Municipal budget educational institution"Average comprehensive school in the village Ust-Omchug" XIV SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "WE AND THE WORLD OF BIG PROBLEMS" Title of work (type creative work)

6 Contents (table of contents) Includes an introduction, the names of all sections, subsections, paragraphs and a conclusion indicating the numbers of the initial pages. The wording of the table of contents should exactly repeat the headings of chapters and sub-chapters, paragraphs in the text, and be concise and understandable. The pages should be arranged in the following order: Title page (page 1) Table of contents (page 2) Introduction (justification of the chosen topic) Main part Conclusion (conclusions) List of information resources used Appendices (if any)

The table of contents (work plan) is placed on page 2, where all the headings of the work are indicated and the pages from which they begin are indicated. The plan can be simple or complex. The plan must contain points - introduction, main part, conclusion and bibliographic list. Each point of the plan has its own page. Sheet with the plan is not numbered, but is considered page 2

Research work: (design-research, abstract-research) I. Introduction 1. Relevance and problem of the study 2. Hypothesis. Target. Tasks 3. Object and subject of research. Novelty 4. Research methods and information sources used II. Main part. Title of the work 1. (Stages and progress of the research………). 2. ……………………………………..: a). ……………………. ; b). …………………….. ; V). ……………………... III. Conclusion 1. Research results, their significance 2. Conclusions. Perspectives IV. List of information resources used V. Applications

Project work I. The main idea and design of the project II. Relevance (you can indicate the problem, hypothesis - if any) III. Stages of project development, types of work at each stage (you can indicate the purpose and objectives of the stages - if any) 1.……….. 2.……….. IV. Distribution of roles and positions in the project V. Resources VI. Results of the project VII. List of information resources used (if any) VIII. Applications (if any) The type of work has its own work plan

Author's work: 1. The main idea of ​​this work 2. Stages of work to implement the creative concept: a). ……….. ; b). …………. 1. Results of work 2. Appendix (creative developments can be attached to the text: video materials, drawings, sketches, working materials, etc.)

11 Introduction The section should contain a statement of the problem within the chosen topic and the rationale for choosing the problem and topic. The introduction provides a brief description of the topic under study, substantiates its relevance, the author's personal interest in its study, and notes the practical significance of studying this issue, where it can be used. Specific tasks that need to be solved in accordance with the goal are also named here. The volume of administration is approximately 1/10 of the total volume of work. Introduction is an important part of the work, a kind of business card. But it is better to write the full text of the introduction after finishing work on the main part, when the results of the work will be clearly visible.

Theme is the definition of the essence. In order to formulate a topic, it is necessary, first of all, to identify the problem, determine the object and subject of research. A problem is the formulation of a question that needs to be solved, to study something that has not been studied. Problems (example) usually involve identifying new or unknown persons, relatives, facts of their biographies, creating (restoring) the pedigree of one’s own or another person, etc.

The object of research is the process or phenomenon that generates the problem situation and is chosen for study. The subject of research is within the boundaries of the object, is its side, aspect or point of view. The subject of the research may be the study of the fate of a real person, a specific pedigree, or a family tree of the family.

The purpose of the research is its final result, the solution to a scientific problem, what should ultimately be achieved (noun) The formulation of research objectives is necessary to specify the purpose of the research (verbs) Objectives can be aimed at analysis, generalization, identification, justification, development, evaluation of individual aspects general problem, the solution of which leads to the solution of the problem itself

Written (printed and handwritten: books, magazines, newspapers, memoirs, personal and public documents, etc.), - visual (photos, drawings, posters, geographical maps, etc.), - material (household items, handicrafts, family - material relics, etc.), - oral (conversations, interviews, etc.), - technotronic (audiovisual, video visual, multimedia or computer), - complex (items containing elements of sources different types). Research sources

Research methods are the methods and techniques by which research is carried out. They lie in the possibility of applying old knowledge to obtain new knowledge. 1. Accumulation of scientific material: study of literature and sources; familiarization with the history and theory of the issue, achievements in related fields; consultation; observation. 2. Understanding the collected material: comparison; measurement; analysis and synthesis; generalization; analogy; modeling. 3. Verification and clarification of facts: criticism; clarification of the conclusions made, adjustments; the discussion of the results; experiment, testing in practice.

17 Language clichés used in the introduction: Topic The work (research, project, abstract) is devoted to a topic, problem, topical issue... The work (...) is devoted to the characteristics of the problem... The topic of the work (...) is... The work (...)... examines (what? ), is said (about what?), gives an assessment, analysis (of what?), generalizes (what?), presents a point of view (on what?), etc. And also, for example, the following verbs are used: study... identify... install... etc.

19 Relevance of the topic (problem) to which the work is devoted (research, project, abstract) This topic(problem) is of particular relevance, since... This topic (problem) is extremely relevant in last years(at the present stage)… This topic (problem) attracts the attention of many scientists (critics, teachers, etc.) In modern science The topic (which one?) becomes especially acute...

21 Main part This section should cover the topic. In the main part, usually divided into chapters, it is necessary to reveal all the points of the drawn up plan and coherently present the accumulated and analyzed material. The essence of the problem, different points of view on it, and the author’s own position of the study are outlined. It is important to ensure that the main idea put forward in the introduction permeates the entire work, and that all material is aimed at revealing the main objectives. Each section of the main part should open with a specific task and end with brief conclusions.

23 Footnotes can be in-text, interlinear and beyond-text. Intratextual Intratextual footnotes are an integral part of the main text. For example, “In a famous book...”. Footnotes Footnotes are placed under a line at the bottom of the page indicating the footnote number or some symbol. Beyond the text Footnotes are placed outside the text of the entire abstract or part of it; in this case, they should be numbered through the entire work. A shortened version of the footnote is allowed, for example: . This means that the quote was taken from page 15 of the source, which is number 7 in the list of sources and literature.

24 Conclusion In conclusion, the results of the entire work are summed up, conclusions containing clear answers to the questions posed in the purpose of the study are summarized, own generalizations are made (sometimes taking into account different points of view on the problem presented), and new things that have been obtained as a result of working on this topic are noted. . The conclusion should not exceed the introduction in volume. Should be avoided typical mistakes: passion for secondary material, avoidance of the problem, categorical and variegated presentation, poor or too scientific language, inaccurate citation, lack of references to the source.

25 Language clichés used in the conclusion: The author comes to the conclusion that... In conclusion, we can say... Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that... Analysis of the literature allowed us to identify the most reasonable point of view (which one?) From all that has been said, it follows that the most conclusive is the opinion (whose?) Based on this data, we accept the point of view (which?), etc.

26 List of information resources The list of used information resources completes the work. It records only those sources with which the author of the work (research, project, abstract) worked. The list is compiled in alphabetical order by author's last name or book title. If there are several works by the same author, their titles are arranged by year of publication. If individual pages from the book were used, they are indicated. Foreign sources (published in a foreign language) are listed at the end of the entire list.

27 The list of literature used to write the work (...) is compiled according to the following rule: - Serial number of the literary source. -Last name, initials of the author. - The full title of the book (without quotes, except if the title is a quotation). - Type of publication (Text, illustrations, electronic edition etc.). - Place (city) of publication. - Publishing house. - Year of publication – a number without the letter “g.” - Number of pages (or other information about the volume of the publication corresponding to its type).

28 An article from a collection is written as follows: - Serial number of the source. -Last name, initials of the author. - Title of the article [Type of publication] // Title of the collection: Subtitle / Editor. Compiled by - Place (city) of publication. - The year of publishing. Article from a magazine or newspaper: -Sequence number of the source. - Last name, initials of the author. - Title of the article [Type of publication] // Title of the journal. -Year of issue. - Issue number. - Article pages.

29 For example: Books: 1.Vorontsov, G.A. Fundamentals of library science and working with books [Text]: Textbook. manual for teachers and students Wed. specialist. uch. establishments. -M.: graduate School, With. 2.Lvov, Yu.A. Fundamentals of economics and business organization [Text]. SPb.: GMP “Formika”, p. 3. Organization and methodology of business meetings: Tutorial. [Text]. Kyiv: MAUP, From the encyclopedia: Gvozdetsky, N.A. Elbrus [Text] // TSB 3rd ed. - -M: T.30. P.151.

30 Journal: 1.Alexandrova, Z. Legal regulation labor of civil servants [Text] //Russian language and literature in secondary educational institutions Ukrainian SSR P. 16 – Semenov, Yu. Intransigence: Novel-chronicle [Text]//Smena P.25–32; 21. P.24 – 32; 22. pp. 24–31; 23. P.24–31; 24. pp. 24–32.

32 For example: For example: 1. Web document: Smolnikova I.A. Working notes for those introducing information technology at school. Center "Informika". [Electronic resource] 2. Teleconference: Rozina I.N. Questions for teachers providing distance learning using computer telecommunications in Russia and the USA. January 7 GROUP emissia.offline, ART 629 (18 atdhfkz 1999). 3. Electronic resource on CD: Artistic encyclopedia of foreign classical art [Electronic resource]. Electron. text, graph., Sound. Dan. and application prog. (546 MB). M.: Bolshaya Ross. encycl. [etc.], electron. wholesale disc (CD-ROM): sound, color, 12 cm + manual. user (1 sheet) + postcard (1 sheet).

33 Appendices Appendices to the abstract allow you to improve the level of work and more fully disclose the topic. Applications may include: copies of documents (indicating “photocopied from ...” or “redrawn from ...”), graphs, tables, photographs, charts, diagrams, etc. Appendices are located at the end of the abstract. The application must have a title or explanatory caption and the type of attached information - diagram, list, table, etc. The source from which the materials that served as the basis for compiling the application were taken is also reported (the literary source must be included in the list of used literature). Each appendix begins on a new sheet and is numbered so that it can be referred to in the text using parentheses, for example: (Appendix 5). The pages on which the appendices are given continue the general numbering of the text, but are not included in the total volume of the abstract.

34 Systematization of material in tabular form The table is used if it is necessary to systematize digital or text material in the form of graphs (columns), or to highlight various parameters. Basic elements of a table A table can have a title. It is written in lowercase letters (except for the first capital) and placed above the table. The title must fully reflect the contents of the table. Table column headings begin with capital letters, subheadings – with lowercase letters, if they form one sentence with the column heading. Subheadings that have independent meaning are written with a capital letter. There are no periods at the end of headings and subheadings. The main word of the title is put in the singular. Headings and subheadings of the graphs are done at one interval.

35 Design of illustrations Illustrations include graphs, diagrams, diagrams, drawings, photographs, etc. Each type of illustration must have a name consisting of the following parts placed under the illustration: 1. Conventional abbreviated name “Fig.” 2. Serial number within the work, indicated by Arabic numerals without a sign. 3. The title of the illustration, reflecting its main content. For example, Fig.3. Diagram of the management structure of OJSC "Berkut". If necessary, illustrations are provided with explanatory data (text below the figures). If only one illustration is given, then it is not numbered and the word “Fig.” they don't write. Typically, illustrations are placed after their first mention in the text.

36 Requirements for the design of the work The pages of the text and appendices of the abstract must correspond to A4 format (210x297). The volume of work should not exceed 20 - 25 pages of printed text (without attachments). If there are applications, the volume of the abstract can be expanded to pages. For text written on a computer, font size 12-14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing 1.5-2; margin size: left 30 mm, right 10 mm, top 20 mm, bottom 20 mm. The text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page to which they refer (single spaced, in a smaller font than the text).

37 All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the page number is often placed at the top center of the page; There is no page number on the title page and table of contents. Every new section(introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, appendices) starts on a new page. The distance between the section title (chapter and paragraph headings) and the following text should be equal to three spaces. The title is located in the middle of the line; there is no period at the end of the title. Hyphenations in headings are not allowed.

1. Texts of works must be verified from the point of view of lexical and stylistic literacy. 2. It is necessary to check historical dates and facts mentioned in the text using reference books and encyclopedias; surnames, first names and patronymics, dates of life of individuals; correctly use complex scientific words and expressions. 3. When using special terms and concepts, it is not necessary to provide a dictionary at the end of the work, but professional vocabulary should be used only if it is fully understood by the author of the work. 4. Applications to the work must be annotated. (captions under photographs, diagrams, maps, memories, interviews, reproductions, illustrations, etc.) Text requirements

5. When quoting individual statements, different points of view, memories, recordings of conversations, etc. It is necessary to correctly and accurately format footnotes to the original source. 6. When using any other information medium (video recording, audio cassette, letter, painting, copy, certificate, etc.), you must indicate where this primary source is stored (museum, archive indicating the fund and other output data). 7. It is imperative to indicate a complete list of sources on the basis of which the work was made this work. 8. It is imperative to indicate a list of local history and scientific literature used in this work. At the same time, it is important to competently, according to accepted standards this moment bibliographic rules (GOSTs).

40 Criteria for evaluating work Criteria for evaluating work can be both general and specific. General criteria include the following: compliance of the work with the topic, depth and completeness of the topic, adequacy of the transmission of the original source, logic, coherence, evidence, structural order (presence of an introduction, main part, conclusion, their optimal relationship), design (presence of a plan, list information sources, citation culture, footnotes, etc.); linguistic correctness.

41 Particular criteria Relate to specific structural parts of the work: introduction, main part, conclusion. Criteria for evaluating the introduction: 1. Criteria for evaluating the introduction: availability of justification for the choice of topic, its relevance; the presence of formulated problems, hypotheses, goals and objectives of the work, object and subject of research, novelty. the presence of a brief description of primary sources.

42 Criteria for assessing the main part: structuring the material into sections, paragraphs, paragraphs; the presence of headings for parts of the text and their successful formulation; problematic and versatility in the presentation of the material, highlighting the main concepts and terms in the text, their interpretation, the presence of examples illustrating theoretical positions.

44 Information resources 1. Vorontsov, G.A. Working on an abstract. [Text]. Rostov n/a: Publishing center “MarT”, p. 2. GOST “Abstract and Annotation” 3. Kalmykova, I.R. Abstract as a form of oral final certification of students in grades 9 and 11 [Text]. // Education in modern school C Interstate standard “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules of compilation" [Text] Abstract (preparation, execution and defense procedure) [Text]. //Practice administrative work at school Rozina, I.N. Registration of bibliographic references to electronic informational resources. Rostov State Pedagogical University. [Electronic resource]. 7.Shilova, O.N., Lebedeva, M.B. How to develop an effective teaching and learning package using information technologies. [Text]. M.: Intuit.ru, p.

Municipal educational institution

Gymnasium No. 80

Subject: "CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SERVICE OF HUMAN"

Completed:

Sevastyanov Gleb Evgenievich

Class 1 1 .

Scientific adviser:

Repina Tatyana Vasilievna

Chelyabinsk. 2010

Introduction 3

1. STATES OF MATTER 4

1.1.Liquid 4

1.2. Solid. 5

1.3. Gaseous. 7

1.4. Useful chemical discoveries for all humanity. 8

2.CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SERVICE OF HUMAN 11

CONCLUSION 13

References 14

APPLICATIONS

Every day we use in our lives objects and products that are not born by nature, but made by man chemical plants and factories. I noticed that every day I myself carry out chemical reactions: for example, when my mother boils an egg for me for breakfast (when heated, the protein turns from a liquid state into a solid - a raw egg becomes hard-boiled); when mom washes using detergents; when, while gluing plastic parts of a ship model, I lubricate them with acetone and the surface of the part becomes sticky. By lighting wood in a stove, mixing sand and cement with water, or slaking lime with water, we carry out real, and sometimes quite complex, chemical reactions.

As soon as a person began to prepare his own food, he, albeit unconsciously, became a chemist. The most complex chemical and biochemical processes. Cooking is a chemical process. In any living organism, various chemical reactions take place. Processes heat treatment food, animal and human respiration are based on chemical reactions. Man learned with the help of chemicals, selected in a certain proportion and transformed in a certain way into medications treat terrible diseases that killed entire nations.

It took many years and even centuries for man to use chemical processes: most chemical discoveries were made by artisans, perfumers, pharmacists and pharmacists. Some of these secrets have come down to us in old books, and some were irretrievably lost.

Many people, using chemicals, become victims of burns, suffer from explosions, etc. Knowing the conditions and characteristics of the occurrence of certain chemical reactions, this could be avoided. You can, for example, use a drop of lemon juice to dissolve limescale on the water tap, and use regular potassium permanganate to clean the pan until it shines. But for this you need, firstly, to know the properties of substances and, secondly, to be able to use these properties Understanding the essence of the chemical processes that we use every day, without thinking about it, will only benefit a person.

Purpose of my research - understand the essence and variety of chemical reactions, show the role of chemistry in Everyday life person.

To achieve this goal, I decided on the following: tasks:

1. Conduct a literature review on the topic.

2. Conduct experiments and record the results.

3. Analyze and record the state of the substance after the experiments: liquid, solid, gaseous.

4. Investigate the influence of chemical reactions on human life.

5. Assess the impact of the chemical reactions carried out on the environment.

Basic methodwhich we will use: system analysis, observation.

Imagine for a moment that your eyes have become so sharp that they can see individual atoms or molecules. Now, wherever you look, you will notice atoms or molecules that behave differently depending on the state of aggregation of the substance. Looking at gas, you will see the random movement of many particles (atoms, molecules): individual particles, continuously moving, collide with each other, bounce off to the sides, again collide with other particles - a fast, chaotic dance of atoms and molecules is tirelessly, continuously happening. Particles move randomly and liquids, although here they are placed closer together, each of them seems to strive to stay closer to its neighbors.

Particle structure in crystalline substance looks like a honeycomb or scaffolding: straight, regular, endless rows stretch to the right and left, forward and backward, up and down. But these particles do not stand still, but oscillate, as if they are shifting from one foot to another, impatiently waiting for the command “Disperse!”

However, they cannot disperse unless the crystal is heated so that it begins to melt. Under the warm rays of the spring sun, the ice heats up and melts; this destroys the structure of particles in the ice crystal, weakening the forces holding the particles in their places. The sun disappeared and it froze again: snowflakes swirled in the air and the drops froze in icicles.

Liquid

Ø Water.Humanity has long paid great attention to water, since it was well known that where there is no water, there is no life. In dry soil, grain can lie for many years and germinate only in the presence of moisture. Despite the fact that water is the most common substance, it is distributed very unevenly on Earth. On the African continent and Asia there are vast areas devoid of water - deserts. The whole country - Algeria - lives on imported water. Water is delivered by ship to some coastal areas and islands of Greece. Sometimes water costs more than wine there.

The surface of the globe is 3/4 covered with water - these are oceans, seas; lakes, glaciers. Water is found in fairly large quantities in the atmosphere, as well as in the earth's crust.

It is not very easy to imagine that a person is approximately 65% ​​water. With age, the water content in the human body decreases. In a healthy adult body, a state of water equilibrium or water balance is observed. It lies in the fact that the amount of water consumed by a person is equal to the amount of water removed from the body. Water exchange is important integral part general metabolism of living organisms, including humans. Water metabolism includes the processes of absorption of water that enters the stomach when drinking and with food, its distribution in the body, excretion through the kidneys, urinary tract, lungs, skin and intestines.

A person can live without food for about a month, and without water - only a few days. The body's reaction to a lack of water is thirst. In this case, the feeling of thirst is explained by irritation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx due to a large decrease in humidity. There is another point of view on the mechanism of formation of this sensation. In accordance with it, a signal about a decrease in the concentration of water in the blood is sent to the cells of the cerebral cortex by the nerve centers embedded in the blood vessels.

The main reserves of fresh water on Earth are concentrated in glaciers.

Crystal is solid state substances. It has a certain shape and a certain number of faces due to the arrangement of its atoms. All crystals of one substance have the same shape, although they may differ in size. There are hundreds of substances in nature that form crystals.

Mineral crystals are also formed during certain rock-forming processes. Vast amounts of hot and molten rock deep underground are actually mineral solutions. As masses of these liquid or molten rocks are pushed toward the earth's surface, they begin to cool.

They cool very slowly. Minerals turn into crystals when they change from a hot liquid to a cold solid form. For example, rock granite contains crystals of minerals such as quartz, feldspar and mica. Millions of years ago, granite was a molten mass of minerals in a liquid state. Currently, in the earth's crust there are masses of molten rocks that slowly cool and form crystals of various types.

Crystals can come in all sorts of shapes. All known crystals in the world can be divided into 32 types, which in turn can be grouped into six types. Crystals can have different sizes. Some minerals form crystals that can only be seen with a microscope. Others form crystals that weigh several hundred pounds.

Salt. Salt starvation can lead to the death of the body. The daily need for table salt for an adult is 10-15 g. In hot climates, the need for salt increases to 25-30 g.

The human body quickly reacts to salt imbalance with the appearance of muscle weakness, rapid fatigue, loss of appetite, and the development of unquenchable thirst.

Table salt has, although weak, antiseptic properties. The development of putrefactive bacteria stops only when its content is 10-45 %. This property is widely used in the food industry and in preserving food products at home.

When seawater evaporates at temperatures of 20–35 °C, the least soluble salts are released first—calcium carbonates, magnesium carbonates, and calcium sulfate. Then more soluble salts precipitate - sodium and magnesium sulfates, sodium, potassium, magnesium chlorides and after them potassium and magnesium sulfates. The order of crystallization of salts and the composition of the resulting precipitation may vary somewhat depending on temperature, evaporation rate and other conditions.

Rock salt layers are quite common in the earth's crust. Table salt is the most important raw material chemical industry. Soda, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and metallic sodium are obtained from it.

When studying the properties of soils, scientists found that, being saturated with sodium chloride, they do not allow water to pass through. This discovery was used in the construction of irrigation canals and reservoirs. If the bottom of a reservoir is covered with a layer of earth soakedNaCl, then no water leakage occurs. For this purpose, of course, technical salt is used. Builders use sodium chloride to prevent the ground from freezing in winter and turning it into hard stone. To do this, areas of soil that are planned to be removed are sprinkled thickly in the fall.NaCl. In this case, during severe frosts, these areas of the ground remain soft.

Chemists are well aware that mixing finely ground ice with table salt can create an effective cooling mixture. For example, a mixture of 30 gNaClper 100 g of ice is cooled to a temperature of -20 C 0 occurs because the aqueous salt solution freezes at subzero temperatures. Consequently, ice, which has a temperature of about 0°C, will melt in such a solution, removing heat from the environment. This property of a mixture of ice and table salt can also be successfully used by housewives.

Even at normal air pressure, many substances boil at very high low temperatures. We usually call them gases. Thus, air consists mainly of two gases - nitrogen and oxygen. Their usual gaseous state is explained by the fact that they boil at temperatures much below zero: -196 ° C (nitrogen) and -183 ° C (oxygen). Therefore, even in the coldest corners of the Earth, the temperature is above their boiling points, and therefore they remain gases. For a gas, neither its volume nor its shape are constant. A gas expands or contracts to fill the volume or shape of the container it occupies. People use gas (propane) in kitchens, when preparing food, and to heat their homes. Gas fields in Russia are concentrated mainly in the North of the country . Natural gas is found in the ground at depths ranging from 1000 meters to several kilometers. An ultra-deep well near the city New Urengoy an influx of gas was obtained from a depth of more than 6000 meters. In the depths, gas is found in microscopic voids (pores). The pores are connected to each other by microscopic channels - cracks; through these channels gas flows from the pores with high pressure into pores with lower pressure until it ends up in the well. Gas is extracted from the depths of the earth using wells. There are 24 storage facilities located in Russia natural gas. Length main gas pipelines Russia is 155 thousand km.

Ø Matches .

Creating sparks when a stone hits a piece of pyriteFeS 2and setting fire to charred pieces of wood or plant fibers with them was man's way of producing fire.

Since the methods of producing fire were imperfect and labor-intensive, a person had to constantly maintain a burning source of fire. To carry fire in ancient Rome, they used wooden sticks dipped in molten sulfur.

Devices for producing fire based on chemical reactions began to be made at the end XVIII V. At first these were wood splinters, on the tip of which potassium chlorate (Berthollet salt) was fixed in the form of a head KS1Oz) and sulfur. The head was immersed in sulfuric acid, a flash occurred and the splinter caught fire. The person was forced to store and handle unsafe sulfuric acid, which was extremely inconvenient. Nevertheless, this chemical “flint” can be considered as the progenitor of modern matches.

At the beginning of the XIX V. The German chemist Debereiner invented a more advanced, but also more complex flint. He found that a jet of hydrogen directed at spongy platinum ignites in air.

In a modern lighter, fuel is ignited under the action of a spark resulting from the combustion of the smallest particle of “flint” cut off by a gear wheel. “Flint” is a mixture of rare earth metals (lanthanides). In a finely divided state, this mixture is pyrophoric, that is, it spontaneously ignites in air, forming a spark.

There are several varieties of modern matches. According to their intended purpose, they distinguish between matches that light under normal conditions, moisture-resistant (designed to ignite after storage in humid conditions, for example in the tropics), wind matches (lighted in the wind), etc.

Since the last century, mainly aspen and less commonly linden have been used as the main raw material for making match straws. To do this, the tape is removed in a spiral from a round block of bark, cleared of bark, using a special knife, which is then chopped into matchsticks. When a match burns, it is necessary to obtain a non-smoldering ember from the straw and to hold on it the hot slag from the burnt head. The need for the latter is determined by the desire to protect the consumer from burns to clothing when exposed to hot slag. A smoldering ember from a straw naturally poses a fire hazard. To eliminate the smoldering of the straw and secure the slag from the head, the straw is impregnated with substances that form a film on its surface during combustion. Thanks to this film, the combustion of coal stops. It also secures the slag from the head. Phosphoric acid and its salt are used as antismoldering agents. (NH 4) 2HPO 4.

Ø Paper and pencils .

Documents have survived indicating that in 105 AD. e. The minister of the Chinese emperor organized the production of paper from plants with rag additives. About 800. g. such paper became widespread in China, as well as in the Middle East. The acquaintance of Europeans with paper is associated with the crusades in the Middle East - in Syria, Palestine, North Africa, organized by Western European feudal lords and the Catholic Church (the first campaign took place in 1096-1099). In the early Middle Ages (before the beginning crusades) papyrus was mainly used for writing in Europe. In Italy it was used back in XII century

Writing was known in Egypt and Mesopotamia from the end IV and beginning of III millennium BC e., i.e. long before the invention of paper. As already noted, the main predecessors of paper as a material on which writing was applied were papyrus and parchment.

Papyrus plant (Cyperuspapyrus) grows in Egypt in swampy areas near the Nile River. The stem of the plant was cleared of bark and bast, and thin strips were cut from the snow-white material. They were laid in layers lengthwise and crosswise, and then the plant juice was squeezed out of them using mechanical pressure. This juice itself has the ability to glue strips of papyrus. Later, glue made from raw hides or flour was used to hold the strips together. After drying in the sun, the resulting sheets were sanded with stone or leather. Papyrus for writing began to be made about 4,000 years ago. It is believed that the name of the paper (papiera) comes from the word papyrus.

Parchment is untreated, but freed from hair and treated with lime, animal, sheep or goat skin. Just like papyrus, parchment is a strong and durable material. Although paper is less strong and durable, it is cheaper and therefore more widely available.

To make the working part of a graphite pencil, prepare a mixture of graphite and clay with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated sunflower oil. Depending on the ratio of graphite and clay, lead of varying softness is obtained - the more graphite, the softer the lead. The mixture is stirred in a ball mill in the presence of water for 100 hours. The prepared mass is passed through filter presses and slabs are obtained. They are dried, and then a rod is squeezed out of them using a syringe press, which is cut into pieces of a certain length. The rods are dried in special devices and the resulting curvature is corrected. Then they are fired at a temperature of 1000-1100°C in mine crucibles.

The composition of colored pencil leads includes kaolin, talc, stearin (known to a wide range of people as a material for making candles) and calcium stearate (calcium soap). Stearine and calcium stearate are plasticizers. Carboxymethylcellulose is used as a binding material. This is an adhesive used for wallpapering. Here it is also pre-filled with water to swell. In addition, appropriate dyes are introduced into the leads; as a rule, these are organic substances. This mixture is mixed (rolled on special machines) and obtained in the form of thin foil. It is crushed and the resulting powder is filled into a gun, from which the mixture is syringed in the form of rods, which are cut into pieces of a certain length and then dried. To color the surface of colored pencils, the same pigments and varnishes are used that are usually used to color children's toys. The preparation of wooden equipment and its processing is carried out in the same way as for graphite pencils.

I conducted experiments in order to understand the peculiarities of chemical reactions. The results of the experiments and the characteristics of their course, as well as the starting materials, are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Summary table of results

Experience number	Starting materials	Method of influence	Result	Notes
	Sugar, ash	Set it on fire	Sugar is burning	Ash serves as a combustion catalyst (redox reaction)
	Sand, ethyl alcohol, soda, sugar	Set it on fire	3 The mixture foams	Violent neutralization reaction

1) Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 does not burn under normal conditions: if you bring a lit match to a piece of sugar, it will melt, partially char, but not burn. If you sprinkle just a little ash on a piece of sugar and bring the fire back up, the sugar will light up with a bluish-yellow flame with a slight crackling sound. I tried it and was convinced!

The essence of the changes in the behavior of sugar is that ash containing carbonates alkali metals, serves as a catalyst for the combustion of this substance. It is believed that the main role here is played by lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3 . Sugar burns and turns into carbon dioxide and water.

2) Sweet sugar can turn into a “black viper” if you pour 3-4 tablespoons of dry sifted river sand into a plate and make a slide out of it with a depression on top, soak the sand ethyl alcohol, and then put into the depression of the slide a mixture of 1 tablespoon of powdered sugar and 1 teaspoon, well ground in a mortar baking soda and set fire to this mixture. After 2-3 minutes, black balls appeared on the surface of the mixture, and a black liquid appeared at the base. When almost all the alcohol has burned, the mixture turns black, and a wriggling thick black snake with a “collar” of burning alcohol slowly crawls out of the sand. In the flame of burning alcohol, sugar melts and chars, and carbon dioxide released from soda swells and moves the burning mass. The combustion residue is sodium carbonate mixed with tiny particles of coal.

3) This experience was known to me for a long time, this is what my mother did when she baked cakes and cookies: she extinguished the baking soda with vinegar. The neutralization reaction proceeds very rapidly!

CONCLUSION

Nature conservation is the task of our century. Human impact on environment has assumed alarming proportions. Even according to moderate global warming models, small glaciers (and they make up the vast majority) have no chance of recovery. Melting glaciers is one of the most important aspects of the climate change problem. This will compromise the quality drinking water for almost 2 billion people. In addition, sea levels will rise. Thus, according to forecasts provided by the UN, up to 80% of the Himalayan glaciers may melt over the next 30 years.

The relevance of environmental issues is no longer in doubt. Within environmental problems chemical processes in the gas phase (atmospheric chemistry) and in aqueous solutions(chemistry of the hydrosphere), crystallization (chemistry of the lithosphere), as well as mutual transformations of compounds of some chemical elements with the transition from one state of aggregation to another (the cycle of elements in nature).

Despite their apparent diversity, almost all inorganic materials (besides metals) are oxygen compounds of silicon or calcium salts. This is not surprising when you consider that oxygen and silicon make up three-quarters of the Earth's crust, and calcium is the most abundant reactive metal. Therefore, it is imperative to pay attention to the composition, structure, properties and areas of application of these substances, which are used not only in construction and in everyday life, but also in the creation of works of art.

The number of drugs is constantly increasing household chemicals. Proper use of chemicals in the household requires an understanding of their properties.

Conclusion: Understanding the essence of the chemical processes that we encounter in everyday life brings only benefits to a person.

1. Brief chemical encyclopedia. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1961 – 1967. T. I - V.

2. Betekhtin A.G. Mineralogy. – M.: State. Publishing house of geological literature, 1950.

3.Butt Yu.M., Duderov G.N., Matveev M.A.General technologysilicates. – M.: Gosstroyizdat, 1962.

4. Fast G.P. Match production technology. – M.–L.: Goslesbumizdat, 1961.

5. Kozmal F. Paper production in theory and practice. – M.: Forestry industry, 1964.

6. Kukushkin Yu.N. Higher order connections. – L.: Chemistry, 1991.

7. Kulsky L.A., Dal V.V.The problem of clean water. – Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1974.

8.Losev K.S. Water, - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989.

9.Tedder J., Nekhvatal A., Jubb A. Industrial organicchemistry. - M.: Mir, 1977.

10. Chalmers L. Chemicals in everyday life and industry - L.: Chemistry, 1969.

11. Online news publications. (2010)

General requirements for the design of an abstract Abstract volume - from 10 to 15 pages Font size - mm Line spacing - 1.5 - 2 Margin size: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top and bottom - 20 mm

General requirements for the presentation of an abstract Each new section begins on a new page. The distance between the section title and the following text should be equal to three spaces. The heading is located in the center of the line; there is no dot at the end of the heading.

Title page Top field - full name of the educational institution Middle field - name of the topic without the words “topic”, lower in the center of the title - section name in quotation marks Right field - student’s full name, class, below - full name, position of the head Bottom field - city and year of implementation work

Municipal educational institution "Secondary school 94" 13 NPK "School, science, intelligence" Reflection of the theme of love and hate in Eminem's songs (SECTION "Foreign Philology") Performed by: Subchev Nikolay Vyacheslavovich, student of 11 "A" class Supervisor: Tsaruk Alla Petrovna , teacher foreign language Kemerovo 2010

Contents Introduction 3 1. Historical features... Conclusion 18 References 21 Appendices 22

Goal: presentation, justification, consideration ... of the problem Tasks: Consider the issue (the content of the theory) ... Compare different points of view on ... Describe (illuminate) the state of the problem ... State the results scientific research... Justify (prove) a point of view (idea, theory, concept) ... Summarize ... Present the points of view of different scientists on ...

Citation and references Ancient wisdom says: “Tell me - and I will forget, show me - and I will remember, let me act on my own - and I will learn.” According to A. Einstein, space and time are relative, they depend on the speed of movement of the reference system

Conclusion Clear, concise, following from the main part The work is summed up, conclusions are formulated (possible according to sections of the main part) Attention to the fulfillment of the goals and objectives set in the introduction Indicates prospects for further development of this topic, recommendations Personal significance of the work done

Bibliographic description of documents Entry under the name of the author 1. Gubarev, V. K. Secrets of geographical names [Text]: reference book / V. K. Gubarev. – M.: Nauka, – 399 p., ill. 2. Gubarev, V.K. Secrets of geographical names [Text]: an erudite book / V.K. Gubarev, E.M. Zhdanov. – M.: Nauka, – 399 p., ill.

Bibliographic description of documents Entry entitled 1. Famous Russian artists [Text]: biographical dictionary / comp. E. F. Makarova. – St. Petersburg: ABC, – 400 p. 2. Encyclopedia for children. T.4. Geology [Text] / chapter. ed. M. D. Aksenov. – M.: Avanta+, – 688 p.

Bibliographic description of documents Record of an article from a periodical, book 1. Anisimov, N.V. Peter I and his time [Text] / N.V. Anisimov // Questions of history. – – 2. – P.63 – Egyptian culture [Text] // History of world culture: a schoolchild’s reference book / ed. T. N. Kovshova. – M.: Slovo, – S

Bibliographic description of documents Electronic resource Artistic encyclopedia of foreign classical art [Electronic resource]. – M.: Bolshaya Ross. encyclopedia, – 1 electron. wholesale disk (CD-ROM).– (Interactive world). Internet resource

Criteria for evaluating the work Relevance and originality of the choice of topic, practical significance Volume and completeness of the topic, independence of judgment Structure, quality of design, style of presentation Completeness of the literature used, citation, argumentation Defense

How to properly format a research paper

and prepare for the conference

The research is completed. Now it is necessary to prepare it correctly, observing all the requirements and prepare for a presentation at a conference at which schoolchildren will introduce their work to those present.

Correct registration of completed work will provide the speaker with half the success at the conference. Therefore, we can recommend that students and their leaders adhere to the following rules:

1. Before you begin writing and formatting your work, carefully read the Terms and Conditions of the Competition or Conference in which you want to take part.

2. Please note that the research paper must have a certain volume, be written in a certain font, and maintain spacing.

3. Check the text of the work from the point of view of lexical and stylistic literacy of presentation, removing unnecessary repetitions, false solemnity, pathos, and emotionality.

4. Check reference books and encyclopedias for historical dates and facts mentioned in the text, surnames, first names and patronymics, dates of life of individuals, etc.

5. Applications to the work must be annotated. Make the necessary captions for drawings, diagrams, photographs, etc.

6. When quoting individual statements, different points of view, memories, it is necessary to correctly formulate references to the source: indicate the author of the statement in round brackets, the year, or in square brackets - the number of the source in the list of references. When using any other medium of information (video recording, audio cassette, letter, certificate, etc.), it is necessary to indicate where this primary source is stored (museum, state or personal archive, indicating the fund and other output data).

7. Competently arrange the work, highlighting the introduction, description of the study and conclusion.

Structure research work

· Title page

· Table of contents

· Introduction

· Main chapters

· Conclusion

· Applications

Title pageis the first page of a research paper and is filled out according to strictly defined rules.

The full name of the conference is indicated in the top field.

In the middle field is the title of the work, which is given without the word “topic” and is not enclosed in quotation marks. There is no period after the title.

Please note that when formulating the topic of the work, it is necessary to reflect the problem raised in the study itself. You should not use quotes or epithets from fiction for this purpose.

The lower field indicates the place where the work was performed and the year it was written (without the word “year”).

Table of contentsmust contain the headings of all chapters of the work, paragraphs and the page numbers from which they begin. The headings in the table of contents should exactly match the headings in the text. You cannot shorten them or give them in a different wording or sequence compared to the headings in the text. All headings begin with a capital letter; there is no period at the end of the heading. The last word of each heading is connected by an accent to its corresponding page number in the right column of the table of contents.

Introductionrepresents an important part of the work, since it contains in a concise form all the provisions the study is devoted to justifying. The introduction should consistently consist of the following parts: justification of the topic, its relevance.

The relevance of the topic is an explanation of why it is advisable to address this topic right now, what is the scientific and practical necessity, and what is the state of modern scientific ideas about the subject of research.

Justification of the relevance of the topic should be followed by consideration the degree of scientific development of the problem. Here it is necessary to list past and contemporary researchers who have studied this problem from various angles, and to indicate insufficiently covered points. An appeal to this particular topic can be justified, for example, by its insufficient research. Here you need to demonstrate that you are well-versed in the topic and master the material.

After considering the degree of scientific development of the problem, a smooth logical transition to the purpose of the research is carried out.

Purpose of the study – this is his final desired result, a solution to a scientific problem, what should ultimately be achieved. Don't confuse goals and objectives.

Research objectives - these are ways to achieve a goal. The formulation of research objectives is necessary to specify the objectives of the study. Tasks can be aimed at identifying, analyzing, generalizing, justifying, developing, individual components of the overall problem. It is necessary to remember that the listing of tasks sets the plan and internal logic of the text of the entire work.

For example, Topic of work: Partisan movement of the Ulyanovsk region (according to the memoirs of contemporaries). Purpose of the work: Show the history of partisan detachments on the Ulyanovsk land based on the memories of contemporaries. Objectives: 1) identify and summarize the literature relating to partisan detachments in the Ulyanovsk region; 2) identify archival documents, letters, memoirs on the topic under consideration; 3) find participants and eyewitnesses of those events; 4) write down memories; 5) analyze, based on published and unpublished memoirs, the history of partisan detachments in the Ulyanovsk region.

Legislative (decisions, resolutions, orders, etc.)

Unpublished (archival documents (paperwork documents) - indicating the full name of the archive, funds, types of documents; memoir sources - memories collected by you; epistolary - letters)

Main partThe volume of work should be approximately 70% of the total text and be consistent in its structure with the plan. Here the progress of the research is described in detail, intermediate results are justified and analyzed. The fundamental requirements for the main part are evidence, consistency, and the absence of unnecessary, optional and cluttering material in the text.

The text should be divided into large (chapters) and small (paragraphs) parts. The division of work into large parts is dictated by the internal logic of the work. For example, if a chapter is divided into paragraphs, the latter should not duplicate each other in meaning, but in their total they should completely exhaust the content of the chapter as a whole. Chapters and paragraphs should be titled so that the title exactly matches the content of the text, but should not contain unnecessary words.

When numbering chapters and paragraphs, Roman and Arabic numerals are used.

Text formatting is one of the most important stages of work.

Cardinal numbers written in numbers if they are multi-valued and in words if they are single-valued

Ordinals written in numbers if they appear after a noun (for example, in Chapter 1, captains of the 1st and 2nd ranks, 3rd round).

Abbreviations: city – city, year, years. – year(s), in. – century, centuries – centuries.

Dates. Written in numbers. For example, 1941; 1941–1945; 1940s, 1930s – 1940s; 40s of XX century. Centuries are written in Roman numerals: XVIII century; V late XIX- early 20th century

In the text prerequisite is presence of footnotes on the literature or source used. The given facts, dates, quotes must have a footnote. Footnotes are formatted as follows: the following operations should be performed sequentially on the panel: “insert” – “link” – “footnote” – “footnotes at the bottom of the page or at the end of the document”.

Footnotes to archival documents should be formatted as follows:

The full name of the archive (in the first case) and the short name, number of the fund, inventory, file, sheet. The type of document is not written in the footnote, but is written in the text of the work. For example. In the text you write: In the registry book of the Nikitsky Church in Kaluga there is a record of death on May 23, 1898 from pneumonia1.

The footnote reads: State Archives of the Kaluga Region (GAKO). F. 33. Op. 4. D. 56. L. 23 rev.–24.

If the footnote is at the end of a sentence, the number of the footnote is placed before the period (for example, In 1795, my son Ivan1 was born.)

If in the notes to the text there are consecutive references to the same source or work, then from the second case it is written: “Ibid” (for example: 1GAKO. F. 33. Op. 4. D. 564. L. 23ob.– 24. 2 Ibid.)

If in the text you refer more than once to the same work, then a full bibliographic description is given only the first time. (for example, in the first case – Malinin’s historical guide to Kaluga and the main centers of the province. Kaluga, 1992. P. 23. in subsequent cases – Malinin’s work. P. 56).

In the work, one should avoid speaking in the first person (I, in my work), should (in this study, in this work, the author came to a conclusion, we draw a conclusion, in the conclusion it is necessary/should be noted, etc.).

It is very important that each paragraph and chapter ends with a conclusion. The ability to draw a conclusion based on an analysis of sources and literature is of great importance when evaluating work.

The research text must be justified. Headings are “centered” and can be highlighted in “bold” font.

Conclusion -the smallest part in volume, but of particular importance, since this is where the final results of the study should be presented. Here it is necessary to bring together all the conclusions in the work, correlate the findings with goals and objectives, show how much goals and objectives were achieved, note the practical significance of the study, and outline problems and tasks for the future. If necessary, thank those who assisted in the work.

List of sources and literature should be built as follows:

I Sources

State Archive of the Kaluga Region (GAKO). F. 32. Op. 4. D. 68, 89, 789; F. 62. Op. 2. D. 15; Op. 5. D. 56, 78, 901.

State Archives of the Kuibyshevsky District. F. 44. Op. 1. D. 18, 19, 22, 45; Op.2. D. 10, 19; F. 71. Op. 1. D. 56; Op. 4. D. 34, 35, 40.

School Museum of Military Glory. Fixed assets, inv. No. 125. Letters from the front.

Kaluga region: Documents and materials. Book Four / Comp. ; Preface to ch. . Tula, 1987.

War through the eyes of children. Collection of documents / Comp. , etc. Kaluga, 1993.

II Literature

Literature should be placed in alphabetical order (by author's last name) in accordance with the rules of bibliographic description. The description can be made in full or short form. For example, full form: Malinin historical guide to Kaluga and the main centers of the province. – Kaluga: Golden Alley, 1992.

Short form: Malinin historical guide to Kaluga and the main centers of the province. Kaluga, 1992.

You can use any method in your work. The main thing is to maintain uniformity.

Examples of bibliographic descriptions:

Please note that you must indicate the author and title of the article.

Proshkin of ancient Russian settlements of the Upper Poochya // Questions of archeology, history, culture and nature of the Upper Poochya: Materials IX conference March 21–23, 2001 Part 1. Kaluga, 2001. pp. 34–42.

Applications. This is where auxiliary or Additional materials, which clutter the text of the work (diagrams, drawings, developments, photographs).

On each sheet of the application there must be the word "Appendix" I", "Appendix II"

If an application uses more than one material, make a list of applications, numbered in Roman numerals.

Upon finalization number all pages, including appendices. Page numbering begins with the title page, but pages are written starting with the introduction. This will be page 3.

Requirements for the report (defense of research work).

The report at the conference should not be an exact repetition of the presented written work. There are also certain requirements:

1. The duration of the report should not exceed 10 minutes (this is 2-3 pages of printed text).

2. Illustrative material should be spectacular, compact, and easy to transport. If you have video materials, you must take into account that their demonstration is included in the same 10 minutes of the report.

3. Display of originals is not allowed! Replace them with well-made photographs and photocopies.

4. When defending the work orally, the student must clearly outline the purpose and objectives of the research, give brief description sources, determine research methods and techniques. Present to the audience and jury the most significant provisions of your research, emphasizing your personal contribution to the problem under study, report the final result and prospects of the research.

5. Think in advance about possible questions that may be asked of the speaker and prepare answers to them.

6. When answering a question, concentrate all your knowledge and try to show it.

Take an active part in the work of the section: listen carefully to the reports and recommendations of the section leaders, ask questions to the participants. When correct organized work After the presented material, the expert group organizes a discussion among schoolchildren. The commission usually encourages the guys to be active.

Repeated participation in conferences and competitions activates the mechanisms of work, knowledge, and communication. This not only increases the overall organization and effectiveness of education, but also accelerates the achievement of its goals related to multilateral development and the formation of attitudes towards the surrounding nature.

By involving students in the search for something new, contests and competitions enhance cognitive interest and, based on scientific and creative work, develop elements of patriotic education.

And whatever the results, in them, as in any other products of children's activities, the attitude towards history, culture and nature, formed by upbringing and activity, finds a clear expression. This relationship is relatively easy to see in external signs behavior, which becomes especially striking in conditions of competitive activity.

While studying in high school and higher education institutions, you will inevitably be faced with the need to write a research paper - essentially, conduct research into various scientific, technical or social aspects of a particular phenomenon. If you have never done this before, the task may seem difficult to you. However, it's not all that scary! Research the topic, find reliable sources, and develop a thesis statement. Then make a plan and start writing your paper. Make sure you have enough time to proofread your research paper. Checking the document is very important if, of course, you want your work to be considered one of the best.

Steps

Choosing a theme

Ask yourself important questions about the work ahead. You may have to work within the confines of a clearly defined assignment, but even so, you still need to choose a topic for the work. This is the very first and most important step. Whether your topic is something you dream about at night or something you're less interested in, the next thing you need to consider is whether there is enough material available on the topic. Perhaps this topic is new and little-researched, which will allow you to express your own opinion in a research paper? Would this be appropriate in the context of the assignment?

Choose a topic that you like. If you have the opportunity, choose a topic that interests you. If you conduct research on a topic that you yourself care about, this will have a more than positive effect on the quality of your work.

Be original. If you are writing a research assignment for a teacher, think about other students as well. Maybe they will also write about the same topic as you? How can you then make your work unique and stand out?

Listen to advice. If you find it difficult to choose the “appropriate” topic, then ask your teacher or classmates for advice. They'll probably have an idea or two that you'll really like! Well, if you don’t like them, they can inspire you and give you food for thought, which is also useful. Of course, asking a teacher for help may not be very convenient, but, in fact, it is in their interests that you successfully complete the task! In other words, teachers will help you.

Don't be afraid to change the subject. If you have chosen a topic, started researching and suddenly realized that it “doesn’t work” - don’t fall into despair! Even after you start working on your research, oddly enough, you may change the topic. Yes, you will lose some time, and some of the work will be in vain, but still.

Conduct empirical research. If possible, turn to good old empirical research. What is this? Imagine an article or book written by a recognized expert on the subject you are researching, which has been read and approved by other experts on the subject you are researching. Such materials can be found in scientific journals or online.

Check out the library. Local science Library waiting for you, no joke! This, of course, is an old-fashioned method, but you should not treat it with disdain - libraries are full of useful materials! Don’t be afraid to ask librarians for help, because, after all, their job is to help library patrons.

Look for materials online. Please note that clicking on the first three links received in response to the first request is not the path of wisdom when writing a research paper. Evaluate the suitability of the found materials critically, do not rush, first read everything that the search engine finds for you, only then draw conclusions. Websites, blogs and forums are not the most reliable sources of information, after all.

• In general, sites in the .edu, .gov, or .org domains can be trusted because they are sites from schools, government, or organizations related to the topic you are researching.
• Vary your search query to get different results. If nothing is found, then you need to change the request - it is quite possible that it does not intersect in any way with the headings of the articles that would be useful to you.

1. Use scientific databases. There are special search engines and scientific databases in which thousands of scientific articles, magazines and books. Yes, many of these resources are paid, but there are always ways to get free access.

   Be creative! If you find a book that's perfect for you, take the time to rack your brain and open the bibliography - there you can find dozens more great books on your topic!

Preparing a draft version

Write an annotation. Once you have collected all your research materials, print them out (if they were obtained from online sources) and mark down everything you need to write your paper. This step is extremely important: read the found material, make appropriate notes and notes, underline the main facts and statements. You can write both on printouts and on, say, stickers attached to the pages.

• Work with care and passion at this stage in order to make your task easier in the future, and very close at that. Mark everything that may be useful to you!
• Feel free to add your comments to the highlighted fragments so as not to get confused later. Write down your thoughts about how this or that fragment can be used.

1. Organize your materials. The annotation process can take a lot of time, but this is not the end - you need to put your materials in order so that later your work will be simpler and easier. In this case, it would be appropriate to divide everything into categories-topics. For example, when analyzing a well-known literary work, you can use the heroes of the work, a list of references to certain plot points, the symbolism of the text, and so on as themes.

   • It's a good idea to write everything out on separate sheets or cards - this will make it easier for you to re-categorize them.
   • It is also useful to work with flowers. If you assign a separate color to each category, it will be easier to work. For example, highlight everything related to the heroes of the work in green, and everything related to the plot in orange.

2. Prepare a preliminary list of references. When working with materials, do not forget to write down the authors, year of publication, publisher, number of pages and, most importantly, the very page on which you found the necessary information. This will make your life much easier in the future.

   Determine the purpose of writing your work. Generally speaking, there are two types of research papers. Each of them requires a special approach, which should be taken into account at the stage of preparing the draft version.

   • Discussion research paper takes as a basis any controversial issue or argues in favor of a particular point of view. Of course, the problem must be initially controversial, but in such a way that opponents can provide logical counterarguments.
   • Analytical research work offers a fresh perspective on something as a basis important issue. The topic may not be controversial, but you should try to convince your audience that your ideas have merit. In these works, it is appropriate to present your own unique ideas based on the researched material.

3. Decide what audience your work is intended for. Who will read it? Will it be published? It is very important that your work reflects its readership, so to speak. If you are writing an article for scientific journal, then there is no need to explain the basics - write about the new things you found. The opposite is also true - if your article is intended for those who are not very well versed in the subject, then you should explain everything and anything, giving examples and comments.

   Write a preliminary thesis statement based on the purpose of the research paper. The thesis acts as the overall thought of your work, making a statement about a particular issue, then providing reasons in favor of this statement. At this stage, sketch out only a preliminary thesis of your work (1-2 sentences, no more), because it may change during the research process. Remember that all your research work should be related to the thesis, and therefore it is extremely important to state the thesis quite clearly.

   • A thesis is, in general, the very question to which your work is devoted to finding an answer. What is it? Which hypothesis do you want to confirm or refute? Let’s say the question is: “How does socio-cultural destigmatization increase the chances of successful treatment of mental illness? “From here you can derive a thesis - and it will be the answer you received to this question. Just like that - easy, simple and elegant.
   • The thesis should express the main idea of ​​the work, but should not include arguments for or against, nor should it include a restatement of your entire work. A thesis is simply a statement, and not a list of arguments, which, by and large, is the article itself.

4. Identify the main questions of the article. Actually, while working on an article, you will need to provide answers to the questions that you consider the most important (in the context of the topic under study, of course). Here we can only advise one thing - go back to all your found materials and rough sketches, and see what questions run through them as a red thread. Think about what you can write a whole paragraph about, or even more? Which of your ideas are confirmed by many objective facts? Write down your main questions on paper, and then write down all the related materials under each question.

   • At this stage, the order in which the material is presented is important. Place your most “killer” conclusions or questions at the beginning of the article, and more controversial ones - closer to the end.
   • It is not at all necessary to limit yourself to the “1 main point - one paragraph of text” scheme, especially if you are writing a serious study. The main ideas can be presented in as much text as you deem necessary.

5. Don't forget about formatting requirements. Depending on the type of article you are writing, different formatting requirements may apply to it. You can find out more about this from the person who gave you the task. Remember that formatting requirements may change the way you prepare the final version of your article.

   Finish the draft. Taking into account everything we have told you about, prepare a draft version of the article. Don't forget about alignment, indentations and everything like that. The draft is a summary of your article in list format. By the way, don’t forget to add all relevant quotes to this list so you don’t waste time searching for them later.

Preparing the final version

Start working on the text of the article. Of course, it may seem strange to you that we do not advise you to start by working on the introduction, but there is a reason for this - it is much easier to write an introduction based on almost finished article. Start by describing everything that supports your thesis. You can slightly change ideas and comments and manipulate them.

• For every statement you make, you must provide evidence. Your work is research, and therefore facts, facts and only facts - and no idle speculation.
• Give succinct, detailed comments. If you express opinions without supporting them with facts, it will be bad. However, if you give facts but do not explain why and how, then again this is not the path of wisdom. Of course, your desire to overwhelm your readers with facts is understandable, but take care to explain everything using comments.
• It is better not to use long and direct quotes. The point of your work, even if it is called research, is to show the world your own thoughts on the topic under study. If the quotation is not absolutely necessary, it is better to make do with indirect speech and its subsequent analysis.
• The transition from point to point should be smooth. Your research paper should read, figuratively speaking, smoothly. Make sure that the transition from paragraph to paragraph is easy and simple for readers.

1. Write the conclusion. Now that you have thoroughly worked through your work, write a conclusion that briefly describes all the information you found, which is conclusive. Start with an initial thesis, then remind the reader of the points you made as you go. Develop your topic slowly and end on a broad note by describing the results of your research.

   • The purpose of the inference is to answer the question, “So what?” Make sure that the reader learns something new from reading your work.
   • It will be better if you write the conclusion before the introduction. First of all, it is easier to write a conclusion when all the information is still fresh in your mind. Moreover, it is advisable to use all your vocabulary in the conclusion, and then simply paraphrase everything previously stated in the introduction. That's exactly how it is, and not the other way around. This will leave a lot best experience on the reader.

2. Write an introduction. The introduction, by and large, is the opposite of the conclusion, and it is even written the other way around. Start with a broader idea and then move on to your specific topic. Avoid repeating phrases that you used in your output.

   Prepare a clean copy. When your work has been checked and double-checked, and the formatting meets all the relevant requirements, and in general everything that could be done has already been done, there is only one thing left, namely preparing the final copy. Read your entire article again. If you need to make any changes, make them, even if it concerns the font, the distance between lines and margins. If necessary, prepare title page, list of used literature and so on. These are the final steps for your work. And be sure, be sure to make several copies of your work - both paper and electronic!

• As you conduct your research, pay attention to important topics, questions and key issues. Try to concentrate your efforts in detail on a specific topic that interests you, rather than trying to explore several issues at once in general terms.
• Don't wait until the last minute to get started!
• Do everything on time.