionally trendsetters (Italy, France).

The main problems of the industry:

- low level wages;

– use of outdated equipment. Since 2005, the annual renewal of equipment in the industry has not exceeded 3-4%, while in economically developed countries it is 14-16%;

– a high proportion of illegally imported goods in consumer market. Most businesses are concentrated in the province;

– Lack of own funds of enterprises for the development of production.

2. Problems of light industry:

flax growing

The main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry is agriculture. The flax industry is in a very difficult position. From year to year, fiber flax crops are reduced, its yield is falling. Flax growing is distributed unevenly. Currently, the issue of reviving domestic flax growing instead of purchased cotton is being resolved.

Wool. Natural wool is produced mainly by sheep, a very small share (less than 1.5%) - by goats, etc. The quality of the supplied wool has sharply deteriorated, the bulk of which does not meet international standards:

Total 8% domestic market clothing in Kazakhstan is provided with domestic products (in the related footwear industry, this figure is 1%). And even then - these are mainly uniforms and shoes for the armed forces and the police;

The first months of this year again showed a decline in the light industry. The tax burden in the light industry continues to be the highest in comparison with other sectors of the economy of Kazakhstan.

Light industry - a set of specialized industries that produce mainly consumer goods from various types of raw materials. Light industry carries out both the primary processing of raw materials and the production of finished products. Light industry enterprises produce products for industrial, technical and special purposes, which are used in furniture, aviation, automotive, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, agriculture, law enforcement agencies, transport and healthcare.

One of the features of light industry is the quick return of funds. The technological features of the industry allow for a quick change in the range of products at a minimum cost, which ensures high mobility of production.

Light industry is a complex industry that includes more than 20 sub-sectors, which can be grouped into three main groups:

• 1. Textile, including linen, cotton, wool, silk, knitwear, as well as the primary processing of flax, wool, the production of non-woven materials, the net-knitting industry, the felting industry, the production of textile haberdashery, etc.
• 2. Sewing.
• 3. Leather, fur, shoe.

The light industry has suffered the most as a result of the ongoing economic crisis. The volume of production of the industry over the past 5 years has decreased by more than 80%. There was a shortage of raw materials, especially cotton, which does not grow in Russia. The resource self-sufficiency of the industry is only 25%. We have to import flax, wool, raw leather, chemical fibers.

The main problems of the industry:

• - Low level wages earned. In January 2006 the average Russian level of wages was 4054 rubles. (46% of the average salary in the processing industries).
• - Use of outdated equipment. Since 2005 the annual renewal of equipment in the industry did not exceed 3-4%, in economically developed countries: 14-16%.
• - A high share of illegally imported goods in the consumer market. (more than 62%).
• - Most of the enterprises are concentrated in the province.
• - Shortage of enterprises' own funds for the development of production.

The factors for the location of light industry enterprises are monotonous, but the main ones can be distinguished:

The raw material factor is especially important in the primary processing industries, which is due to mass waste (the yield of flax straw is 1/5 of the feedstock, wool - 1/2), or in industries where the material intensity of production is high (linen industry). The location of the leather industry depends entirely on the meat industry.

Population, i.e. consumer factor. Finished light industry products are less transportable than semi-finished products. For example, it is more profitable to supply pressed raw cotton than cotton fabrics.

The consumer factor has a huge impact on the location of enterprises in the industry. The products of the industry are consumed everywhere, and the mass nature of production contributes to the approach of the enterprises of the industry to the population. In addition, many types of finished products (knitwear, shoes) are not easily transportable and their transportation over long distances is more expensive than the transportation of raw materials.

The factor of labor resources, which provides for their significant size and qualifications, since all branches of light industry are labor-intensive. Historically, light industry has predominantly used female labor, so it is necessary to take into account the possibility of using both female and male labor in the regions (i.e., develop light industry in areas where heavy industry is concentrated, create appropriate production facilities in regions where light industry is concentrated) .

I take into account the water factor when locating the production of fabrics and knitwear, where the dyeing and finishing processes require a significant amount of water.

The raw material base of Russia's light industry is quite developed, it provides a significant part of the needs of enterprises in flax fiber, wool, chemical fibers and threads, fur and leather raw materials.

Providing the population with fabrics, clothing, footwear and other consumer goods. Light industry is closely connected with agriculture, especially at the stage of primary processing of raw materials. The industry has a very wide geography, as it gravitates towards the areas of production of raw materials and to the consumer, as well as to labor resources. It is represented in every economic region.

The branches of light industry can be divided into three groups according to the features of their location:

• 1. With a focus on raw materials, for example, the linen industry;
• 2. Consumer-oriented include, for example, shoe and clothing;
• 3. With a focus on both factors, for example, cotton, silk, knitwear.

The main industry in terms of output and number of employees is textile.

The level of development of light industry is insufficient. This is due to the fact that the supply of raw materials from the Central Asian republics (where cotton is grown) has been reduced; the industry's products cannot compete with imported goods that poured into Russia from abroad in last years; almost 40%

Light industry is a complex industry that includes three main groups: textile, clothing, leather. The main factors in the placement of light industry enterprises are: raw materials, population, consumer, labor resources. Light industry can be divided according to the features of their location into raw materials-oriented, consumer-oriented and both-oriented.

Light industry occupies not the last place in the complex. This branch specializes in the production of fabrics, clothing, footwear, etc. In addition to ready-to-use products, the light industry produces semi-finished products, blanks and materials for other enterprises. For example, it can be tires, cores for steel ropes.

Existing in Russia are located in different cities. Several major centers similar productions. Scientific developments are constantly being carried out here, numerous new sub-sectors are emerging.

general characteristics

Modern light industry is an industry, which provides the production of goods for mass consumption. This area of ​​human activity includes a full cycle of manufacturing products. It starts with the extraction of raw materials and ends with the sale of ready-to-use products.

This industry operates to provide required level indicators of the supply of products that are massively consumed by the people. The number of finished products must fully satisfy the demand of the population for them.

All sectors that are part of the light industry can be divided into 3 groups. The first of these includes enterprises for the manufacture of raw materials. The second group includes production facilities that produce blanks and semi-finished products. They function to provide their products to both light industry enterprises and other industries. The third group includes the production end products.

Commodity Russian light industry carry out processing of skins, extraction of cotton, and semi-finished production includes spinning, textile work. The branches of the final production of products specialize in the production of shoes, clothing, carpets, etc. The enterprises of this group occupy most all light industries.

Peculiarities

Occupy the lion's share in the production of consumer goods. They have a significant impact on the entire economy of the country.

Light industry has a number of features. Its production facilities of the first group, which specialize in the extraction of raw materials, are located close to the centers of its concentration. In the process of manufacturing final product individual stages of the cycle can occur in different factories. It is rare to find full-cycle enterprises here.

Much attention is paid to finishing processes. Appearance products plays an important role. Therefore, appropriate requirements are imposed on the selection of personnel (for example, the presence of taste).

Enterprises in this field of activity are usually small in size. They work dynamically, constantly changing their assortment. This is due to constant changes in fashion, consumer preferences. Women are predominantly employed in these industries. The end users are predominantly individuals. These features are taken into account in the process of organizing production cycles.

Prospects for investment

Our country has great potential for investment. This is due to the presence of a large number of unused production capacities. It is also beneficial for investors to invest their funds in such production due to the high turnover of investments and their quick return. In addition, the industries represented do not require significant capital investments. It is possible to complete more than two complete turnover cycles per year. It also speaks of the benefits of investing.

Equipment can be installed in just a few months. Therefore, in the first year of operation, such enterprises can make a profit. Investors can invest their temporarily free funds in more than 30 different sub-sectors. Many of them are quite new and very promising.

The raw material base for light industry in our country is well developed. It fully satisfies the needs of enterprises in wool, linen, chemical threads and fibers, leather and fur. Raw materials are supplied by agricultural enterprises, chemical industry. Its cost is acceptable. This allows us to produce products that are affordable for different categories of consumers.

provides a number of opportunities for investors. Doing business in this direction is promising.

Structure

The main branches of light industry include more than 30 different sub-sectors. They are conditionally combined into 3 main groups. The first one is the textile industry. This group includes cotton and linen production. It also includes enterprises in the wool, knitwear and silk sub-sectors. The enterprises of this group specialize in the primary processing of raw materials, the production of materials various types(woven, non-woven).

Belongs to the second group of productions. It specializes in the processing of fabrics and other materials of the textile industry, leather, fur, etc. This category includes both enterprises with a stable assortment (manufacturing of workwear) and more complex, dynamic industries (tailoring of designer clothes). This is a rather heterogeneous group. Its enterprises are very diverse and have different principles of location.

The third group includes fur, leather, footwear sub-sectors. The industries in this area cooperate closely with each other.

Accommodation features

They do not have a clearly defined territorial specialization. In almost all regions there are certain productions of this group. However, in the textile industry, it is still possible to identify the main areas of concentration of enterprises.

So, Tver, Ivanovo regions produce a fairly large number of products from cotton fabric. If we consider the Central Economic Region, we can draw conclusions about the concentration of these industries here.

AT Ivanovo region more than 55% of all cotton fabrics are produced. Significantly fewer such industries are concentrated in Moscow (11%) and Vladimir regions(7%). Directly in Moscow, 6% of all cotton fabrics in this region are produced.

Main location factors for light industry sectors practically indistinguishable from other areas of activity. They most often complement the complex of the national economy, and also satisfy the needs within the regions.

Placement factors

There is no unanimous opinion on the location of the industries represented by the industry. However, there are three main groups of factors influencing this process. can be placed taking into account the concentration of raw materials, consumers or labor resources. Previously, enterprises in this sphere of the national economy were highly dependent on the location of energy enterprises. Today, thanks to the availability of this resource, this factor has become secondary.

The consumer factor affects enterprises producing raw materials. Their products are sometimes poorly transported over long distances. Therefore, such enterprises are concentrated near the factories processing raw materials.

Also, primary processing enterprises are located near cotton extraction centers, livestock farms, etc. This significantly reduces production costs and increases its profitability.

The labor force is also an important factor location of enterprises. The overwhelming majority of these workers are women. Therefore, it is advisable to build factories of the presented specialization in areas with heavy industry enterprises. They predominantly employ men. This allows you to use the labor resources of the region as efficiently as possible.

Textile industry

Textile production is the largest of the light industries. It specializes in the production of fabrics for the population and other industries (footwear, clothing, food industry, engineering, etc.).

The leading sub-sector here is the cotton industry. It is focused on imported natural raw materials (the countries of Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Syria supply).

The linen industry is also an important component of the textile industry. In its structure greater value has the production of technical fabrics than household products.

The first place in the textile industry in terms of gross production is occupied by wool processing enterprises. This is due to the high cost of raw materials. The cost of fixed assets is higher only in the cotton industry. Such enterprises produce both threads, fabrics, and finished products.

The silk industry for ¾ consists of combines. They specialize in cocoon winding, weaving, spinning, finishing operations. Fabrics and threads can be from natural, artificial fibers, as well as mixtures different types threads.

clothing industry

Clothing industry of light industry is considered one of the most material-intensive industries. The cost of raw materials here can be up to 80%. Here, further processing of fabrics, linens, knitwear, artificial leather and fur takes place.

This industry processes about 4/5 of all household materials. This is a heterogeneous industry. In its structure, simple productions are distinguished, the assortment of which does not change for a long time. They specialize in the production of workwear. More complex industries are concentrated in large cities. Their range is constantly changing under the influence of fashion trends.

In recent years, enterprises of the domestic clothing industry have been cooperating with foreign companies. A high level of professional training and low labor costs help to attract foreign manufacturers. Domestic production improves the quality own products. Adopting the experience of world manufacturers, garment factories began to produce competitive products that can be supplied to the world market.

Industries are distributed evenly across the territory of Russia. They are defined in almost every region. Such products usually provide clothing and other products.

Leather, footwear industry

Light industry products would be incomplete without leather, footwear and fur products. It processes natural and artificial leather, fur, sheepskin, film materials. Shoes, leather goods, clothing, etc. are produced.

In terms of the number of products produced, our country ranks 8th in the world. This figure has declined somewhat in recent years. Fur production has no analogues in the world. It is export oriented.

Leather finishing also plays a leading role in the industry. Also in this area of ​​​​management, artificial materials are used. In this direction of production, the North-Western and Central economic regions are leading. Here are concentrated largest enterprises sub-sectors. Most of them are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The shoe industry is characterized by high material and labor intensity. It is important for this sub-sector to strengthen its own raw material base. The cost of imported semi-finished products and materials is constantly rising. This entails the production of expensive, non-competitive products on the world market.

Leather goods are presented in the form of bags, gloves, cases, as well as balls and other products.

Industry issues

Has several limiting factors. Despite the fact that the dynamics of production growth is positive, the products of domestic enterprises account for only 20% of the total turnover. This is due to several factors.

The wages of qualified specialists are quite low. This entails a loss of interest among young people in the professions of the industry. As a result, the quality of the final product decreases, which becomes uncompetitive even in the domestic market.

More than 50% of fixed assets are occupied by obsolete equipment. It has been in operation for more than 10 years, which does not allow to increase the turnover of products, to manufacture modern products. In developed countries, the rate of obsolescence of fixed assets does not exceed the threshold of 15%.

Lack of investment does not allow industry enterprises to expand and engage in the development of new technologies. These are most often small factories that produce products for a small amount consumers.

In almost every major light industry there is monopolization. It is extremely difficult for new enterprises to deal with them. Without proper support from the government, the development of light industry in our country is extremely problematic. It is required to allocate subsidies and grants to new enterprises, to prevent the emergence of a monopoly in all sub-sectors. The increase in investment will contribute to the renewal of equipment and production technologies. This will help domestic enterprises enter the world market and produce competitive products.

Having considered the main light industry, as well as their features, we can draw conclusions about the development of this sphere of national production. The existing problems and constraints should be eliminated by law and by attracting investment capital from domestic and foreign investors.

Under the light industry is meant a set of various industries that specialize in the production of consumer goods. This area production occupies a leading position in the formation of economic indicators in almost all countries of the world. Thanks to it, the production of finished products or raw materials is carried out. The latter is actively used for the production of other goods in the furniture, aviation and other industries.

The state of light industry in Russia today

After the collapse of the USSR, the share of light industry in the country's economy gradually decreased. If in 1990 this figure was 19%, then in 2000 it was only 1%. At this time, according to statistics, for each citizen of the Russian Federation is issued:

• less than one unit of knitwear;
• wool - 0.25 sq. m;
• shoes - 0.3 pairs.

Such indicators cannot please. The needs of citizens in light industry products are provided by other countries (mainly from Asia).

About 600 million people are employed at domestic enterprises. Most of them are women. Placement of factories and plants occurs evenly throughout Russia. In the Ivanovo region, light industry is the leading one. Textile factories located in this territory produce 50% of all Russian textiles.

Problems of domestic light industry

Light industry products of domestic production are significantly inferior in quality to foreign counterparts. It is not in demand among buyers due to the high cost, which is caused by significant costs for ensuring the release of goods.

Russia, relative to other developed countries, spends more on the purchase of raw materials and the wages of workers. The competitiveness of domestic goods is falling, which leads to the decline of the entire industry.

The state of Russian industry is further worsened by the physical and moral demolition of equipment that is in production shops enterprises.

For example, in textile factories, up to 60% of machines need to be replaced.

Re-equipment of enterprises through the purchase of foreign equipment is impossible due to the lack of foreign exchange funds (the industry is not export-oriented). The situation is especially difficult in the city-forming factories.

The light industry in Russia is characterized by an increase in the concentration industrial enterprises. Large factories strengthen their positions when small shops close and do not develop. Enterprises are usually grouped to produce a specific product (typical for the textile, leather, footwear industry). Such actions allow to increase labor productivity, which positively affects the cost of goods.

The state of the industry in the world

The characteristic of light industry on a global scale implies the location of the main enterprises in the countries of the "third world". At the same time, even in the last century they were located mainly in the developed countries of Europe and in the USA. To date, the following division of factories and plants related to this industry has been adopted:

• the first is low-quality consumer goods, for the manufacture of which cheap work force;
• the second is the production of specialized products, for which qualified personnel are involved.

The enterprises of the first group are mainly located in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, South America. Factories of the second type specialize in the production of jewelry and fur products.

In most countries of the world, the textile industry is considered the leading branch of this industry. At the same time, natural raw materials are losing their leading positions. Synthetic fibers are increasingly being used to make fabrics, threads, ropes and other products. Depending on the volume of goods produced, the following leading countries are distinguished:

• cotton fabrics - India, Pakistan, China, Brazil;
• woolen products - Italy, Japan, Great Britain, South Korea, China;
• silk products - China;
• textiles - China, South Korea, USA, Italy.

Industry composition

The following branches of light industry are distinguished:

• textile;
• sewing;
• leather;
• shoe;
• fur;
• haberdashery.

In turn, the textile industry is divided into many sub-sectors. These are cotton, silk, knitwear, linen, net knitting and others. The production of the textile and clothing industry is produced in a much larger volume than in other industries.

However, smaller enterprises are considered more competitive. They are flexible and as soon as possible adapt to new market conditions. Therefore, small factories operating in this industry are more common in developed countries than large corporations.

Location Factors

Light industry placement factors:

• raw. Orientation to raw materials at enterprises, for the primary processing of materials (for the processing of flax, wool);
• consumer. Caused by high costs for the transportation of finished products;
• regarding labor resources. The location of the factory must contain a sufficient number of skilled workers.

Some features of the industry

The light industry has some features on the basis of which it stands out relative to other industries:

• to obtain a finished product, it can be processed at different factories, which facilitates the production process;
• an important role is played by the finishing (finishing) stage of production. The appearance of goods is very important to the consumer;
• in addition to sufficient qualifications, the workforce must have excellent taste to create original products;
• historically, light industry enterprises are predominantly women-employed;
• the range of manufactured products is changing very quickly and is determined by the resulting fashion trends.

Features of the raw material base of Russia

The raw material base of Russia is developed and is able to provide numerous enterprises necessary materials. The main supplier of natural materials (linen, wool, leather, fur, down) is agriculture.

Linen making

Flax growing is considered a traditional activity in Russia. On the this moment she is in a difficult position. Every year there is a decrease in the area of ​​fiber flax crops. Since the 1980s, Russia has been importing raw materials from neighboring Ukraine to meet the needs of enterprises. Flax growing is distributed very unevenly across the country:

• 60% of raw materials are harvested in the Central region;
• 25% - in the North-West region and the Vologda region;
• 15% of raw materials are produced in other regions of the country.

Wool making

Natural wool is mainly obtained from sheep and goats (only a small part). Since 1994, the number of livestock has decreased by 25%, which has led to a decrease in the volume of raw materials by 28%. All this led to a decrease quality characteristics produced wool, which does not meet international standards. To date, the needs of factories in this raw material are not 100% met.

Wool production in Russia occurs only in a few regions. Several enterprises in the North Caucasian, East Siberian and Volga regions of the country are focused on this activity.

Leather raw materials

In Russia, the volume of production of raw hides could fully meet the needs of the country's main enterprises. But these materials are exported in large quantities.

Therefore, domestic factories are forced to purchase semi-finished products for the production of shoes and other similar products which increases its cost. The rise in prices for raw hides is taking place against the backdrop of an increase in the price of feed, fertilizers, and equipment for keeping cattle.

Man-made and synthetic fibers

Products of the chemical industry are widely used to meet the needs for raw materials in the light industry. For the manufacture of synthetic fibers, artificial leather, the following substances are used:

fiber manufacturing process

• oil;
• coal tar;

The main suppliers of chemical fibers are the West Siberian, Volga, Central, North Caucasian regions. Some raw materials of artificial origin are not produced in Russia at all (the production of synthetic leather for the manufacture of bags and gloves). Products of this type are imported from other countries - Moldova, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Features of the development of the textile industry

The textile branch of the light industry mainly produces fabrics that are used to meet the needs of the population. They are also sent as raw materials to other enterprises related to the clothing, footwear, and engineering industries. The production of cotton fabric plays a leading role in this industry. This area has the following features:

• about 83% of cotton products are produced in the Central region of the country;
• location factors of the industry - relative to the consumer, the availability of skilled labor;
• the leading regions for the production of cotton products are Ivanovo, Moscow, Vladimir;
• the industry is well developed in other regions and cities of Russia - St. Petersburg, the Volga region, the North Caucasus.

The composition of light industry includes, which is located more evenly throughout the country. Its enterprises are located in almost every region of Russia and mainly meet the needs of the domestic market. The main factor in the location of clothing factories is consumer. It is easier to transport fabrics than products made from them.

Today, domestic garment industry enterprises are competitive. For sewing clothes, they use imported fabrics, and sewing takes place according to models created by foreign designers. foreign manufacturers in Russia are attracted by low labor costs with highly skilled workers. Domestic factories are distinguished by a good level of technology, close proximity to Western consumers.

Leather and footwear industry

Enterprises of the leather and footwear industry are widely represented in two economic regions of Russia - Central and North-West. Moscow and St. Petersburg are considered to be the main centers of the industry.

Shoe production is characterized by the following features:

• main features - mass character, fast and frequent change of product range, multi-production;
• orientation to the mass consumer;
• businesses are different high level concentration and specialization;
• to meet the needs production process a lot of materials and labor resources are needed;
• thanks to the strengthening of the domestic raw material base, only a third of the materials were imported from outside;
• due to the high demand for footwear, 1.7 pairs of shoes are produced per capita.

Development trends

For further development industry does not need to increase production volumes. According to the recommendations of specialists, it is enough to maintain the existing potential, increase the qualifications of personnel, introduce technological process scientific and technical developments.

The development of many areas of light industry is mainly expected in the eastern part of the country. At the same time, the volume of products produced by the Central and North-Western regions decreased slightly.

Considering the table with the location of light industry enterprises on the territory of Russia, it is clear that Siberia and Far East lagging behind. These areas have not fully used their internal reserves, so they have good prospects for further development.

Factors of placement of light industry. Various factors influence the location of light industry enterprises: at the stage of primary processing of raw materials, production gravitates towards raw material bases, therefore wool washing factories were built in the North Caucasus, and flax processing factories in the west and north-west of Russia. The footwear and clothing industries are placed with a consumer orientation. Industries with a simultaneous focus on both raw materials and the consumer include the cotton, wool, silk and knitwear industries.

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