Why are electrical safety approval groups needed?

To determine the qualifications of any technical specialist, various certifications are used with entries in work book and execution of orders for the enterprise. Skilled workers have ranks, engineers have categories. In theory, all this should characterize the level of complexity of tasks that can be entrusted to a specialist. In fact, categories and categories are at best used to determine the level of wages.

But for personnel related to electrical engineering, there is another way to determine the qualification level. It's about about the electrical safety approval group. Since the assignment of this group occurs only with the participation of the commission, the composition of which is strictly specified, and the certificated specialist must be issued a certificate of a single sample, then admission group certificate becomes a decisive document in the assessment of specialists.

And an assessment is needed, for example, at the time of hiring (according to a certificate from a previous enterprise - this is why it is important to keep even the old “crusts” with you). Another situation where a certificate of an electrical safety clearance group is required is the appointment of a responsible manager and team members to carry out any work in electrical installations.

Electrical safety approval group A specialist is determined, first of all, by his level of knowledge of safe methods of working with electricity. There are five groups in total. Let's talk about each of them.

What do tolerance groups mean?

1st electrical safety group assigned to persons who do not serve electrical installations (not electrical technical staff), and also do not work at existing electrical installations (non-electrotechnological personnel). That is, these are people who have nothing to do with electrics. The first group must also be assigned to persons from among the electrical and electrotechnological personnel, if they do not even have a minimum work experience in electrical installations and special education.

The employer must take steps to ensure that these people are never electrocuted. Therefore, formally, even a loader in a warehouse must have a certificate with the first group, because the warehouse has electrical wiring and some devices with an electric drive. As a rule, no one pays attention to this, although for the assignment of the 1st group, only instruction from a specially appointed person with a tolerance group of at least 3rd is sufficient. Briefing ends control questions, based on the results of which a decision is made to assign a group.

A "specialist" with the first electrical safety group should be aware of, safe methods for performing their duties, as well as ways to provide elementary.

2nd electrical safety group is assigned to electrotechnological and other non-electrotechnical personnel based on the results of certification in the commission of an enterprise or department of Rostekhnadzor. Formally, in order to be certified for the second group, a specialist must have experience in electrical installations for 1-2 months, depending on his education. If the certification for the second group is primary, and the person being certified does not have an electrical engineering education, then before certification, he must undergo theoretical training in the amount of at least 72 hours.

Electrical personnel can also be certified for the second group of admission in the absence of special education and with a minimum work experience in electrical installations for the first group (although representatives with the first group, in fact, can only be present during work, and even then at a respectful distance).

Persons with the second tolerance group are allowed to work in electrical installations under supervision and without making connections. Typical professionals who need and need to have a second group are welders, crane operators, elevator operators.

A specialist with the second group must have knowledge in the scope of the first group, and in addition, have an idea about general principles operation of electrical installations under his supervision. First aid skills in case of electric shock must be practical.

The question of where to gain practical experience often causes difficulties, and there is only one way out - the use of simulators with special dummies.

Non-electrotechnical personnel, in principle, are not required to be certified for the second group if their place of work is not an electrical installation. However, many employers play it safe, and you can easily meet cleaners and salespeople on courses to receive the second group. The second electrical safety tolerance group is the maximum that a person under the age of 18 can receive.

3rd electrical safety approval group assigned based on the results of certification in the commission of the enterprise or department of Rostekhnadzor. The third group can only be held by electrical personnel, since it is assumed that a specialist with this group can independently inspect and connect electrical installations up to 1000 volts, and also be part of a team servicing electrical installations over 1000 volts if there is a mark “up to and over 1000 volts” in the certificate ".

A person with a third access group may already be responsible for the safe conduct of work in electrical installations: he may be allowing a team to work in electrical installations up to 1000 volts, he may supervise when carrying out especially dangerous work, he may be a worker in electrical installations up to 1000 volts when performing work along and in installations over 1000 volts when performing work according to the order.

You can get the third group of admission after various hours of work in electrical installations in the second group. For example, a specialist with a higher electrical engineering education can receive the third group after one month of work in the second group, and a vocational school intern - only after six months.

A specialist with a third access group must have knowledge in the amount provided for the previous two groups. But besides this, he must know as such, know the design of electrical installations and the procedure for their maintenance, have the skills to free a person from the action of an electric current.

4th electrical safety group is also assigned according to the results of certification in the commission of the enterprise of Rostekhnadzor. Specialists with the fourth access group can perform a wide range of duties: they can issue an order for work in electrical installations up to 1000 volts and issue orders for work in installations over 1000 volts from the list approved by the person responsible for electrical facilities. If there is a mark “up to and over 1000 volts” in the certificate, a specialist with the fourth group can be a work manager and allow over 1000 volts in installations.

A specialist with a higher electrical engineering education can receive the fourth admission group after two months of work, and a person without secondary education can receive only six months of work in the third admission group. Trainees cannot receive the fourth group of admission in principle.

The fourth admission group assumes knowledge in the amount provided for by the previous three groups, but a specialist with this group should already know electrical engineering according to the full vocational school program, be able to read diagrams, know fire and electrical safety, and also have the skills to instruct and train personnel.

5th electrical safety approval group assumes the maximum responsibility of a specialist and his ability to perform any work in electrical installations, as well as to manage such work up to the fulfillment of the duties of a person responsible for electrical facilities. The fifth group is assigned only according to the results of certification in the commission of the enterprise of Rostekhnadzor. If there is a mark “up to and over 1000 volts” in the certificate, a person with the fifth group can be the issuer of the order / order, allowing, the responsible manager and the manufacturer of work in any electrical installations.

A specialist with a higher electrical engineering education can receive the fifth admission group after three months of work, and a person without secondary education can receive only twenty-four months of work in the fourth admission group.

The fifth tolerance group assumes knowledge of the diagrams and layout of all electrical equipment maintained by a specialist, knowledge of safety standards, rules of use means of protection, as well as the timing of their testing.

A person with the fifth group must know the requirements normative documents on electricity and, as well as be able to convey and explain these standards during the briefing. A specialist with the fifth access group must be able to organize the management of work of any complexity in any electrical installations.

Who should be included in the certification committee?

The composition of the commission of the enterprise, intended for certification of specialists in electrical safety, depends on the level of the certified. For the certification of electrical and electrical engineering personnel, a commission of five people is required, the chairman of which is the person responsible for electrical facilities.

The commission usually includes an engineer for labor protection, who must monitor the operation of electrical installations, as well as the leading (chief) engineer of the enterprise. All members of the commission must be certified in the department of Rostekhnadzor or with the participation of an inspector from this organization, and the chairman must have V-th group admission, if the organization operates installations over 1000 volts and the IVth group, if there are no such installations in the organization.

Based on the results of the certification, the commission draws up a protocol signed by all members, in which a record is made of the assessment of the knowledge of the person being certified, the assigned electrical safety group and the date of the next certification. The same data is entered in a special table in the certificate of the person being certified, but only the signature of the chairman appears there.

Checking the knowledge of electrical and electrical engineering personnel working directly in electrical installations is carried out annually. The same applies to administrative and technical personnel with the right to work in electrical installations by position. Other administrative and technical personnel, including labor protection engineers, are certified once every three years.

What is contained in the admission group certificate?

In addition to information about the certification passed, the electrical safety certificate on the first, title page contains the following information:

• surname, name and patronymic of the specialist;
• position and place of work of a specialist;
• category of a specialist in terms of electrical safety (repair personnel, operational personnel, operational and maintenance personnel, administrative and technical personnel, administrative and technical personnel with the right by position).

The title page is certified by the seal of the enterprise and the signature of the person responsible for electrical facilities. The head of the enterprise signs the certificate of the person responsible for the electrical facilities.

The last page of the certificate is a table with the title "Certificate for the right to carry out special work." As the title suggests, the right to conduct special work, for example, work at height, or work on testing and measuring in electrical installations (for specialists in electrical laboratories).

Requirements for personnel certified for the 1st electrical safety group.

For group 1, persons who do not have a special electrical training, but having a clear understanding of the danger of electric current and safety measures when working on the serviced area, electrical equipment, electrical installation. They must have a working knowledge of first aid. Training for 1 group is carried out in the form of a briefing followed by a control survey by a specially designated person with an electrical safety group of at least 3.

For certification for group 1, personnel must study and learn both this manual and the guidelines "First Aid for Victims of Electric Current and Burns."

Electric injury statistics.

It is known that on average electrical injuries account for 3% of the total number of injuries, 12-13% of the total number of deaths are fatal electrical injuries. The most disadvantaged industries include: light industry, where electrical injuries account for 17% of the number of fatal accidents, the electrical industry - 14, the chemical industry - 13, construction, Agriculture- 40% each, everyday life - approximately 40%. In Moscow, about 40 people a year die from electric current, and in the Moscow region, an average of 100 people.

The concept of electrical safety. electrical injury.

By this is meant a system of organizational and technical measures to protect a person from the action of damaging factors of electric current.

electrical injury - the result of human exposure to electric current and electric arc.

An electric current passing through a living organism produces:

• thermal (thermal) effect, which is expressed in burns of individual parts of the body, heating of blood vessels, blood, nerve fibers, etc.;
• electrolytic (biochemical) action - expressed in the decomposition of blood and other organic fluids, causing significant violations of their physico-chemical compositions;
• biological (mechanical) action - expressed in irritation and excitation of living tissues of the body, accompanied by involuntary convulsive contraction of muscles (including the heart, lungs).

Electrical injuries include:

• electrical burns (current, contact arc, as well as combined);
• electric signs ("tags"), skin metallization;
• mechanical damage;
• electrophthalmia;
• electric shock (electric shock).

Depending on the consequences, electric shocks are divided into four degrees:

• convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
• convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness;
• loss of consciousness with impaired breathing or cardiac activity;
• a state of clinical death as a result of cardiac fibrillation or asphyxia (suffocation).

The main adverse effects that may occur due to electric shock:

The flow of electric current through human organs can cause cardiac arrest, breathing; muscle ruptures, brain damage, burns. Such damage is typical for a damaging current of more than 10 milliamps, however, even a sensing current (1-2 mA) can frighten a person, as a result of which mechanical injuries (for example, due to a fall from a height) are not excluded.

Factors that determine the outcome of the lesion.

The main factors that determine the outcome of the lesion are:

• magnitude of current and voltage;
• duration of current exposure;
• body resistance;
• loop ("path") of current;
• psychological readiness to strike.

The magnitude of the current and voltage.

Electric current, as a damaging factor, determines the degree of physiological impact on a person. Voltage should be considered only as a factor that determines the flow of a particular current under specific conditions - the greater the touch voltage, the greater the damaging current.

According to the degree of physiological impact, the following damaging currents can be distinguished:

• 0.8 - 1.2 mA - threshold perceptible current (that is, the smallest current value that a person begins to feel);
• 10 - 16 mA - threshold non-letting (chaining) current, when, due to convulsive contraction of the hands, a person cannot independently free himself from current-carrying parts;
• 100 mA - threshold fibrillation current; it is the estimated shock current. In this case, it must be borne in mind that the probability of being struck by such a current is 50% with a duration of its impact of at least 0.5 seconds.

It should be noted that no voltage can be considered completely safe and work without . So, for example, a car battery has a voltage of 12-15 volts and does not cause electric shock when touched (the current through the human body is less than the threshold perceptible current). But if the battery terminals are accidentally shorted, a powerful arc occurs that can severely burn the skin or retina of the eyes; mechanical injuries are also possible (a person instinctively recoils from the arc and may fall unsuccessfully). In the same way, a person instinctively recoils when touched by a network of temporary lighting (36 Volts, the current is already felt), which threatens to fall from a height, even if the current flowing through the body is small and could not cause damage by itself.

Thus, an arbitrarily low voltage does not cancel the use of protective equipment, but only changes their nomenclature (type), for example, when working with a battery, you should use safety glasses. Work on live parts without the use of protective equipment is possible only when the voltage is completely removed!

Duration of current exposure.

It has been established that electric shock is possible only when the human heart is completely at rest, when there is no compression (systole) or relaxation (diastole) of the ventricles of the heart and atria. Therefore, for a short time, the impact of the current may not coincide with the phase of complete relaxation, however, everything that increases the rate of the heart, increases the likelihood of cardiac arrest during an electric shock of any duration. Such reasons include: fatigue, agitation, hunger, thirst, fear, taking alcohol, drugs, certain drugs, smoking, illness, etc.

body resistance.

The value is not constant, depends on specific conditions, varies from several hundred ohms to several megohms. With a sufficient degree of accuracy, we can assume that when exposed to a voltage of industrial frequency of 50 Hertz, the resistance of the human body is an active quantity, consisting of internal and external components. The internal resistance of all people is approximately the same and is 600 - 800 ohms. From this we can conclude that the resistance of the human body is determined mainly by the magnitude of the external resistance, and specifically, by the condition of the skin of the hands with a thickness of only 0.2 mm (primarily by its outer layer, the epidermis).

There are many examples of this, here is one of them. A worker dips his middle and index fingers into an electrolytic bath and receives a fatal blow. It turned out that the cause of death was a skin cut on one of the fingers. The epidermis did not exert its protective action, and the lesion occurred in an apparently harmless current loop.

Indeed, if we evaluate this fact in relative units and take the resistance of the skin as 1, then the resistance of internal tissues, bones, lymph, blood will be 0.15 - 0.20, and the resistance of nerve fibers will be only 0.025 (“nerves” are excellent conductors of electric current!) . By the way, this is why the application of electrodes to the so-called acupuncture points is dangerous. Since they are connected by nerve fibers, a striking current can occur at very low voltages. It is one of these cases described in the literature, when a person was injured at a voltage of 5 volts. The resistance of the body is not a constant value: in conditions of high humidity it decreases 12 times, in water - 25 times, sharply reduces its acceptance of alcohol.

Thus, the factors of a person’s condition that significantly increase the likelihood of a fatal electric shock to a person include:

• everything that increases the pace of the heart - fatigue, agitation, taking alcohol, drugs, certain drugs, smoking, illness;
• anything that reduces skin resistance - sweating, cuts, drinking alcohol.

The path ("loop") of current through the human body.

When investigating accidents associated with the impact of electric current, first of all it turns out which way the current flowed. A person can touch current-carrying parts (or non-current-carrying metal parts that may be energized) with a variety of parts of the body. Hence the variety of possible current paths.

The most likely are the following:

• "right arm - legs" (20% of lesions);
• "left arm - legs" (17%);
• "both arms - legs" (12%);
• "head - legs" (5%);
• "hand - hand" (40%);
• "leg - leg" (6%).

All loops, except the last one, are called "large" or "full" loops, the current captures the region of the heart and they are the most dangerous. In these cases, 8-12 percent of the total current flows through the heart. The “leg-leg” loop is called “small”, only 0.4% of the total current flows through the heart. This loop occurs when a person finds himself in the current spreading zone, falling under the step voltage.

Stepper called the voltage between two points of the earth, due to the spreading of current in the earth, while touching them with the feet of a person. Moreover, the wider the step, the more current flows through the legs.

Such a current path does not pose a direct danger to life, however, under its action a person may fall and the current flow path will become life-threatening.

To protect against step voltage, additional means of protection are used - dielectric boots, dielectric mats. In the case when the use of these means is not possible, it is necessary to leave the spreading zone so that the distance between the feet standing on the ground is minimal - in short steps. It is also safe to move on a dry board and other dry, non-conductive objects.

Precautions when using electrical appliances and networks.

When using any electrical appliance or apparatus, you must always firmly remember that inept handling of it, a faulty condition of the electrical wiring or the electrical appliance itself, failure to observe certain precautions can lead to electric shock. In addition, faulty electrical wiring and electrical appliances can cause wires to catch fire and cause fires.

Practical measures for the safe use of electricity are not difficult, and each consumer of electricity is able to carry them out in the process of everyday use of electric current. For this you need:

• maintain the electrical network and electrical appliances connected to it in good condition;
• know and always comply with the basic requirements for the installation of electrical installations, and precautions when using them;
• having felt the action of electric current when touching metal structures - immediately take measures to prevent people from entering the dangerous place and report this to the manager.

Wire protection.

The wiring must have proper protection against short circuits, that is, from contact between the bare parts of the wires and the current-carrying parts of the devices. This protection is usually carried out by fuses or circuit breakers on the group panel.

It is impossible to use any kind of surrogates in the form of a bundle of wire (the so-called "bugs") and the like instead of cork fuses! It is impossible to exclude automatic releases (“automatic devices”) from the circuit, and even if they are constantly “knocked out”!

If the fuse blows, as well as the automatic release, it must be replaced with a new one. SAME RATE (CURRENT).

The integrity of the insulation.

Worn or damaged electrical wire insulation can cause fire, accident, and power leakage. Therefore, in order to avoid damage to the insulation and the occurrence of short circuits with the ensuing consequences, do not pinch the electrical wires with doors, window frames, fix the wires on nails, pull them with a rope or wire. It is also unacceptable to glue the wires with wallpaper, paper, cover them with draperies, carpets, lay wires or lay cords to portable electrical appliances behind steam or water heating batteries, in order to avoid premature drying of the insulation.

For the same reasons, direct contact of electrical wires with heating pipes, water pipes, gas pipelines, telephone and radio transmission wires should not be allowed. At the points of intersection and contact, additional insulation or rubber tubes must be applied to the electrical wires. It must always be remembered that touching bare current-carrying wires, as well as faulty and damaged devices, appliances, electrical fittings, is a great danger to life.

Repair of electrical wiring should be carried out only by qualified workers with a complete shutdown of the repaired section of the wiring.

Electrical fittings (casings and elements of electrical appliances).

It is necessary to pay attention to the condition of electrical fittings and keep them always in good condition. Protective covers for switches and other fittings must always be in place. Wiring to switches and socket outlets must be securely mounted.

When using office equipment, portable lamps or electrical appliances, you should carefully monitor the condition of the cords connecting the appliance to the plug. It is impossible to allow twisting of the cord, knots in it, excessive wear of the braid and insulation, as well as exposing current-carrying wires and connecting (shorting) them to the metal body of the armature.

If the plug does not hold well in the socket or heats up due to poor contact, sparks, crackles, stop using the emergency device and call an electrician. It is also necessary to regularly check the places where the cords exit the plug, that is, where the insulation is most often frayed and the wires are shorted. The exposed places of the cord or wire should be carefully covered with two or three layers of insulating tape, but in no case should they be wrapped with cloth or paper, as is sometimes done. In the interest of safety, installation of socket outlets near radiators, gas and water pipes, and other earthed parts is not recommended.

When using any portable electrical appliance with a metal case or a portable lamp, in order to avoid danger, you should not simultaneously touch any grounded parts, for example, radiators, various pipelines - on the one hand, and the body of the device - on the other, as this is life threatening.

Lighting.

Electric incandescent lamps, as they emit a significant amount of heat during operation, should not touch paper, cloth or any other combustible materials. Hanging lamps, in order to avoid breaking the insulation of wires, are not allowed to be hung on current-carrying wires, unless this is provided for by the design of the wire.

When replacing burnt out electric light bulbs,
be careful:

• Replace the lamp only with the lamp switch in the off position.
• Even when the switch is turned off, life-threatening voltage remains in the lamp socket - do not touch the metal base of the lamp when installing it!
• Avoid touching lighting fixtures with wet hands, especially in damp areas.
• Do not look at the lamp when it is turned on - it may explode.

Electrical heating appliances.

Electric heaters should only be used factory-made. Before connecting any heating or other portable appliance for the first time, check that the voltage indicated on the rating plate matches the mains voltage. A voltage mismatch will lead to a quick burnout of the heating element, for example, if a 127 Volt device is connected to a 220 Volt network, and vice versa, the device’s power will be underused if a 220 Volt device is connected to a voltage of 127 Volts.

FORBIDDEN connect more than one electric heater or spotlight to the same outlet.

Overloading the network with faulty protection can lead to premature drying of the insulation, and possibly to a fire in the wires. Such a simultaneous connection creates a particular danger when there are "bugs" in the group shield instead of normal fuses.

Turning on and off heating and other portable electrical appliances in the socket should be carried out using the plug, taking it by the insulated part - the block. Pulling the plug from the socket by the cord is unacceptable to avoid breaking the cord or exposing and shorting the wires.

Filling of electric heaters, kettles, pots, coffee pots and other containers should be done with the device turned off to avoid electric shock due to simultaneous connection with the ground (through a tap) and the body of the appliance.

Boilers (water heaters) designed to be lowered into a vessel must not be turned on before they are lowered into water. The boiler is turned off before it is taken out of the water. Failure to comply with this rule entails the burnout of the heating elements and damage to the devices themselves.

Electric hotplates and other heating appliances should only be used on a fire-resistant base, that is, installed on a ceramic, metal or asbestos-cement base.

Do not allow heaters to be installed close to easily flammable objects - curtains, curtains, tablecloths, etc. or put them directly on wooden tables, coasters. Do not dry clothes and shoes directly on the bodies of heating devices - this leads to a fire!

When using electric heating devices, it is unacceptable to leave them unattended. When leaving, the heating devices must be turned off.

It must always be remembered that touching a switched on faulty heating device is a great danger to humans.

Closed-type devices should be used, where the heater is placed in a special protective sheath that protects the spiral from mechanical damage. The use of closed-type appliances is safer, since they exclude the possibility of touching the heating element.

Do not connect unknown electrical appliances to the network: they may be faulty or not designed for the mains voltage.

Premises with heightened danger.

Particular care must be taken when using electricity in those rooms that are classified as damp, and therefore dangerous to humans in the sense of the consequences of touching live parts due to the presence of dampness on the floor.

It is strictly forbidden to use portable electrical appliances and portable lamps without special protective measures in these rooms. A wet floor is a good conductor of electricity. It is enough for a person standing on a wet or damp floor to touch a current-carrying part with his hand so that the current passes through the entire body, and this can lead to a serious injury to a person. Therefore, in damp or grounded parts (heating radiators, water pipes, gas pipelines, gas stoves, etc.) premises, the suspension of lamps at a height accessible from the floor, that is, below 2.5 m from the floor, should not be allowed. Violation of this requirement is very dangerous.

Wiring in damp rooms should be hidden.

On the other hand, the proximity of grounded parts, such as, for example, in baths where water pipes and gas pipelines are concentrated, also poses a great danger if a person accidentally touches any live part while simultaneously coming into contact with grounded parts. Therefore, in the premises of this category, the installation of socket outlets is strictly prohibited.

Outdoor wiring.

In low-rise buildings, electrical energy is sometimes supplied through overhead networks through the so-called air inlets, from where the supply wires are fed to insulators installed on the wall of the house.

Broken or dangling wires of external wiring must not be touched and it is necessary to warn others, especially children, from this, in order to avoid electric shock.

It is forbidden to climb on supports (pillars) of overhead electric lines, play football or fly kites under the wires, break insulators, throw wires and other objects on the wires.

If fallen poles, sagging or falling to the ground of wires of electric overhead lines are noticed, you should not approach them closer than 8 m. It is necessary to establish supervision and immediately report this to the Electric Network or a higher manager.

It is also necessary to point out the possible danger when buildings are erected directly under the overhead line and air inlets, materials are piled up, etc., temporary wiring is arranged to connect lighting and other outdoor devices. All this is a source of great danger.

It is unacceptable to take any kind of electrical device, including portable lamps, radios, switched on under voltage, out of the premises, as they say, into the fresh air. In the event of a fault in the insulation, breakdown, it on the body of the device, a person standing on the ground and touching at the same time any metal part of the device or radio receiver inevitably gets energized, which can have serious consequences.

Other malfunctions.

An external sign of a wiring or electrical appliance malfunction is the specific smell of burning rubber (or plastic), sparking, overheating of sockets and plugs, especially those made of plastic. These signs should always attract attention. If there is any doubt about the serviceability of the wiring or devices, it is necessary to check them, for which contact an electrician. To each consumer electrical energy it is necessary to remember the basic rule: you can not engage in the "correction" of electrical appliances, electrical fittings, sections electrical network energized, that is, without disconnecting them from the electrical network.

Fire extinguishing.

In the event of a fire in the premises as a result of a short circuit of wires or a malfunction of an electrical appliance, it is necessary to immediately turn off the section of the network where the fire started. At the same time, the fire brigade must be called.

The network is disconnected by switching off the accessible switching device or socket. Persons with electrical safety group 1 are PROHIBITED to take any other measures to turn off the voltage that are not allowed to them in normal operation: cut cables, open shields, deliberately short-circuit current-carrying conductors - this is life-threatening.

After removing the voltage, you can extinguish the fire in any way possible.

If the fire source is not disconnected from the mains (or partially disconnected, or there is no firm confidence in the complete removal of voltage), then it is allowed to extinguish the fire only with dry sand, carbon dioxide or powder fire extinguisher. It is impossible to extinguish the fire with water or use a foam fire extinguisher until the source of the fire is disconnected from the network.

When extinguishing a fire, it is necessary, if possible, to prevent water from getting on wires and devices that may remain energized, and also not to touch with bare or wet hands broken or fallen wires that may remain energized during a fire.

P.S. At the end of the briefing, an exam-questionnaire is conducted on the material covered. ! The results are entered in the knowledge test log for 1 electrical safety group. The frequency of inspection is at least once a year.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Vasilievskaya main comprehensive school»

ORDER

n. Vasilyevsky

About assigning a group I on electrical safety for non-electrotechnical personnel

In accordance with paragraph 1.4.4. Rules technical operation electrical installations of consumers approved by order of the Ministry of Energy Russian Federation dated January 13, 2003 No. 6 in order to ensure the safety of non-electrotechnical personnel and, the Intersectoral Labor Protection Rules (safety rules), approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated January 05, 2001 No. 3 and the order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2000 No. 163

I ORDER:

1. Appoint a person responsible for conducting briefings and assigning to the staff of the Municipal Budgetary General Educational Institution "Vasilyevskaya Basic General Education School" (hereinafter referred to as the educational organization) groupsIon electrical safety specialist of the Department of Education, Youth Policy, Physical Culture and Sports of the Administration of the Verkhovsky District / full name / (as agreed) -IVelectrical safety group.

2. Appoint a substitute responsible for electrical facilities educational organization head of household /full name/.

3. Approve:

program of briefing for assignmentIelectrical safety groups for non-electrotechnical personnel (Appendix 1);

list of positions related to non-electrical personnel with a groupI(Appendix 2).

4. Carry out assignmentIelectrical safety groups by conducting a briefing, which should be completed with a knowledge test in the form of an oral survey and, if necessary, testing the acquired knowledge of the skills of safe working methods and first aid in case of electric shock.

5. Register the registration of the assignment of group I for electrical safety in the register of the assignment of group I for electrical safety to non-electrical personnel when hiring employees and annually (Appendix 3). A certificate of knowledge testing for group I is not issued.

6. Familiarize / full name / with the order of the employees of the educational organization against signature.

7. I reserve control over the implementation of this order.

Director A.A. Semiokhin

Acquainted with the order:

"____" ____________2017 ________________ /full name/

"____" ____________2017 ________________ /full name/

"____" ____________2017 ________________ /full name/

"____" ____________2017 ________________ /full name/

"____" ____________2017 ________________ /full name/

"____" ____________2017 ________________ /full name/

"____" ____________2017 ________________ /full name/

Appendix 1

to the order of MBOU "Vasilyevskaya

basic general education

Program

instructing non-electrotechnical

personnel per group I on electrical safety

The program is designed to train the staff of the Municipal Budgetary General Educational Institution "Vasilyevskaya Basic General Education School" (hereinafter referred to as the educational organization) in the basic provisions on safety measures when using electrical equipment or electrical receivers switched on for a voltage of 220 V.

1. General information:

- information about the electric current,

The effect of electric current on a person,

In what cases can an electric shock occur to a person,

2. Types of effects of electric current on the human body:

thermal,

light,

Chemical,

mechanical,

biological,

Electric shock.

3. Dependence of the degree and depth of electric shock:

From the strength of the current

From the condition of the room

From the individual properties of a person,

From the time a person is under the influence of electric current.

4. Technical measures of protection against electric shock:

timely repairs and Maintenance electrical facilities,

Timely testing of the state of insulation of electrical wires,

Grounding (grounding) of electrical equipment,

Timely grounding test,

The use of only tested and serviceable protective equipment,

Application of fencing of current-carrying parts and hazardous areas.

5. Organizational measures to protect against electric shock:

Training and briefing of non-electrotechnical personnel on electrical safety,

Purpose responsible persons for the electrical industry

Ensuring proper maintenance of electrical equipment,

Maintenance of electrical facilities by personnel trained and certified by Rostekhnadzor.

6. Actions to provide first aid to a person in case of electric shock

Ways to free a person from the action of electric current:

Rendering first aid to the victim.

7. Responsibility for violation of electrical safety requirements.

8. Familiarization of the employee with the instruction on labor protection for assignment of the 1st electrical safety group for non-electrical personnel IOT-01-2012

Director of the educational organization A.A. Semiokhin

Responsible for electrical facilities /full name/

Deputy Responsible for Electricity /full name/

INSTRUCTION

The effect of electric current on a person

A feature of the action of electric current on a person is his invisibility. This feature determines the fact that almost all working and non-working places where there is electrical equipment (portable electrical receivers) under voltage are considered dangerous. In each such place, the danger of electric shock to a person cannot be considered excluded. An electric current can affect a person, as well as an electric arc (lightning), static electricity, electromagnetic field.

The human body is a conductor of electric current, and the current flowing through his body can cause a variety of effects on various organs, including the central nervous system.

The most important condition for electric shock to a person is the path of this current. If vital organs (heart, lungs, brain) are in the path of the current, then the danger of fatal injury is very high. If the current passes in other ways, then its effect on the vital organs can only be a reflex. In this case, the danger of fatal injury, although it remains, but its probability is sharply reduced.

Current flows only in a closed circuit. Therefore, there is both an input point (section) of the human body and an output point of electric current. Possible paths There is an incalculable amount of current in the human body. However, the following are typical:

Hand - hand;

Hand leg;

Leg - leg;

Head - hand;

Head - leg.

The most dangerous are the "head - arm" and "head - leg" loops, when the current can pass not only through the heart, but also through the brain and spinal cord.

Passing through the human body, an electric current can produce thermal, electrolytic, mechanical, biological effects:

The thermal effect of the current is manifested in burns of individual parts of the body, heating up to high temperatures blood vessels, blood, nervous tissue, heart, brain and other organs that are on the path of the current, which causes serious functional disorders in them;

The electrolytic effect of the current is expressed in the decomposition of organic fluid, including blood, which is accompanied by significant violations of their physico-chemical composition;

The mechanical (dynamic) effect of the current is manifested in the occurrence of pressure in the blood vessels and tissues of the body during heating of the blood and other fluids, as well as displacement and mechanical stress tissues as a result of involuntary muscle contraction and exposure to electrodynamic forces;

The biological effect of current is manifested in irritation and excitation of living tissues of the body, as well as in violation of internal bioelectrical processes occurring in a normally functioning organism.
An electric current passing through the body irritates living tissues, causing a response in them - excitation. If the current passes directly through the muscle tissue, then the excitation manifests itself in the form of involuntary muscle contraction. This effect is called direct. However, the action of the current can be not only direct, but also reflex, i.e. through the central nervous system.

In this case, when the current passes through the human body, the central nervous system can give an inappropriate executive command, which leads to serious violations of the activity of vital organs, including the heart and lungs.

In living tissue (in muscles, heart, lungs), as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system, electrical potentials (biopotentials) constantly arise. External current, interacting with biocurrents, can disrupt the normal nature of their impact on human tissues and organs, suppress biocurrents and thereby cause serious disorders in the body up to its death. The variety of action of electric current on the body leads to various electrical injuries. Conventionally, all electrical injuries can be divided into local and general.
Local electrical injuries include local damage to the body or pronounced local violations of the integrity of body tissues, including bone tissues, caused by exposure to electric current or an electric arc.

The most typical local injuries include electrical burns, electrical signs, skin plating, mechanical damage, and electrophthalmia.

An electrical burn (integumentary) occurs, as a rule, in electrical installations up to 1000 V. At a higher voltage, an electric arc or spark occurs, which causes an electric arc burn.

An electric arc causes extensive burns to the human body. In this case, the defeat is severe and often ends in the death of the victim.

Electrical signs of current exposure are sharply defined gray or pale yellow spots of a round or oval shape on the surface of the human body.

Metallization of the skin - penetration into the upper layers of the skin of particles of metal that has melted under the influence of an electric arc. Such cases occur during short circuits, disconnection of circuit breakers under load. In this case, splashes of molten metal under the action of the resulting dynamic forces and heat flow scatter in all directions at high speed, hitting the usually open parts of the body - the face, hands.

The affected area of ​​the skin has a rough surface. The victim feels pain from burns on the affected area and experiences skin tension from the presence of a foreign body in it. Mechanical damage is the result of sharp involuntary convulsive muscle contractions under the influence of current passing through the human body. As a result, ruptures of tendons, skin, blood vessels and nervous tissue can occur. Joint dislocations and even bone fractures may also occur. Electrophthalmia occurs as a result of exposure to a stream of ultraviolet rays (an electric arc) on the membrane of the eyes, as a result of which their outer membrane becomes inflamed. Electrophthalmia develops 4–8 hours after exposure. In this case, there is redness and inflammation of the skin of the face and mucous membranes of the eyelids, lacrimation, purulent discharge from the eyes, spasms of the eyelids and partial loss of vision. The victim experiences a headache and a sharp pain in the eyes, aggravated by the light. In severe cases, the transparency of the cornea is impaired.
Prevention of electrophthalmia during the maintenance of electrical installations is ensured by the use of goggles or shields with ordinary glass. Depending on the outcome of the impact of current on the human body, electric shocks can be divided into the following five degrees:

I - convulsive, barely perceptible muscle contraction;

I I - convulsive muscle contraction, accompanied by severe pain, without loss of consciousness;

III - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness, but with preserved breathing and heart function;

IV - loss of consciousness and impaired cardiac activity and respiration;

V - lack of breathing and cardiac arrest.

An electric shock may not lead to the death of a person, but cause such disorders in the body that may appear after a few hours or days (appearance of cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, absent-mindedness, weakening of memory and attention).

There are two main stages of death: clinical and biological death.

Clinical death (sudden death) is a short-term transitional state from life to death that occurs from the moment the activity of the heart and lungs ceases. A person who is in a state of clinical death lacks all signs of life: there is no breathing, the heart does not work, painful stimuli do not cause a reaction of the body, the pupils of the eyes are sharply dilated and do not react to light. However, during this period, life in the body has not yet completely died out, because. tissues and cells do not immediately undergo decay, and viability is maintained. The brain cells that are very sensitive to oxygen starvation are the first to die. After some time (4–6 min.), there is a multiple decay of brain cells, which leads to irreversible destruction and virtually eliminates the possibility of reviving the body. However, if before the end of this period the first medical aid is provided to the victim, then the development of death can be stopped and the life of a person can be saved.

Biological death is an irreversible phenomenon, which is characterized by the cessation of biological processes in the cells and tissues of the body and the breakdown of protein structures. Biological death occurs after clinical death (7–8 min.)

The causes of death from electric current can be: cessation of the heart, respiratory arrest and electric shock. The effect of current on the heart muscle can be direct, when the current passes directly through the region of the heart, and reflex, that is, through the central nervous system. In both cases, cardiac arrest or fibrillation may occur. Cardiac fibrillation is a chaotic contraction of the fibers of the heart muscle at different times, in which the heart is not able to drive blood through the vessels. The cessation of breathing usually occurs as a result of the direct effect of the current on the muscles of the chest involved in the breathing process.

Electric shock is a kind of severe neuro-reflex reaction of the body in response to excessive irritation with an electric current, accompanied by deep disorders of blood circulation, respiration, metabolism, etc. In shock, immediately after exposure to an electric current, the victim enters a short-term phase of excitation, when he reacts sharply to the pain that has arisen, his blood pressure rises. This is followed by a phase of inhibition and exhaustion of the nervous system, when blood pressure drops sharply, the pulse drops and quickens, breathing weakens, and depression occurs. The state of shock lasts from several tens of minutes to a day. After that, either death of a person or recovery can occur, as a result of active therapeutic intervention.

2. Step voltage

The step voltage is caused by the spreading of electric current over the earth's surface in the event of a single-phase ground fault of the overhead line wire, etc.

If a person stands on the surface of the earth in the zone of spreading of electric current, then voltage will arise along the length of the step, and an electric current will pass through his body. The magnitude of this voltage, called step voltage, depends on the width of the step and the location of the person. How closer man stands to the place of the circuit, the greater the value of the step voltage.

The size of the dangerous zone of step voltages depends on the magnitude of the voltage of the power line. The higher the voltage of the overhead line, the larger the danger zone. It is considered that at a distance of 8 m from the place of the short circuit of an electric wire with a voltage above 1000 V, there is no dangerous step voltage zone. When the electrical wire voltage is below 1000 V, the step voltage zone is 5 m.

To avoid electric shock, a person should leave the step voltage zone in short steps, without lifting one leg from the other.

In the presence of protective equipment made of dielectric rubber (boots, galoshes), you can use them to exit the step voltage zone.

It is not allowed to jump out of the zone of step tension on one leg.
In the event of a person falling (on his hands), the magnitude of the step voltage increases significantly, and therefore the magnitude of the current that will pass through his body and vital organs - the heart, lungs, brain.

3. Measures for personal electrical safety

During operation, the following electrical safety rules must be strictly observed:
- turn on the electrical equipment by inserting a serviceable plug into a serviceable socket;

Do not transfer electrical equipment to persons who do not have the right to work with it;

If during work a malfunction of electrical equipment is detected or the worker feels the effect of a current, work must be stopped immediately and the faulty equipment must be handed over for inspection or repair;

Turn off electrical equipment during a break in work and at the end of the work process;

Before each use of protective equipment, the employee is obliged to check its serviceability, the absence of external damage, they must be clean, dry, with an unexpired expiration date (according to the stamp on it);

Do not step on electrical wires and temporary wiring cables laid on the ground;

Strictly comply with the requirements of posters and safety signs.

4. Providing first aid to victims of electric current

One of the most important provisions of first aid is its urgency. Therefore, such assistance can and should be provided in a timely manner by those who are close to the victim.

First aid sequence:

Release from the action of electric current and assess the condition of the victim;
- determine the nature and severity of the injury, the greatest threat to the life of the victim and the sequence of measures to save him;

Perform the necessary measures to save the victim in order of urgency (restore airway patency, perform artificial respiration, external heart massage, etc.), in the absence of a pulse on the carotid artery, strike the sternum with a fist and proceed to resuscitation;

call an ambulance medical care or a doctor, or take steps to transport the casualty to the nearest medical institution;

Maintain the victim's basic life functions until the arrival of a medical worker.

The release of the victim from the action of electric current is carried out by turning off the part of the installation that the victim touches. If it is impossible to turn off the installation, then to separate the victim from current-carrying parts or wires, use protective equipment, a rope, a stick, a board or some other dry object that does not conduct electric current. You can pull the victim by the clothes (dry), while avoiding touching the surrounding metal objects and parts of the body that are not covered by clothes.
To isolate hands, the caregiver should wear dielectric gloves or wrap their hands in dry clothing. You can also isolate yourself by standing on a rubber mat, a dry board or any non-conductive electrical current, bedding, clothing, etc. When separating the victim from live parts, it is recommended to use one hand.

If an electric current passes through the victim into the ground, and he convulsively squeezes the current-carrying element in his hand, you can interrupt the current by separating the victim from the ground (drag by the clothes, putting a dry object under the victim).

After the release of the victim from the action of electric current, it is necessary to assess his condition.

Signs of determining the condition of the victim:

Consciousness (clear, disturbed, absent);

Skin color (pink, pale, cyanotic);

Breathing (normal, disturbed, absent);

Pulse (good, bad, absent);

Pupils (narrow, wide).

If the victim is unconscious, breathing, pulse, the skin is cyanotic, the pupils are dilated, then it can be considered as being in a state of clinical (sudden) death. In this case, it is necessary to immediately start resuscitation and ensure that a doctor (ambulance) is called.
If the victim is conscious, but before that he was unconscious, he should be laid on dry objects, unfasten his clothes, create an influx of fresh air, warm the body in cold weather or provide coolness on a hot day, create complete rest, continuously monitoring the pulse and breathing , call a doctor.
If the victim is unconscious, it is necessary to observe his breathing and, in case of respiratory failure, ensure the implementation of resuscitation measures.

In case of a lightning strike, the same assistance is provided as in case of electric shock.

If the condition of the victim does not allow him to be transported, it is necessary to continue to provide assistance.

Most effective way artificial respiration is a mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method.

To carry out artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unfasten clothing that restricts breathing.

After that, the assisting person is located on the side of the victim’s head, throws his head back (putting his hand under his neck) and performs mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration (with the victim’s nose closed).
If the victim has a well-determined pulse and only artificial respiration is needed, then the interval between breaths should be 5 s (12 respiratory cycles per minute).

In the absence of not only breathing, but also a pulse, they take 2 artificial breaths in a row and proceed to an external heart massage.

If assistance is provided by one person, he is located on the side of the victim, puts the palm of one hand on the lower half of the sternum (stepping back two fingers above its lower edge), raises his fingers. He puts the palm of the second hand on top of the first across or along and presses, helping by tilting his body. When pressing, the hands should be straightened at the elbow joints.
Pressing should be carried out with quick jerks, so as to displace the sternum by at least 3-4 cm, the duration of pressing is not more than 0.5 s, the interval between individual pressures is 0.5 s.

If the revival is carried out by one person, then for every two breaths he produces 15 pressures on the sternum. With the participation of two people in resuscitation, the ratio "breathing - massage" is 2:5.

If the injured person has no pulse on the carotid artery, the work of the heart can be restored by striking the sternum with a fist, while the arm should be bent at an angle of 90 °. Before hitting the victim, it is necessary to free the chest from clothing, unfasten the waist belt, cover the xiphoid process with two fingers, and only then strike the sternum. It is impossible to strike at the xiphoid process or in the region of the collarbones.

After cardiac activity is restored, cardiac massage should be stopped immediately, but if the victim's breathing is weak, artificial respiration continues. When full spontaneous breathing is restored, artificial respiration also stops.

If cardiac activity or spontaneous breathing has not yet recovered, but resuscitation is effective, then they can be stopped only when the victim is transferred to a medical worker.

Resuscitation may be terminated if the victim shows signs of biological death:

Drying of the cornea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe eye (the appearance of a herring shine);

Deformation of the pupil with careful compression of the eyeball with fingers;

The appearance of dead spots.

When providing assistance to the victim, one should not touch the burned areas of the skin with their hands or lubricate them with ointments, oils, sprinkle with baking soda, starch, etc. It is impossible to open burn blisters of the skin, remove mastic, rosin or other resinous substances adhering to the burnt place.
For small burns of the first and second degree, it is necessary to apply a sterile bandage to the burned area of ​​​​the skin. If pieces of clothing are stuck to the burned area of ​​the skin, then a sterile bandage should be applied over them and the victim should be sent to a medical facility.
In case of severe and extensive burns, the victim must be wrapped in a clean sheet or cloth without undressing him, covered warmly and kept calm until the doctor arrives.
The burnt face should be covered with sterile gauze.

In case of eye burns, it is necessary to make cold lotions from a solution of boric acid and immediately refer the victim to a doctor.

5. Features of the operation of portable power receivers

A portable power receiver is a power receiver that can be manually moved to the place of use for its intended purpose, and the connection to the power source is made using a flexible cable, cord, portable wires and temporary detachable or detachable contact connections.
Portable power supplies include:

Portable electrical receivers in industrial installations (electric welding installations, electric pumps, electric fans, electric furnaces, electric compressors, isolation transformers and other auxiliary equipment);

Household portable electrical receivers (washing machines, refrigerators, electric heaters, vacuum cleaners, electric kettles, etc.);

Manual electric machines and power tools (electric drills, electric hammers, electric planes, electric saws, grinders, electric soldering irons, etc.);

Manual electric lamps (lamps with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, lamps in fire hazardous areas, lamps in explosive areas etc.).
Portable electrical receivers, as electrical products, in accordance with GOST 12.2.007.0-75 Occupational safety standards system “Electrical products. General requirements security” according to the method of protecting a person from electric shock are divided into five protection classes: 0; 01; I; II; III.

Class 0 includes products that have at least basic (working) insulation and no elements for earthing, unless these products are classified in class II or III.

Class 01 includes products that have at least basic (working) insulation, an element for grounding and a wire without a grounding conductor for connection to a power source.

Class I includes products that have at least basic (working) insulation and an earthing element. Where a Class I product has a wire for connection to the power supply, this wire must have an earthing conductor and a plug with an earthing contact.

Class II includes products with double or reinforced insulation and no elements for earthing.

Class III includes products that do not have either internal or external electrical circuits with a voltage not exceeding 42 V.

Depending on the category of the premises according to the level of danger of electric shock to people, portable power receivers can be powered either directly from the network, or through isolation or step-down transformers.

Metal cases of portable power receivers above 50 V AC and above 120 V DC in rooms with increased danger, especially dangerous and in outdoor installations must be grounded, with the exception of double-insulated electrical receivers or powered by isolation transformers.

Power tools, manual electric machines (EI, REM) must comply with GOST 12.2.013.0-91 of the system of labor safety standards “Hand-held electric machines. General safety requirements and test methods ”and according to the type of protection against electric shock, they are divided into products of I, II or III protection class.

Group II personnel must be allowed to work with portable power tools and hand-held electric machines of class I in rooms with increased danger.

Connecting auxiliary equipment (transformers, frequency converters, circuit breakers, etc.) to the electrical network and disconnecting it from the network must be carried out by electrical personnel of group III operating this electrical network.
In rooms with increased danger and especially dangerous, portable electric lamps must have a voltage of no higher than 50 V. When working in especially unfavorable conditions (wells, metal tanks, basements, etc.), portable lamps must have a voltage of no higher than 12 V.
Power tools and hand-held electric machines of class I in rooms without increased danger, as well as in rooms with increased danger, must be used using at least one of the electrical protective equipment (dielectric gloves, carpets, coasters, galoshes). In especially dangerous rooms, these tools and machines are not allowed to be used.
Power tools and hand-held electric machines of class II and III are allowed to be used in especially dangerous rooms without the use of electrical protective equipment.

Before starting work with hand-held electric machines, portable power tools and lamps, you should:

Determine the class of the machine or tool according to the passport;

Check the completeness and reliability of fastening parts;

Make sure by external inspection that the cable (cord), its protective tube and plug are in good condition, that the insulating parts of the body, the handle and covers of the brush holders, and protective covers are intact;

Check the clarity of the switch;

Perform (if necessary) RCD testing;

Check the operation of the power tool or machine at idle;

Check the condition of the ground circuit for a class I machine.

It is not allowed to use hand-held electric machines, portable lamps and power tools, with related auxiliary equipment that have defects.

When using power tools, hand-held electric machines, portable lamps, their wires and cables should, if possible, be suspended. The power tool cable must be protected from accidental mechanical damage and contact with hot, damp and oily surfaces.

If any malfunctions are detected, work with hand-held electric machines, portable power tools and lamps should be stopped immediately.

To maintain good condition, conduct periodic tests and checks of hand-held electric machines, portable power tools and lamps, auxiliary equipment, a responsible employee with a group of at least III is appointed by order of the director.

Questions

to test the knowledge of employees on electrical safety, to assign 1 tolerance group

The magnitude of the voltage dangerous to human life and health.

What factors determine the degree and depth of electric shock?

How should electrical wiring be arranged when laying it above 2 m from the floor level?

How should electrical wiring be arranged when laying it below 2 m from the floor level?

How does the depth of electric shock depend on the magnitude of the voltage?

List the effects of electric current on the human body.

List ways to free a person from action from the action of electric current.

List the organizational measures to protect a person from electric shock.

List the technical measures to protect a person from electric shock.

List dielectric protective equipment.

The frequency of checking dielectric protective equipment.

The frequency of pressing in the region of the heart during the revival of a person.

The frequency of artificial breaths during resuscitation of a person.

Duration of one pressing in the region of the heart.

The duration of resuscitation in case of electric shock.

What are your actions in case of detection of a malfunction of electrical equipment, electrical appliances, electrical wiring?

How does the depth of electric shock depend on the magnitude of the voltage?

What to do in case of electric shock to a person?

The frequency of training and testing the knowledge of personnel in electrical safety with the subsequent assignment of 1 tolerance group?

What electrical safety tolerance group is assigned to non-electrical personnel?

Who is authorized to conduct electrical safety training for non-electrical personnel?

Is it possible to repair faulty equipment by personnel with the first clearance group?

Questions and answers

to test the knowledge of employees on electrical safety, to assign 1 tolerance group.

1. The magnitude of the voltage dangerous to human life and health.

Answer: 42V.

2. What factors determine the degree and depth of electric shock?

Answer:

- from the strength of the current,

- from the condition of the room (dry, damp)

- from the psychological state of a person (cheerful or irritable),

- from the individual characteristics of a person,

- from the time a person is under the influence of electric current.

3. How should electrical wiring be arranged when laying it above 2 m from the floor level?

Answer: open.

4. How should electrical wiring be arranged when laying it below 2 m from the floor level?

Answer: in channels under plaster or metal pipes.

5. How does the depth of electric shock depend on the magnitude of the voltage?

Answer: The higher the voltage, the greater the depth of electric shock.

6. List the types of effects of electric current on the human body.

Answer:

- thermal - burns of 1,2,3 degrees, charring

- light blindness with partial or complete loss of vision,

- chemical - leads to a change in the composition of the blood,

- mechanical - leads to rupture of muscles and tendons,

- biological - the nervous system is paralyzed,

- electric shock - suspension of vital organs - heart, liver, lungs, etc.

7. List the ways to free a person from the action of an electric current.

Answer:

- disconnection of the knife switch, plug connector,

- pulling away the injured using dielectric means of protection,

- pulling away the affected person using materials that do not transmit electric current,

- cutting current-carrying wires with an ax with a wooden handle.

8. List organizational measures to protect a person from electric shock.

Answer:

- properly arranged electrical equipment and wiring,

- training of personnel in electrical safety,

- mandatory grounding of all equipment,

- ensuring proper maintenance of electrical facilities,

- Appointment of persons responsible for electrical facilities,

- providing employees with means of protection against electric shock.

9. List the technical measures to protect a person from electric shock.

Answer:

- maintenance and timely repair of electrical equipment,

- timely testing of the condition of the electrical wiring insulation,

- timely (annual) grounding test,

- use only tested means of dielectric protection.

10. List the dielectric means of protection.

Answer:

- dielectric gloves, galoshes,

- dielectric mats, stands, current-insulating tools.

11. Frequency of checking dielectric protective equipment.

Answer:

- gloves, galoshes - 1 time in 6 months,

- mats and coasters are not tested.

12. The frequency of pressing in the region of the heart during the revival of a person.

Answer: 55-60 times per minute.

13. The frequency of artificial breaths during the resuscitation of a person.

Answer: 0.5 seconds.

14. Duration of one pressing in the region of the heart.

Answer: 8-10 times per minute.

15. Duration of resuscitation in case of electric shock.

Answer: until the arrival of an ambulance or until signs of life.

16. What are your actions in case of detection of a malfunction of electrical equipment, electrical appliances, electrical wiring?

Answer:

- notify management

- call an electrician or emergency service.

17. How does the depth of electric shock depend on the magnitude of the voltage?

Answer:

- the higher the voltage, the greater the depth of the lesion,

- voltage up to 42V AC and 110V DC do not cause damaging factors.

18. What are your actions in case of electric shock to a person?

Answer:

- release the victim from the action of electric current,

- provide first aid,

- call an ambulance,

- report the incident to management.

19. Frequency of training and checking the knowledge of personnel on electrical safety with the subsequent assignment of 1 tolerance group?

Answer: at least once a year.

20. What electrical safety tolerance group is assigned to non-electrical personnel?

Answer: the first group of electrical safety approval.

21. Who is authorized to conduct electrical safety training for non-electrical personnel?

Answer: a person from the electrical personnel with an electrical safety qualification group of at least the third group.

22. Is it possible to repair faulty equipment by personnel with the first clearance group?

Answer: no, repairs are carried out only by specially trained personnel.

Appendix 2

to the order of MBOU "Vasilyevskaya

basic general education

Scroll

positions related to non-electrotechnical personnel with group I

1. Administration:

Director of an educational organization

2. Teaching staff:

Educational organization teachers

3. Maintenance and technical staff:

Head of the household,

Cook,

auxiliary worker,

Working on complex service buildings and structures,

office cleaner,

Wardrobe attendant,

watchman,

Operator gas boiler house,

Driver.

Deputy Responsible for Electricity
____________________ /___________________/
signature F.I.O.

Appendix 3

to the order of MBOU "Vasilyevskaya

basic general education

magazine

accounting for the assignment of group I for electrical safety

non-electrotechnical personnel

Sheet 1

_____________________________________________________________________________

magazine
accounting for the assignment of group I for electrical safety to non-electrotechnical personnel

Organization _________________________
Division _______________________

Started "___" ______________ 201 __
Finished "___" ______________ 201 __

Sheet 2

p/p

FULL NAME.

Name

divisions

Position

(profession)

the date

previous

appropriations

the date

appropriations

Signature

check-

mogo

Signature

check-

current

Numbered, laced: ____________________ sheets

Responsible for electrical _______________ _________________
(signature) (surname, initials)

Hello. Glad to see you on my site electrician. The topic of today's article: electrical safety tolerance groups - all types, requirements for them and the assignment procedure.

graduation diploma educational institution(vocational school, lyceum, institute) is a document that confirms that the person who presented it was trained and successfully passed the final exams in some specialty.

But this document says nothing about his practical knowledge and skills. And all work at enterprises that are associated with the operation, maintenance and repair of various kinds of electrical devices and installations that are energized have their own specifics.

For this reason, people who do not have special professional training cannot be allowed to work independently and to organize these works.

The level of this training is determined by electrical safety clearance groups. So let's figure out what they are, and for what kind of merit they are awarded.

But first, let's figure out what categories of personnel are in enterprises. After all, each employee has his own job, so the requirements for everyone are different.

Personnel categories.

Conventionally, all staff can be divided into two categories:

1. Electrotechnical - these are people who are directly related to maintenance, or people planning these works. They must have a tolerance group of 2 to 5.

At my enterprise, where I work, these are electricians, shift foremen of the electrical service, senior foremen of the electrical service, the head of the electrical service and Chief Power Engineer.

2. Non-electrotechnical - these are all other employees of the enterprise, from the cleaners of the territory to the chairman of the board of directors.

For all these people, the first group of admission is provided. They should have some minimum knowledge of electrical engineering and safety regulations when doing their job.

Electrical safety tolerance groups.

Attention. There are cases when the specifics of the work oblige the employee to have the fifth tolerance group, but the employee himself is not an electrical personnel.

A real-life example: this is a walking excavator driver in a quarry. Since the driver himself does not serve the electrical part, but he may be in the voltage induction zone. A walking excavator is powered by a 6 kV line. And similar cases there may be a lot.

The first group of admission.

This group is usually assigned to non-electrotechnical personnel. In order to receive it, a person must be instructed, followed by an oral or written survey.

The briefing must be conducted by a specialist or a person entitled to conduct these briefings, who has an electrical safety clearance group of at least three.

How is the assignment of the first group in our enterprise.

When I did not work as an electrician yet, but worked as a machinist of shaking installations, I had to go to the electrical workshop every year for briefings, since I often had to work with power tools.

The main topics that were discussed at the briefings are the classification of power tools, the effect of electric current on the human body, the release of the victim from the effects of electric current, first aid in case of electric shock.

In principle, all these questions are the minimum knowledge that the employees of the enterprise should have.

Employees must undergo confirmation of the first group of admission every year. After the employee is assigned the first group, he can easily work with a grinder, drill, jigsaw and other power tools.

Watch the video about the first group on electrical safety.

The second group of admission.

This is the minimum allowable group for electrical personnel, and it is also assigned to workers who service some kind of electrical machines or installations.

At our enterprise, this group is assigned to welders, as they operate welding machines, partially service it and connect low-voltage welding cables to it. But connection permissions welding machine to switching devices they do not.

Requirements for workers with the second group of admission:

- Must know the device, purpose and principle of operation of equipment, installations. In simple terms, what is it and how does it work.

- Must understand the degree of danger of electric current and the possible danger when approaching conductive parts.

- Must be aware of safety precautions when performing work.

- He must know the answers to all those questions on which people are instructed for the first group, and plus, he must have practical skills in providing first aid to the victim.

But, as a rule, this is not practiced at enterprises. Except on paper.

The second group is assigned to the employee automatically if he has a secondary education in his specialty. If there is no secondary education or there is, but not in the field of electrics, then in order to get the second group you need to study in a special curriculum at least 72 hours.

Electricians with this group do not have the right to work independently in electrical installations. It is allowed to work only under the supervision of a supervisor. But if the workers are not directly involved in troubleshooting, or connecting any type of equipment, then the second group is quite enough to perform some minor work.

If a person is not yet 18 years old, then this is the limiting group that can be assigned to him.

The second group is also assigned to those employees who, for some reason or reason, could not confirm their higher group within the established time frame. In other words, such an action for the employee means a temporary loss of qualification and suspension from work.

Over the years of my practice, only one electrician worked in our electrical service, who had the second access group. For some reason, our boss was afraid to allow him to work independently. But this person worked only 3 months and was laid off.

About being fired. There were cases when it was time for employees to take an exam for a group, and at that time they were on vacation or on sick leave.

If on vacation, then they came to the factory to take an exam. Well, if on sick leave, and there was no opportunity to pass the exam, then on the first day of release, they immediately went to take the exam, and then they started to work.

The third group of admission.

An employee can receive this group no earlier than one month after receiving the second one. With this group, the employee has the right to work independently in electrical installations, but only with voltages up to 1000 V.

I have just such a group, and it is considered the most common.

Requirements for employees with the third group.

— Must have basic knowledge in the theory of electrical engineering. Know the basic concepts of current, voltage, capacitance, basic laws, and so on.

- Must know the safety rules, as well as the rules for allowing people to work independently.

- Must have knowledge of electrical installations and their maintenance.

- Must be able to ensure the safe conduct of work, and supervise (supervise) employees.

- Must know how to properly release the victim from the action of electric current, and provide him with first aid.

To receive the third group, the employee must have a secondary specialized education or have a long work experience in the position.

The fourth group of admission.

This qualification group gives the right to work in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V. Usually it is assigned to workers from among the engineers. Also, having such a group, you can hold the position of a company responsible for all electrical facilities.

Such a specialist can train young workers at their workplaces. You can get such a group only if the employee has worked for more than three months with the third group.

Requirements for workers with the fourth group of admission:

- Must have good knowledge of electrical engineering.

- Must clearly understand and represent all the dangers when working in electrical installations.

- To the extent of his position, he must know the rules fire safety, rules and procedures for the operation of electrical installations.

— Must know all organizational and technical measures ensuring safe work.

— Must be able to conduct briefings, organize the safe execution of work and supervise during work.

- Must know the rules for releasing the victim from the effects of electric current and also provide him with first aid.

- Must be able to train personnel in safety rules and first aid rules.

Fifth tolerance group.

Usually this group is assigned to employees from among engineers, supervisors and those who work at substations. That's the way it is in our company. The fifth group we have are the electricians of the main step-down substation (a 35 kV line comes to our plant), the head of the electrical service, and the chief power engineer. I don't know for sure about the chief engineer.

Workers with this group, to say in simple words then you should know everything. All the knowledge and requirements that apply to smaller groups, and plus everything, they must be able to instantly identify any malfunction and know how to eliminate it.

Passing the exam for the fifth group is allowed only after three months of work on the fourth group.

To consolidate the information studied, I prepared a table on the minimum work experience in electrical installations for passing the exam for a higher tolerance group.

When are exams for the electrical safety clearance group.

- If an employee continuously worked at one enterprise in one position, then the exam is taken once a year, on time.

- If there were any transfers in position, then the employee is required to pass the exam so that the admission group corresponds to his position.

- When changing jobs. If the employee has moved to work for another company, then he must prove his qualifications.

After checking the knowledge of the employee, the commission draws up a protocol, and the employee must be issued a certificate of the established form.

Where he passes exams for the electrical safety clearance group.

- If the enterprise has a special permanent commission (MPC), which has the right to take this kind of exams, then the employee can confirm his qualifications at his enterprise.

- If there is no commission at the enterprise, then the exam is taken in special institutions. This is usually done in a special direction, which indicates the position of the employee, length of service and the required admission group.

What does the certificate look like?

I live in Ukraine, so I have such a certificate.

General form.

First spread. This indicates the enterprise where the person works; his surname, name and patronymic; position; voltage in electrical installations to which the employee is admitted; shop or department; as whom the position, surname, name and patronymic of the head of the commission is admitted and indicated.

On the second spread, on one page, they write the results of a knowledge test on the technology of work - these are work instructions and operating rules.

On the second page - the results of the test of knowledge on fire safety.

The third spread of the certificate indicates the results of testing knowledge of the DNAOP rules. This includes: PTEEP, PBEEP, PUE, PPBU, PBRiP, PEES.

And as you noticed, on all these pages the date of the check, the reason for the check, the decision of the commission, the date of the next check and the signature of the head of the commission are indicated.

On the last spread write the results medical examination. The date of passage, the conclusion of the doctor and the signature of the responsible person are indicated.

At the very end is a reminder that at runtime official duties The employee is required to carry this ID. If there is no certificate or it is, but the term for checking knowledge is stitched there, then the employee is not allowed to work. In case of violation of normative acts on labor protection, the certificate may be withdrawn.

I found several samples of certificates on the Internet, take a look.

Photo ID template

And here is a real certificate with real signatures and seals.

That's all for me. If you have any questions for me, then write them in the comments. If the article was useful to you, then click on the buttons social networks, join the group and subscribe to the update. Till.

Sincerely, Alexander!

Labor protection instruction

for instructionnon-electrotechnical personnel

electrical safety for the 1st group

1. General labor protection requirements

1.1. This manual is intended for non-electrotechnical personnel performing work in which there may be a danger of electric shock.

1.2. Production non-electrotechnical personnel with the 1st qualification group include personnel:

• serving electrical installations, if the assigned functions do not require the assignment of a higher qualification group;
• serving mobile machines and mechanisms with electric drive;
• drivers of all vehicles, except for those working in existing electrical installations or in the security zone of high-voltage lines;
• personnel working indoors and outdoors, where in the event of adverse conditions and the lack of necessary knowledge of electrical safety, there may be a danger of electric shock.
• Assignment of the 1st group is carried out by conducting a briefing, which should be completed by testing knowledge in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) testing the acquired skills in safe ways of working or first aid in case of electric shock.
• The instruction and assignment of the 1st group is carried out by an employee from the electrical personnel with a group of at least 3, appointed by order of the head of the organization.
• After the briefing and testing of knowledge, the 1st electrical safety group is considered assigned to the organization's personnel when the person being checked and the inspector put their signatures in the register of assignment of the 1st electrical safety group to non-electrical personnel.
• The assignment of the 1st group for electrical safety to the personnel of the organization is carried out annually. For employees newly admitted to the organization, the assignment of the 1st group is allowed to be carried out simultaneously with the introductory briefing.
• Personnel with the 1st electrical safety group should know that:
• circuit breakers and plug fuses must always be in good working order;
• replacement of factory fuses, even temporarily with various metal wires, such as "bugs", can cause an accident, fire;
• insulation of electrical wiring, electrical appliances and apparatus, switches, socket outlets, lamp sockets and lamps, as well as cords with which electrical appliances, televisions, refrigerators, computers, etc. are connected to the electrical network, must be in good condition.

1.8. Personnel with the 1st electrical safety group are required to:

• follow the rules of the internal work schedule;
• comply with the requirements of this manual;
• comply with the requirements for the operation of the equipment.

1.9. Personnel with the 1st electrical safety group must:

• be able to provide first (pre-medical) assistance to the victim in an accident;
• know the location of first aid, primary fire extinguishing equipment, main and emergency exits, evacuation routes in case of an accident or fire;
• perform only the assigned work and not transfer it to others without the permission of the work manager;
• during work, be attentive, not be distracted and not distract others, do not allow workplace persons not related to work;
• keep the workplace clean and tidy.
• If any malfunctions of equipment, fixtures, tools and other shortcomings or hazards are found in the workplace, immediately inform the supervisor. You can start work only with their permission after the elimination of all deficiencies.
• In the event of an accident, provide the victim with first pre-medical aid, immediately report the incident to the manager, take measures to preserve the situation of the incident (equipment condition), if this does not create a danger to others.
• For non-compliance with the safety requirements set forth in this manual, the employee is liable in accordance with applicable law.

1. Occupational safety requirements before starting work

• Check the absence of external damage to the electrical installation, the presence and serviceability of control, measuring and signaling devices, toggle switches, switches, etc.
• Make sure that the covers of electrical sockets and switches, the electrical plug and the power cable are intact.
• Check the availability and serviceability of personal protective equipment, the absence of external damage.

1. Occupational safety requirements during work

• Do not connect the electrical installation to the electrical network with wet and damp hands.
• Observe the rules for operating the electrical installation, do not expose it to mechanical shocks, do not allow it to fall.
• Do not touch wires and other live parts that are energized.
• Monitor the correct operation of electrical equipment, the integrity of the insulation.
• It is not allowed to hang electric wires on nails, metal and wooden objects, twist the wire, lay wire cords on water pipes and radiators, hang anything on the wires, pull the plug from the socket by the cord, paint over and whitewash the cords and wires.

3.6. All types of repair of electrical equipment and electrical networks should only be carried out by a specialist.

3.7. It is forbidden to touch the computer or other electrical equipment and devices that are connected to the ground (heating radiators, water taps, pipes, etc.) at the same time.

• If there is a specific smell of burning rubber or plastic, the socket or plug of the power cord overheats, or the lights start flashing, you must immediately turn off the electricity and inform the manager. It is forbidden to carry out troubleshooting on your own. It is possible to turn on the electricity only after the detected malfunction has been eliminated by specialists and with their permission.
• Household electrical appliances and portable lamps intended for indoor use only are not allowed to be used outdoors. Do not use open coil electric heaters.

EVIL. Cleaning of luminaires and replacement of burned-out lamps should be carried out by electrical personnel from devices that provide convenient and safe access to luminaires with a group of at least 3.

• Damaged switches, lamp sockets, sockets and electrical appliances and apparatus must not be repaired by yourself. Failures should be reported to the manager.
• Special care must be taken when using electricity in damp rooms, in rooms with brick and concrete floors that are good current conductors, since these rooms are especially dangerous, and in these conditions the risk of electric shock increases.
• Do not use household rubber gloves to protect against electric current. They do not withstand the operating voltage of the electrical network.
• Portable hand-held electric lamps must be powered by mains voltage not exceeding 42 volts.

1. Labor protection requirements in emergency situations

• In the event of a fire, it is necessary to immediately stop work, turn off the power to the equipment, call the fire brigade by phone 01 and inform the management, take measures to evacuate employees, and, if possible, start extinguishing the fire. It is forbidden to extinguish electrical installations with water and foam fire extinguishers.
• If a malfunction occurs in the operation of the electrical installation, sparking, wire insulation failure or grounding break, stop work and inform the management. Continue work only after the malfunction has been eliminated by specialists and with the permission of the manager.
• If you find a broken electrical wire hanging or touching the floor (ground), do not approach it, immediately inform the management, stay in place yourself and warn other people about the danger.

4.4. In the event of an electric shock, immediately release the victim from the effects of electric current (turn off the voltage or discard the wire with a dry board, etc.). In the absence of breathing and pulse in the victim, give him artificial respiration or conduct an indirect (closed) heart massage until the restoration of breathing and pulse or the arrival of medical staff. Report the accident to the management, if necessary, call an ambulance or send the victim to the nearest medical facility.

1. Occupational safety requirements at the end of work

• Tidy up your workspace.

5.2. Turn off the electrical equipment.