International etiquette and diplomatic protocol. Diplomatic conversation and correspondence
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION ...................................................... .. ....................................................... .3
1.History of etiquette ............................................................... ....... .............................. .......4
2. State symbols .......................................... ......... ..................... ....nine
3. The concept of diplomatic protocol .......................................................... ....thirteen
4. The value of diplomatic etiquette .............................................. ...................... ........ fifteen
5. Forms of visits in the diplomatic protocol .............................................. 19
6. Specific concepts in diplomacy ........................ ........................ ..... 23
CONCLUSION............... .............................. .... ......................................... 29
LIST OF USED SOURCES .......................................................30
INTRODUCTION
The concepts of protocol and etiquette are applicable not only in relation to diplomacy. The fundamental points of this knowledge have long become an integral part of successful business. The benefits of a good command of etiquette and protocol skills have become obvious, since they form a link between foreign and Russian companies and help to negotiate with the authorities at the proper level.
Court etiquette gave rise to diplomatic etiquette, since it was at the royal courts that foreign embassies were received. In the early Middle Ages, the ceremonial of international communication in Europe was decisively influenced by the solemn and magnificent rituals of the Byzantine Empire, which aimed to convince of the power of their country, to demonstrate its wealth, strength and superiority. Later, when issues of primacy began to play an important role at court, it became necessary to clearly define the place of each diplomat and, accordingly, his country in the general ceremonial. The diplomat had to be even more punctual and strict in observing all etiquette rules than the rest of the courtiers, since he represented not so much himself as his country. Gradually, in order to avoid conflicts that could flare up due to real or imaginary insults, the forms of official contacts between representatives of different states become more and more regulated and remain so in our time. The diplomatic protocol, which contributed to the prevention of disputes between representatives of states, was officially approved in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, where it was decided to receive ambassadors by the date and hour of their presentation or alphabetically. This made it possible to eliminate the assumption of preference for one side or the other.
1. History of etiquette
The culture of communication between people is based on the observance of certain rules that have been developed by man for thousands of years. Since the late Middle Ages, these rules have been called etiquette.
Etiquette (translated from French - label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of a person's relationship to people. This refers to the treatment of others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in public places, manners and clothing.
Consciously cultivating the rules that govern external forms behavior of etiquette, a number of researchers refer to the period of antiquity ( Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). It was at this time that the first attempts to specifically teach people beautiful behavior were observed. The very “beautiful behavior” at that time practically coincided with the virtues of ancient man, with his ideas about morality and citizenship. The combination of beautiful and moral was denoted by the ancient Greeks by the concept of “kalokagathia” (Greek “ear” - beautiful, “agatos” - good). The basis of kalokatiya was the perfection of both bodily constitution and spiritual and moral warehouse, along with beauty and strength, it contained justice, chastity, courage and reasonableness. In this sense, in antiquity there was no etiquette as the actual external form of manifestation of human culture, since there was no very opposition of external and internal (ethical and moral). The main thing for the ancient Greeks was to live wisely, simply according to the precepts of their ancestors and the laws of the state, avoiding excesses and extremes. The most important principles that determined their strategy of behavior were the principles of “reasonableness” and “golden mean”.
The first printed codes of etiquette appeared in the 15th century. in Spain, from where it quickly spread to other Western European countries.
The concept of “etiquette” began to enter the Russian language at the beginning of the 18th century. True, even in the era of Ivan the Terrible, the “Domostroy” written by Sylvester appeared, a kind of code of rules that citizens should be guided by in their behavior and attitude towards secular authorities, the church, etc. But all etiquette was reduced to obedience to the domestic despot, whose will determined the specific rules of behavior for each household member. The unlimited power of the head of the family was a reflection of the same unlimited power along the ascending line - the boyar, governor, tsar.
Etiquette in pre-Petrine Russia assigned a very modest role to women. Before Peter 1, a woman rarely appeared between men, and then only for a few minutes.
In the turbulent era of Peter 1, the way of life of the Russian people changed dramatically. Special guidelines were created for young nobles: they specified in detail how to behave in society. So, in 1717, by order of Peter 1, the book “An Honest Mirror of Youth, or Punishment for Worldly Treatment, Collected from Different Authors” was published. This book was compiled from numerous Western European codes of civil etiquette. Accordingly, at the court, and then in general with the nobility, some elements of Western European, mainly English etiquette came into use, especially in clothing, in raising children.
In certain periods of the history of tsarist Russia, the abuse of etiquette merged with servile admiration for foreigners, with contempt for national traditions and folk customs.
In aristocratic Western Europe, the severity of court etiquette sometimes led to curious situations. One day, the French king Louis 13 went to talk about business with Cardinal Richelieu when he was ill and could not get out of bed. Then Louis, whose royal dignity could not allow him to talk to a lying subject, sitting or standing, lay down with him. And the Spanish monarch Philip III preferred to burn himself in front of the fireplace, rather than extinguish it himself.
In many countries, court etiquette has been brought in some of its part to obvious absurdity, and sometimes turns into open stupidity. Now it is amusing to read, for example, to what height it was possible for a woman to raise the hem of her dress, crossing the threshold, and ladies of different ranks had an unequal opportunity to show their legs.
The ceremonial of balls, dinners, greetings of the royal person was especially difficult. In old chronicles, one could often find descriptions of quarrels, and even the outbreak of war due to the violation of some petty rule of etiquette.
In the 18th century our mission in China collapsed because the Russian envoy refused to kneel before the emperor, in the manner required by the etiquette of the Peking court. In 1804, Adam Krusenstern, who delivered the Russian embassy to Nagasaki with ships, described with indignation the behavior of the Dutch. When a high-ranking Japanese appeared, they bent in an inclination at a right angle, stretching their arms at their sides. After failing to get the Russians to lean in the same manner, the Japanese no longer bothered them in this regard. And again, our ancestors had to leave with nothing because of their unwillingness to observe stupid, in their opinion, rules of etiquette.
For many centuries, each nation has contributed its own specifics, its own national flavor to the development of etiquette. Most of the customs remain national treasure. But some were adopted by other peoples.
From Scandinavia came the custom now accepted all over the world, according to which the most honorable place at the table is given to the guest.
In knightly times, it was considered good form for ladies and their gentlemen to sit at the table in pairs. They ate from the same plate and drank from the same glass. This custom has now become a tradition.
Removing the headdress as an etiquette gesture is common mainly in Europe. Muslims, Jews and representatives of some other nations did not bare their heads for etiquette purposes. This difference has long been recognized among the most remarkable distinguishing features of European and Eastern peoples. One of the plots widespread in medieval Europe told how Turkish ambassadors appeared to Ivan the Terrible, a sovereign known for his cruelty, who, according to their custom, did not take off their hats in front of him. The sovereign decided to “strengthen” their custom and ordered them to nail their hats to their heads with iron nails.
And yet, a significant part of normal etiquette arose on the basis of universal moral and aesthetic needs. So, the ability to control oneself is the most important feature of etiquette. Indeed, as civilization develops, etiquette turns into one of the forms of curbing the natural instincts and passions of man. Other common norms of etiquette meet the urgent need for cleanliness, tidiness, i.e. in human hygiene. The third rule requires the beauty of people's communication, the expediency of their actions.
Ethics partially reflects the ancient traditional forms veneration of a woman, an ancestor. Almost everywhere she was given flowers, wreaths, fruits as a symbol of beauty and fertility. To bare one's head in front of a woman, to stand in her presence, to give way to her and to show her all sorts of signs of attention - these rules were not invented in the era of chivalry, they are manifestations of the ancient cult of a woman.
Since there have been people, they have sought to satisfy not only their simplest needs - to eat, drink, dress, have a roof over their heads. People sought to satisfy them in a form that was considered beautiful and pleasant. A person has never been content with the fact that clothes only warm, and any household item is only needed for something. The pursuit of beauty in life is an essential human need. Therefore, we can rightfully talk about the culture of clothing, relations between people.
The rules of etiquette are very specific and aimed at regulating the external form of communication, they give recommendations for behavior in predetermined situations. The rules of etiquette determine how a person communicates with other people, what are his demeanor, gestures, greetings, table manners, etc.
2. State symbols
There are more than two hundred sovereign states on Earth, and each has its own symbols, often reflecting the national ideas or religious beliefs of the inhabitants, or, for objective historical reasons, having one form or another.
There is a verbal or verbal form of designation of the state - this is its name. And there is its symbolic designation - this is its coat of arms and flag. There is a musical designation of the state - this is its anthem.
Russia has a long history, and for many centuries had its own state symbols. The double-headed eagle personified our state from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 20th. It was a symbol of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Moscow kingdom, the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic in 1917 and the RSFSR before the adoption of a new coat of arms. There are documents dated 17 and 18 years signed by Lenin with a seal with a double-headed eagle. The white-blue-red flag has been a symbol of Russia since the 17th century, when, under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, white-blue-red flags were made for the first Russian warship Oryol. Thus, just as our state retains its historical name Russia, so in 1991 it was decided to restore the historical state symbols of our state. Russia is a country that does not remember its history, which at each stage of its development should come up with new state symbols. And we should preserve with dignity our historical memory, which is largely expressed in state symbols.
National emblem.
The coat of arms is one of the main symbols of state sovereignty. It decorates buildings on official government residences, is placed on official government letterheads and documents. Respect for the emblem is on a par with the national flag and anthem. Any form of disrespect for the state emblem is offensive and is punishable by law in many countries.
In Russia, the image of a two-headed eagle with three historical crowns of Peter the Great is adopted as the state emblem. Regulations on the State Emblem Russian Federation approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2050 of November 30, 1993.
As a rule, in most countries there are certain restrictions and rules for using the image of the state emblem on letterheads or in other cases. This is the prerogative of the official state power.
Their coats of arms exist not only in states, but also in individual cities, state bodies, state entities. Individual firms and individuals. As for individuals, the presence of a family coat of arms in the practice of many countries indicates the antiquity of their family, often belonging to the nobility. Since ancient times, there has been a rule of obligatory respect for the coat of arms. Disrespect for the coat of arms is regarded as one of the most serious insults.
State flag.
The national flag is the symbol of the state. There is an international flag protocol that should be strictly adhered to (especially if you have invited foreign guests). Any disrespect shown in relation to the national flag of a foreign state is considered as a deliberate insulting action directed at that state. There are even states, according to protocol, whose inverted flag symbolizes a state of war.
When flags of several states are displayed at the same time, the dimensions of the panels must be the same. Flags are hung in a row and at the same level. You can't fly two flags on the same flagpole, one above the other. The first place in a row or in the center of a row is considered honorary. By general rule the state flag of the guest country has the right to take the most honorable place, i.e. it should be the first if two flags are flown, and in the middle if there are several flags. Most often, the flags of foreign states, while being displayed at the same time, are placed alphabetically in accordance with the name of the states (in the Latin alphabet or in the alphabet of the language of the country where the flags are displayed).
The national flag is raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. If the flag must hang for several days, then it must be lowered every evening and raised again every morning. The flag is raised quickly and lowered slowly. On days of mourning, the flag is lowered to half-mast, that is, it is raised to the middle of the flagpole. The flag must not touch the ground, floor or water. The flag being flown must always be in good condition.
A small flag should not be used on a tall flagpole and vice versa. The ratio of the width of the flag and the height of the flagpole is 1:6. On the wall of an official institution, the flag is hung in expanded form with a cloth to the right of the back of the person sitting at the table, and if it is installed on a special flagpole, then to the right.
In some countries, a good tradition has developed from an early age to educate citizens in respect for the national flag. In the United States, for example, every day before classes in schools there is a solemn hoisting of the flag. The legislation of many countries provides for punishment for desecration of the flag and even for disrespectful attitude towards it.
The national flag is our history, a symbol of the unity of the people, a symbol of the motherland. And to treat him with reverence, deep respect is the duty of every citizen of his country.
National anthem.
The national anthem, along with the coat of arms and the flag, is one of the important symbols of the state sovereignty of the state. As a rule, this is a solemn song performed during official state events, festive celebrations, when meeting and seeing off state delegations and guests.
When the national anthem is played, all those present stand up. Soldiers salute, civilians stand without headgear, straight, lowering their hands, or putting their right hand to their hearts.
In the Russian Federation, issues related to the performance of the National Anthem of Russia are regulated by Decree No. 2127 adopted by the President of the Russian Federation on December 11, 1993, which approved the Regulations on the National Anthem of the Russian Federation.
3. The concept of diplomatic protocol
The diplomatic protocol was officially approved in the 19th century at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). This is a set of generally accepted rules, traditions and conventions that must be observed by the heads of states and governments, departments of foreign affairs, diplomatic missions, officials in international communication. The diplomatic protocol has a rich history, its own peculiarities and traditions. But its foundation is stably and invariably an expression of deep respect for the distinguished foreign guest, for the country and people that he represents. The rules and norms of the diplomatic protocol that have developed to date regulate almost all forms of foreign policy and international economic cooperation.
One of the organic components of the diplomatic protocol is diplomatic etiquette. If the diplomatic protocol is "an expression of good manners in relations between states", then diplomatic etiquette is a manifestation of good manners in relations between officials, political and public figures representing their state. Diplomats communicate with their counterparts in government, public and business circles in compliance with long-established rules, deviation from which can cause undesirable complications in relationships.
The rules of diplomatic etiquette contain certain forms of address, correspondence, as well as a strict procedure for making visits, holding meetings and conversations, diplomatic receptions, etc. They impose rather strict requirements on the appearance of a diplomat, civil servant, businessman, their clothes, manners, behavior and so on.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that each diplomat is backed by the state he represents. All states are sovereign and enjoy equal rights and privileges in the practice of international communication.
The principle of reciprocity is of great importance in diplomatic practice. Strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe observance of the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulations), the need for the presence in official correspondence (notes, letters) of an introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and final (at the end) compliment. Missed, seemingly formal compliments can be regarded as disrespect or hostility and lead to international conflict.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette are based on strict and unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. In fact, diplomatic etiquette only supplements the rules of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.
The rules of diplomatic protocol are based on the so-called principle of "international courtesy" - a set of rules of etiquette, respect and respect generally accepted in international practice, observed in interstate relations. A breach of international comity, especially a deliberate one, is seen as damaging the prestige and authority of the state.
4. Importance of diplomatic etiquette
In diplomatic etiquette, the principle of respect, the principle of seniority, the principle of reciprocity and the principle of sovereignty are widely used. For example, “missing” gestures of courtesy or “missing” compliments amount to deliberate disrespect and can hinder international communication. The norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe the obligatory response to a letter (note, congratulations), as well as the need for the presence of introductory and final compliments in official correspondence. Business correspondence, observance of undertaken obligations, observance of the diplomatic protocol, which prescribes special rules for communication, meetings, including uniforms, the number of accompanying persons, gifts, types of receptions, and table setting, are strictly rationed. For diplomatic protocol, it is important to follow special rules even when seating in a car.
Finally, in diplomatic practice, over the years, a “language” of diplomatic etiquette has developed with its own terms (visa, agrement, accreditation, credentials, persona non grata). Etiquette in diplomacy has a purely ritual character, and is often not associated with any practical considerations.
Some areas of etiquette, mostly of a service nature, are commonly referred to as a protocol. The diplomatic protocol facilitating international communication, or the protocol for holding international meetings and conferences, stands out in particular.
Diplomatic protocol and etiquette have become, as it were, synonymous with strict observance of all norms and rules not only of interstate, but also of everyday communication.
Strict adherence to etiquette emphasizes respect for another country. For many years, a kind of “language” of diplomatic etiquette has developed in diplomatic practice with its own terms and concepts. These rules must not be ignored. "Missed" gestures of courtesy or compliments are tantamount to a deliberate display of disrespect.
Many of the norms and rules of diplomatic protocols have gradually passed into practice. business etiquette.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that each diplomat is backed by the state he represents. All states are sovereign and enjoy equal rights and privileges in the practice of international communication. The principle of reciprocity is of great importance in diplomatic practice.
Strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe observance of the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulations) and the need for the presence in official correspondence (notes, letters) of an introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and a final one (at the end) compliment.
Of great importance in diplomatic practice is the observance of the principle of seniority, which depends not on the significance of the country represented, but on the rank of the representative and his date of accreditation.
And, finally, the basis of diplomatic etiquette is the unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. In fact, diplomatic etiquette only supplements the rules of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.
And here is a small textual illustration practical use diplomatic etiquette: a slight adjustment in the program of the visit of the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry to Georgia turned into a scandal.
“Everything went awry even before the plane of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov flew from Yerevan to Tbilisi on Thursday evening. Firstly, it turned out that the visit, which was announced as official and even significant, is not such - at the last moment its status was downgraded to a working one. And, secondly, the host side was again only yesterday informed that the Russian organizers of the visit had deleted from the program the item that provided for the laying of a wreath by Sergey Lavrov at the Tbilisi Memorial of Soldiers Who Died for the Territorial Integrity of Georgia. Speaker of the Georgian parliament Nino Burdzhanadze commented extremely sharply on Sergey Lavrov's decision not to appear at the military memorial. According to her, "there are no analogues in the world practice of diplomacy when an arriving official would refuse to lay flowers at the grave of fallen soldiers." “Thus,” Burdzhanadze told reporters, “the Russian minister made it clear that he prefers not to spoil relations with the Abkhaz and Ossetian separatists, in the battles with whom the Georgian soldiers died.” Georgian Foreign Minister Salome Zurabishvili also called the adjustment of the program of the visit "unneighborly and inadequate gesture". However, she also promised that the Georgian side did not intend to "escalate this incident." Lavrov himself reacted to these attacks by the Georgian side. While still in Yerevan, where he calmly discussed with the Armenian leadership the problems of the Karabakh settlement, the prospects for Armenian-Russian cooperation and the issues of reforming the UN, the Russian Foreign Minister expressed the hope that “this whole episode will not create artificial problems for fruitful negotiations in Tbilisi on key issues of Russian -Georgian Relations. According to Lavrov, given the "serious emotional charge" of the problems existing between Tbilisi, Sukhumi and Tskhinvali, it is unlikely that a public visit to the memorial would help create the necessary atmosphere for the resumption of negotiations to resolve conflicts on the territory of Georgia in accordance with UN and OSCE decisions. In addition, he noted, the offer to visit the memorial came from the Georgian side at the last moment, "less than a day before the start of the visit." However, the Russian minister will still lay his mourning wreath in Tbilisi. As Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexander Yakovenko told reporters back in Yerevan, Sergey Lavrov plans to visit the grave of the tragically deceased Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania, who "did a lot to prevent escalation in conflict zones in Georgia and advocated their peaceful settlement."
5. Forms of visits in the diplomatic protocol
Official events include various tricks and ceremonies organized on the occasion of national holidays, historical anniversaries, the arrival of foreign delegations, heads of state and government.
The rules and norms of protocol that have developed by our time govern almost all external forms of diplomatic practice. Depending on the relationship with one side or another, when applying the rules of protocol, they are given more or less solemnity, the number and level of participation of officials expand or decrease.
One of the important forms of international contacts between states are meetings and conversations of heads of state services with diplomatic missions. The parties agree on the day, hour, place of the meeting or conversation in advance, and also agree on the topics of negotiations and their participants. Any party can initiate a conversation.
Receptions, as well as official breakfasts, lunches and dinners are held by heads of state, government, ministers, as well as embassies, consulates, trade missions of the country abroad.
etc.................
court etiquette
Since the 15th century, the extremely complicated ceremonial of the royal courts had an ever greater influence on the development of Western European etiquette. At first, Spanish and Burgundian rituals had a certain influence, then, with the development of absolutism, France began to play the main role. At this time, numerous manuals on etiquette appeared, which became so complicated that a special position of the master of ceremonies appeared at the courts, who monitored the implementation of all its subtleties and strictly regulated the entire palace life. Members of the monarch's family and courtiers had to get up at a certain hour, it was precisely indicated who was to be present when dressing the monarch, serve items of his toilet, accompany him during a walk, etc. It was precisely determined how the audience ceremonies, solemn exits, walks, dinners, balls.
Lush rites accompanied birth, marriage and death at the royal court. The higher the rank, the more complex the ritual was. For example, the Queen of France did not leave her chambers for a year, where she was informed of the death of her husband, and for princesses this period was limited to six weeks. The chambers were curtained and dressed in black, and the princess, dressed in mourning, was to spend those six weeks in bed. The chambers for the stay of a noble lady after childbirth were cleaned with green silk, and all items in these rooms served certain ceremonial purposes.
The emergence of diplomatic etiquette Court etiquette gave rise to diplomatic etiquette, since it was at the royal courts that foreign embassies were received. In the early Middle Ages, the ceremonial of international communication in Europe was decisively influenced by the solemn and magnificent rituals of the Byzantine Empire, which aimed to convince of the power of their country, to demonstrate its wealth, strength and superiority. Later, when issues of primacy began to play an important role at court, it became necessary to clearly define the place of each diplomat and, accordingly, his country in the general ceremonial. The diplomat had to be even more punctual and strict in observing all the rules of etiquette than the rest of the courtiers, since he represented not so much himself as his country. Gradually, in order to avoid conflicts that could flare up due to real or imaginary insults, the forms of official contacts between representatives of different states become more and more regulated and remain so in our time. Diplomatic protocol that helped prevent controversial points between representatives of states, was officially approved in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, where it was decided to receive ambassadors by the date and hour of their presentation or alphabetically. This made it possible to eliminate the assumption of preference for one side or the other.
England and France are considered the classic countries of etiquette, although the ennoblement of morals in Europe began in Italy in the 14th century. The rise of the arts, characteristic of the Renaissance, aesthetic and mental pleasure changed the life and customs of people. Refinement, elegance, manners, fashion, etiquette - all this began to interest the Italians. Etiquette reached its highest development, brilliance, luxury and rigor under Louis 14, so from the 17th century France began to be the trendsetter of taste, etiquette and fashion.
European etiquette penetrated into Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Prior to this, there was a generally accepted order at the royal court and outside it, formulated in the 16th century in a code of rules called "Domostroy". The rules of "Domostroy" were based on the class division of society and the subordination of the lower to the higher, the younger to the older. The unshakable power of the head of the house over all household members and servants was affirmed in the family, and in case of their disobedience, the head of the house was ordered to “crush the ribs” of the one who disobeyed. A strict hierarchy of subordination was created in society: to the boyar, the viceroy of the tsar, the tsar. By the end of the 17th century, the house-building order began to interfere with the development of culture and society, and Peter 1, expanding the boundaries of communication between Russia and other states, began to instill European norms of behavior in Russia. In 1717, the book "Youth's Honest Mirror or an Indication for Worldly Behavior, Collected from Various Authors" was published. Since time immemorial, human experience has accumulated and selected from the endless repetitions of behavior those rules, conventions and traditions that were in the interests of maintaining communication. With the advent of states and with the development of relations between them, communication norms began to take shape, including protocol ones. During historical development the protocol underwent profound changes, but always behind the conventions of the ceremonial there were issues of big politics of states, the prestige of the supreme power.
The diplomat was required to carefully observe all the behavioral norms of his time and a thorough knowledge of the highest secular etiquette. This is how the diplomatic corps was separated into a special estate with its own corporate rules.
The rules of diplomatic protocol are based on the so-called principle of "international courtesy" - a set of rules of etiquette, respect and respect generally accepted in international practice, observed in interstate relations. Compliance with the norms of diplomatic etiquette is dictated by respect for another country. Ignoring even the smallest details can be interpreted as deliberate damage to the dignity of the state. In particular, etiquette prescribes a mandatory response to a message, the use of an introductory and final compliment in official correspondence - a politeness formula.
Embassies have the right to correspond in the language of their country, but sometimes translation delays consideration of important issues. Therefore, the protocol allows documents to be drawn up in the language of the host country. Professional etiquette, however, requires great care in cases where there are several official languages in a state. Using one of them sometimes leads to misunderstandings.
Diplomatic etiquette also includes the international etiquette of the flag and coat of arms. It is based on strict monitoring of the correct image of coats of arms and flags. The sizes of the flags of different states, hung out at a particular ceremony, must be the same, as well as the height of their rise on the flagpoles. No flag may be raised above the others. The place of honor in the row of flags is considered to be the central or extreme right (from the side of the flags), however, more often the flags are hung out in the alphabetical order of the countries, without emphasizing any priorities. When crossing two flags, the most honorable side is the right one. Placement of several panels on one flagpole is not allowed.
At present, obligatory strict observance of the norms of the diplomatic protocol is necessary when new states are recognized, diplomatic relations are established, when heads of diplomatic missions are appointed, credentials are presented, diplomatic visits are carried out, conversations, negotiations are held, treaties and agreements are signed, etc. But Recently, the trends that are observed in international protocol practice have been taken into account: to make the rules of the protocol simpler and more convenient.
The rules of international comity are non-binding. But, as international protocol practice testifies, states and diplomats strive to comply with them. Indeed, in the course of international communication, representatives of various sovereign states meet, they may have different (sometimes conflicting, irreconcilable) ideological, religious views, political attitudes, moral principles, etc.
The founders of diplomatic protocol and etiquette developed rules for the behavior of diplomats and politicians during negotiations. For a long time, heads of state and diplomatic services strictly adhered to these rules, but recently politicians have begun to simplify protocol requirements. Experts call the Americans the initiators of such a free interpretation of the protocol.
Course work
Discipline: Diplomatic protocol and etiquette
Topic: Norms and rules of diplomatic etiquette
Introduction
The concepts of protocol and etiquette are applicable not only in relation to diplomacy. It's no secret that the fundamental points of this knowledge have long become, as everyone knows, an integral part of a successful business. Of course, we all know very well that the benefits of a good command of etiquette and protocol skills have become obvious, since they form a link between foreign and Russian companies help to negotiate with the authorities at the proper level.
Court etiquette, therefore, gave rise to diplomatic etiquette, since it was at the royal courts that receptions of foreign embassies took place, so to speak. It should be noted that in the early Middle Ages, as everyone knows, the ceremonial of international communication in Europe was decisively influenced by the solemn and magnificent rituals of the Byzantine Empire, which aimed, so to speak, to convince of the power of their country, to demonstrate its wealth, strength and superiority. Few people know that later, when questions of primacy began to play the most important role at court, it became necessary to clearly define the place of each diplomat and, accordingly, his country in the general ceremonial. It should be noted that the diplomat, therefore, had to be even more punctual and strict in observing all the rules of etiquette than the rest of the court, as he represented not so much himself as own country. I would very much like to emphasize that gradually, in order to avoid conflicts that could flare up due to real or imaginary insults, the forms of official contacts between representatives of various states are becoming more and more, as everyone knows, regulated and remain, as most of us constantly say , and so it is in our time. And it doesn’t even need to be said that the diplomatic protocol, which helped to prevent disputes between representatives of states, was officially approved in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, where it was decided, to put it mildly, to receive ambassadors by the date and hour of their presentation or alphabetically. It must be emphasized that this made it possible, therefore, to exclude the assumption of preference, as people are accustomed to expressing themselves, one side or another.
1. And do not even need to say that the history of etiquette
The culture of communication between people is based on the observance, as we used to say, of certain rules, which, in general, have been developed by man for thousands of years. And it is not even necessary to say that since the late Middle Ages these rules have been called etiquette.
Etiquette (translated from French - label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of a person's relationship to people. Needless to say, here, finally, we have in mind the treatment of others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in public places, manners and clothing.
The conscious cultivation of the rules that determine the external forms of behavior of etiquette, a number of researchers refer to the period of antiquity (Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). Pay attention to the fact that it was at this time that the first attempts were observed, as it were, to specially teach people beautiful behavior. It should be noted that the very beautiful behavior at this time practically coincided with the virtues of ancient man, with his ideas about morality and citizenship. Everyone has long known that the combination of the beautiful and the moral was also denoted by the ancient Greeks by the concept kalokagatiya (gr. ear - beautiful, agathos - kind). Few people know that the basis of kalokatiya was perfection and bodily constitution, and, as we constantly say, spiritual and moral warehouse, along with beauty and strength, it contained justice, chastity, courage and reasonableness. Pay attention to the fact that in this sense in antiquity there was no etiquette as the actual external form of manifestation of human culture, since there was no very opposition of external and internal (ethical and moral). It goes without saying that the main thing for the ancient Greeks was to live wisely, simply according to the precepts of their ancestors and the laws of the state, avoiding excesses and extremes. It would be bad if we did not note that the most important principles that determined their strategy of behavior were the principles reasonableness and golden mean.
The first, as people used to say, printed codes of etiquette appeared in the 15th century. in Spain, from where it quickly spread to other Western European countries.
In Russian language concept etiquette began to enter at the beginning of the 18th century. Everyone knows that the truth is that even in the era of Ivan, as usual, the Terrible appeared written by Sylvester Domostroy , a kind of code of rules that citizens should be guided by in their behavior and attitude towards secular authorities, the church, etc. It's no secret that all etiquette was reduced to obedience to the domestic despot, whose will determined the specific rules of behavior, so to speak, for each household member. Everyone knows that the unlimited power of the head of the family was a reflection of the same, as we say, unlimited ascending power - the boyar, governor, tsar.
Etiquette in pre-Petrine Russia assigned a very modest role to women. It goes without saying that before Peter 1, a woman rarely appeared between men, and then for a few minutes as well.
In the turbulent era of Peter 1, the way of life of the Russian people changed dramatically. Imagine one fact that special manuals were created for, as usual, young nobles: in them, in detail, in general, it was indicated how to behave in society. It goes without saying, so, in 1717, by order of Peter 1, a book was published An honest mirror of youth, or Punishment for worldly behavior, collected from, as everyone says, various authors. I must say that this book was also compiled from numerous Western European codes of civil etiquette. And indeed, in accordance with this, at court, and then in general with the nobility, some elements of Western European, mainly English etiquette came into use, especially in clothing, in raising children.
In certain periods of history, as most of us used to say, in tsarist Russia, the abuse of etiquette, in the end, merges with a kind of servile admiration for foreigners, with contempt for, as usual, national traditions and folk customs.
In aristocratic, as we are accustomed to say, Western Europe, the severity of court etiquette sometimes led to curious situations. Everyone knows that once the French king Louis 13 came to talk about business with Cardinal Richelieu when he was ill and could not get out of bed. It must be emphasized that then Louis, whose royal dignity could not allow him to talk to a lying subject sitting or standing, lay down with him. No matter how strange it may seem, but the Spanish monarch Philip III preferred to burn himself in front of the fireplace, rather than, to put it mildly, extinguish it himself, as everyone knows.
In many countries, court etiquette has been brought in some of its part to obvious absurdity, and sometimes turns into open stupidity. No matter how strange it may seem, but now it’s funny how to read, for example, to what height it was possible for a woman to raise the hem of a dress, crossing the threshold, and ladies of different ranks had, as most of us used to say, an unequal opportunity to finally show their legs .
Especially, as most of us used to say, the ceremonial of balls, dinners, greetings of a royal person was difficult. It should be noted that in the old chronicles it was often possible, after all, to come across a description of quarrels, and even the outbreak of war due to the violation of some kind of petty rule of etiquette.
In the 18th century our mission in China collapsed due to the fact that the Russian envoy refused, to put it mildly, to kneel before the emperor, in the manner required by the etiquette of the Beijing court. I would like to emphasize that in 1804, indeed, Adam Kruzenshtern, who delivered the Russian embassy to Nagasaki with ships, described with indignation the behavior of the Dutch. It must be emphasized that when a high-ranking Japanese appeared, they bent in an inclination under, as most of us used to say, at a right angle, arms outstretched at the seams. It would be bad if we didn't point out that after failing to get the Russians to lean in the same manner, the Japanese no longer kind of bothered them about this at last. It must be emphasized that, again, our ancestors, as it were, had to leave with nothing because of their unwillingness to observe stupid, in their opinion, rules of etiquette.
For many centuries, each nation has contributed its own specifics, its own national flavor to the development of etiquette. It's no secret that most of the customs have remained only a national treasure. It's no secret that some have been adopted by other peoples.
From Scandinavia came the custom now accepted all over the world, according to which the most honorable place at the table is given to the guest.
In knightly times, after all, it was considered good manners for ladies and their gentlemen to sit down at the table in pairs. Note that they ate from the same plate and drank from the same glass. Strange as it may seem, but this custom has now become only a legend.
Removing, as many people say, a headdress as an etiquette gesture is finally widespread mainly in Europe. Please note that Muslims, Jews and representatives of some other nations did not bare their heads for etiquette purposes. Everyone knows that this difference has long been recognized among the most remarkable, as it were, hallmarks European and, as most of us constantly say, Eastern peoples. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that one of the plots common in medieval Europe told how Turkish ambassadors appeared to Ivan the Terrible, a sovereign known for his cruelty, who, according to their custom, did not take off their hats in front of him. Everyone has long known what the sovereign decided strengthen their custom and ordered them to nail their hats to their heads, as most of us used to say, with iron nails.
And yet, a significant part of normal etiquette arose on the basis of universal moral and aesthetic needs. And indeed, so, the ability to dominate, as we always say, is the most important feature of etiquette. I must say that, as civilization develops, in the end, etiquette turns into one of the forms of curbing the natural instincts and passions of man. Pay attention to the fact that other, as we constantly say, common norms of etiquette respond, as we constantly say, to the urgent needs for cleanliness, tidiness, i.e. in human hygiene. Everyone knows that the third rule requires the beauty of people's communication, the expediency of their actions.
Ethics also partially reflects the ancient traditional forms of veneration of the woman, the ancestor. I would like to emphasize that almost everywhere she was given flowers, wreaths, fruits as a symbol of beauty and fertility. It's no secret that baring your head in front of a woman, standing up in her presence, giving way to her and giving her all sorts of signs of attention - these rules were not invented in the era of chivalry, they are manifestations of the ancient cult of a woman.
Ever since people have existed, they have finally sought to satisfy not only their most simple needs - to eat, drink, dress, have a roof over their heads. Few people know that people finally sought to satisfy them in a form that, after all, was considered beautiful and pleasant. Everyone has long known that a person has never, to put it mildly, been content with the fact that clothing only, therefore, warms, and any household item is also needed only for something. Of course, we all know very well that the desire for beauty in life is, as we put it, an urgent human need. I really want to emphasize that therefore it is possible with, as most of us constantly say, we are rightfully talking about the culture of clothing, relations between people.
The rules of etiquette are very specific and, so to speak, are aimed at regulating the external form of communication, they finally give recommendations for behavior in predetermined situations. It's no secret that the rules of etiquette determine how a person finally communicates with other people, what are his demeanor, gestures, ways of greetings, table manners, etc.
Everyone knows that state symbols
There are more than two hundred sovereign states on Earth, and each has its own symbols, often reflecting national ideas or, as many people think, the religious views of the inhabitants, or, as most of us are used to saying, objective historical reasons of one kind or another.
There is, as we put it, a verbal or, as people are accustomed to express it, a verbal form of designation of the state - this is its name. And indeed, and finally, there is its symbolic designation - this is its coat of arms and flag. Everyone knows that there is a musical designation of the state - this is its anthem.
Russia, to put it mildly, has a long history, and for many centuries had its own state symbols. Pay attention to the fact that the double-headed eagle personified our state from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 20th. It should be noted that he was a symbol of the Grand Duchy, as everyone knows, Moscow, Muscovy, the Russian Empire, Russian republic in 1917 and the RSFSR before the adoption, as we put it, of a new coat of arms. And it is not even necessary to say that there are documents dated 17 and 18 years signed by Lenin with a seal with a double-headed eagle. Everyone knows that the white-blue-red flag has been a symbol of Russia since the 17th century, when under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich for the first Russian warship "Eagle" were made white - blue and red flags. Of course, we all know very well that in this way, just as our state retains its historical name Russia, so in 1991 it was decided to restore the historical state symbols of our state. And indeed, Russia is a country that does not remember its history, which, at each stage of its development, should, as it were, come up with new state symbols. And it doesn't even need to be said that we should, with dignity, in the end, preserve our historical memory, which to a large extent and, as it were, is expressed by state symbols.
National emblem.
The coat of arms is one of the main symbols of state sovereignty, as most of us constantly say. It's no secret that he, to put it mildly, decorates buildings on official state residences, is placed on official, as we used to say, state forms and documents. Few people know that respect for the coat of arms, finally, is on a par with the national flag and anthem. Please note that any form of disrespect for the state emblem, in general, is offensive and in many countries, therefore, is prosecuted.
In Russia, the image of a two-headed eagle with three historical crowns of Peter the Great is accepted as the state emblem. Everyone knows that the provision on the State Emblem of the Russian Federation was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2050 of November 30, 1993.
As a rule, in most countries there are certain restrictions and, so to speak, the rules for applying the image of the state emblem on letterheads or in other cases. Of course, we all know very well that this is, as everyone knows, the prerogative of official state authorities.
Their coats of arms exist not only in states, but also in individual cities, state bodies, state entities. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that both individual firms and individuals have their own coats of arms. Few people know that, with regard to individuals, the presence of a family coat of arms in the practice of many countries indicates the antiquity of their family, often belonging to the nobility. It's no secret that since ancient times the rule of obligatory respect for the coat of arms has been in effect. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that disrespect for the coat of arms is considered as one of the most serious insults.
State flag
The national flag is the symbol of the state. It should be noted that there is an international flag protocol, which, to put it mildly, should be strictly, to put it mildly, adhered to (especially if you have invited foreign guests). Everyone knows that any disrespect shown in relation to, as we express it, the national flag of a foreign state is considered as a deliberate insulting action directed at that state. And it is not even necessary to say that there are even states, according to the protocol, whose inverted flag symbolizes a state of war.
With the simultaneous display of the flags of several states, the size of the panels should be, as many people think, the same. Everyone knows that flags are hung in a row and at the same level. It is also possible that it is impossible to just hang out two flags on one flagpole - one above the other. It's not a secret for anyone that, to put it mildly, the first place in a row or in the center of a row is considered honorable. It should be noted that, as a general rule, the state flag of the guest country has the right to occupy the most honorable place, that is, it should be the first if two flags are flown, and in the middle if there are several flags. Indeed, most often the flags of foreign states, while being displayed at the same time, in the end, are placed alphabetically in accordance with the name of the states (according to the Latin alphabet or the alphabet of the language of the country where the flags are also hung out).
The national flag, to put it mildly, is raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. Everyone has long known that if the flag must finally hang for several days, then it must be lowered every evening and raised again every morning. It would be bad if we did not note that the flag is raised quickly and lowered slowly. It's no secret that during the days of mourning, the flag is lowered to half-mast, that is, it is raised to the middle of the flagpole. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that the flag should not touch the ground, floor, water. It should be noted that the displayed flag must always be in good condition.
Not how one should use, as many people think, a small flag on a high flagpole and vice versa. Few people know that the ratio of the width of the flag and the height of the flagpole is 1:6, after all, is considered optimal. Of course, we all know very well that on the wall, as usual, of an official institution, the flag is hung out in expanded form with a panel to the right of the back of the person sitting at the table, and if it is installed on a special flagpole, then on the right hand.
In some countries, as everyone knows, a good tradition has developed from an early age, therefore, to educate citizens in respect for the national flag. Of course, we all know very well that in the United States, for example, every day before classes in schools there is a solemn hoisting of the flag. Indeed, the legislation of many countries provides for punishment for desecration of the flag and even for disrespectful attitude towards it.
The national flag is our history, a symbol of the unity of the people, a symbol of the motherland. And it is not even necessary to say that, in the end, to treat him with reverence, deep respect is the duty, as everyone knows, of every citizen of his country.
National anthem
The national anthem, along with the coat of arms and the flag, so to speak, is one of the important symbols of the state sovereignty of the state. It is also possible that, as a rule, this is, as many people think, a solemn song performed during official state events, festive celebrations, when meeting and seeing off state delegations and guests.
At the performance, as everyone knows, of the national anthem, all those present finally stand up. And indeed, the servicemen salute, civilians stand without headgear, straight, lowering their hands, or putting their right hand to their hearts.
In the Russian Federation, issues related to the performance of the National Anthem of Russia are regulated by Decree No. 2127 adopted by the President of the Russian Federation on December 11, 1993, which approved the Regulations on the National Anthem of the Russian Federation .
3. Everyone knows that the concept of a diplomatic protocol
etiquette diplomacy behavior
The diplomatic protocol was officially approved in the 19th century at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). And indeed, this is a set of generally accepted rules, traditions and conventions that must be observed by the heads of state and government, foreign affairs departments, diplomatic missions, and officials in international communication. Diplomatic protocol has, as everyone knows, a rich history, its own peculiarities and traditions. It is also possible that, as many people say, its basis is stable and invariable, and finally there is an expression of deep respect for, as many people say, a distinguished foreign guest, for the country and people that he represents. It goes without saying that the rules and norms that have developed to date, of the diplomatic protocol, regulate almost all forms of foreign policy and, as everyone knows, international economic cooperation.
One of the organic components of the diplomatic protocol is diplomatic, in general, etiquette. Of course, we all know very well that if a diplomatic protocol is “an expression of good manners in relations between states”, then diplomatic, in general, etiquette is a manifestation of good manners in relations between officials, political and, as many people think, public figures representing their state. And indeed, the communication of diplomats with their colleagues in government, public and business circles is carried out in compliance with the established rules, deviation from which, in the end, can cause undesirable complications in relationships.
The rules of diplomatic etiquette contain, as many people say, certain forms of address, correspondence, as well as a strict procedure for making visits, holding meetings and conversations, diplomatic receptions, etc. And it’s not even necessary to say that they impose rather strict requirements to the appearance of a diplomat, civil servant, businessman, their clothes, manners, behavior, and so on.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that every diplomat is backed by the state he represents. I would very much like to emphasize that all states are sovereign and enjoy in practice, as usual, international communication, as it were, equal rights and privileges.
Of great importance in diplomatic practice, therefore, is the principle of reciprocity. It's no secret that the strict norms of diplomatic etiquette, as it were, prescribe observance of the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulations), the need to be present at, like most of us constantly says official correspondence (notes, letters) introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and, as most of us constantly say, final (at the end) compliment. And it doesn't even need to be said that seemingly formal compliments missed, in general, can, in the end, be regarded as disrespect or hostility and lead to an international conflict.
Of great importance in diplomatic practice, therefore, is the observance of the principle of seniority, which, to put it mildly, does not depend on the significance of the country represented, but on the rank of the representative and his date of accreditation.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette, in general, are based on strict and unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. It would be bad if we did not note that, in fact, diplomatic etiquette finally only supplements the rules, as we used to say, of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.
To, as we constantly say, official events just include various receptions and ceremonies arranged on the occasion of national holidays, historical anniversaries, the arrival of foreign delegations, heads of state and governments.
The rules of diplomatic protocol are based on the so-called principle of "international courtesy" - a set of rules of etiquette, respect and respect observed in international practice, as most of us constantly say , interstate relations. Everyone has long known that a violation of, as we put it, international comity, especially a deliberate one, is regarded as damage to the prestige and authority of the state.
And it is not even necessary to say that the meaning of diplomatic etiquette
In diplomatic etiquette, the principle of respect, the principle of seniority, the principle of reciprocity and the principle of sovereignty are also widely used. It's no secret that, for example, "missing" gestures of politeness or "missing" compliments are tantamount, as everyone knows, to a deliberate display of disrespect and can just make international communication difficult. Everyone has long known that the norms of diplomatic etiquette also prescribe the obligatory response to a letter (note, congratulations), as well as the need to be present in official correspondence, as most of us are used to saying, introductory and, like most of us of us used to say the final compliments. Imagine one fact that business correspondence is strictly rationed, observance, as many people say, of the undertaken obligations, observance, as everyone knows, of the diplomatic protocol prescribing, as usual, special rules for communication, meetings, including dress code , the number of attendants, gifts, types of receptions, table setting. Everyone knows that for, as most of us constantly say, diplomatic protocol is important to follow, as everyone knows, special rules, even when seating in a car.
Finally, in, as everyone knows, diplomatic practice over the years has developed a "language" of diplomatic etiquette with its own terms (visa, agrement, accreditation, credentials, persona non grata). And it is not even necessary to say that etiquette in diplomacy finally has a purely ritual character, and, as we put it, is often not associated with any practical considerations.
Some areas of etiquette, mainly of a service nature, are commonly referred to as a protocol, so to speak. Everyone has long known that the diplomatic protocol facilitating international communication, or the protocol of holding, as it were, international meetings and conferences, stands out in particular.
Diplomatic protocol and etiquette have become, as it were, a synonym for strict observance of all norms and rules, not only interstate, but also everyday communication.
Strict adherence to etiquette emphasizes respect for another country. It must be emphasized that over the years, a kind of “language” of diplomatic etiquette has developed in diplomatic practice with its own terms and concepts. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that it is unacceptable to ignore these rules. "Missed" gestures of courtesy or compliments are tantamount to a deliberate display of disrespect.
Many of the norms and rules of diplomatic protocols have gradually passed into the practice of business etiquette.
The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that each diplomat is backed by the state he represents. It's no secret that all states are sovereign and, to put it mildly, enjoy equal rights and privileges in the practice of international communication. It's no secret that the principle of reciprocity is of great importance in diplomatic practice.
Strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe observance of the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulations) and the need to be present in official correspondence (notes, letters) introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and , as everyone knows, the final (at the end) compliment.
Of great importance in diplomatic practice, after all, is the observance of the principle of precedence, which, in the end, depends not on the significance of the country represented, as everyone knows, but on the rank of the representative and his date of accreditation.
And, finally, the basis of diplomatic etiquette is the unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. And indeed, in fact, diplomatic etiquette only supplements just the rules of general civil etiquette, which, in general, apply to all diplomats to the full extent.
And here, as everyone knows, is a small textual illustration of the practical use of diplomatic etiquette: a slight adjustment in the program of the visit of the Russian Foreign Minister to Georgia turned into a scandal.
“Everything went wrong even before, as everyone knows, on Thursday evening, the plane of the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Sergei Lavrov, flew from Yerevan to Tbilisi. Everyone knows that, firstly, it turned out that, in general, the visit, which was announced as official and even significant, is not, in fact, such - at the last moment its status was downgraded to a working one. It's not a secret for anyone that, secondly, the host side, and therefore, again just yesterday, was just notified that the Russian organizers of the visit, after all, deleted from the program the item that provided for the laying of a wreath by Sergey Lavrov on everyone is talking about the Tbilisi Memorial of soldiers who died for, as we put it, the territorial integrity of Georgia. It would be bad if we did not note that Nino Burdzhanadze, speaker of the Georgian parliament, commented extremely sharply on the decision of Sergey Lavrov not to appear at the military memorial. Everyone knows that, according to her, “there are no analogues in the world practice of diplomacy, when an arriving official would refuse to lay flowers at the grave of fallen soldiers.” “Thus,” Burdzhanadze told journalists, “the Russian minister has finally made it clear that he prefers not to spoil relations with the Abkhazian and Ossetian separatists, in the battles with whom the Georgian soldiers died.” “An unneighborly and, as many people think, an inadequate gesture,” called the adjustment of the visit program and the head of the Georgian Foreign Ministry, Salome, finally Zurabishvili. Needless to say, however, she also promised that the Georgian side does not, finally, intend to "escalate this incident." Few people know what Lavrov himself reacted to these attacks by the Georgian side. It would be bad if we did not note that while still in Yerevan, where he calmly discussed with the Armenian leadership the problems of the Karabakh settlement, the prospects for Armenian-Russian cooperation and the issues of reforming the UN, the Russian Foreign Minister expressed hope that "this entire episode will not create, as usual, artificial problems for fruitful talks in Tbilisi on key issues of Russian-Georgian relations." I would very much like to emphasize that, according to Lavrov, given, as everyone knows, the “serious emotional charge” of the problems existing between Tbilisi, Sukhumi and Tskhinvali, it is unlikely that a public visit to the memorial would help create, as everyone knows, the necessary atmosphere for the resumption of negotiations on settlement of conflicts on the territory of Georgia in accordance with the decisions of the UN and the OSCE. Pay attention to the fact that, as everyone knows, the same thing, he noted, the offer to visit the memorial came from the Georgian side at the last moment, "less than a day before the start of the visit." It is also possible that, by the way, the Russian minister will finally lay his funeral wreath in Tbilisi. Everyone knows that, as Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexander Yakovenko told reporters back in Yerevan, Sergei Lavrov plans, in fact, to visit the grave of the tragically deceased Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania, who, as many people think, “did a lot to prevent escalation in the zones conflicts in Georgia and advocated their peaceful settlement”.
It would be bad if we did not note that the forms of visits in the diplomatic protocol
As everyone knows, official events also include various receptions and ceremonies organized on the occasion of national holidays, historical anniversaries, the arrival of foreign delegations, heads of state and government.
The rules and norms of the protocol that have developed by our time, to put it mildly, regulate almost all external forms of diplomatic practice. It's not a secret for anyone that depending on the relationship with one or another side, when applying the rules of the protocol, they are given a greater or, as most of us used to say, less solemnity, expands or, to put it mildly, the number and level of participation of officials is decreasing.
One of the important forms of international contacts between states, so to speak, are meetings and conversations of heads of state services with diplomatic missions. It would be bad if we did not note that the parties just agree in advance on the day, hour, place of the meeting or conversation, and also agree on the topics of negotiations and their participants. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that the initiator of the conversation, so to speak, can be, as usual, any side.
Receptions, as well as official breakfasts, lunches and dinners are held by heads of state, government, ministers, as well as embassies, consulates, trade missions of the country abroad.
Receptions are held, as we say, by military attachés, commanders of ships on a friendship visit in foreign bases, as well as representatives of the local military command and civil authorities in order to show honors to military guests who have arrived.
Diplomatic receptions, therefore, are also held independently of any events, in the order, as it were, of everyday diplomatic work. Everyone knows that in the practice of diplomatic missions, these methods are, after all, the most widespread. It should be noted that such receptions, which are not numerous in terms of the number of invited persons, are a convenient opportunity for making contacts, strengthening and expanding ties, obtaining the necessary information, influencing, as we say, local circles in the right direction, clarifying external policies of their country.
The types of diplomatic receptions are quite diverse; finally, generally accepted rules and norms of the protocol, based on the principles of international courtesy, are put at the basis of their preparation and conduct.
Depending on the time and method of holding, receptions are divided into day and evening, and receptions with seating and without seating at the table. It should be noted that the type of reception, to put it mildly, is chosen depending on the reason for which it is arranged. I would very much like to emphasize that the most solemn (and most, as most of us constantly say, honorable) evening receptions are considered to be the most solemn. It would be bad if we did not note that when choosing the appropriate type of reception, one should just take into account the protocol, to put it mildly, rules, national customs and traditions of the country concerned.
The choice of the type of a reception is also associated with the need to comply with a number of protocol formalities related to its preparation and conduct (an invitation and, so to speak, an answer to it, dress code, the order of arrival and departure, meeting and seeing off guests, compiling a menu, table setting, toasts ). It is customary to include “a glass of champagne” (or “a glass of wine”) and “breakfast” as daily receptions. Imagine one fact that for the evening - “tea”, “cocktail”, “buffet”, “lunch” (or “lunch-buffet” and “dinner”). It is also possible that breakfast, lunch and dinner are also held with, as most of us constantly say, strict seating arrangements, when, as we constantly say, each guest, taking into account, as we say, protocol seniority is assigned special place at the table. It must be emphasized that when organizing a buffet lunch or, as we used to say, tea, the seating arrangements are quite free.
"A glass of champagne" begins, as a rule, to put it mildly, at 12 o'clock and, finally, lasts about an hour. Imagine one fact that during the reception, in addition to champagne, other drinks (wine, juices, mineral water) can be offered, so to speak. I must say that the reception, in the end, takes place standing. Imagine one fact that the form of clothing is a casual suit (dress). It is also possible that from the point of view of organization, this is the most simple form of reception, which, as everyone knows, does not require complex and, as it were, lengthy preparation.
"Breakfast" is arranged between 12 and 15 hours. Everyone has known for a long time that breakfast usually starts at 12.30-13.00. I must say that the duration, as a rule, is an hour and a half, of which about an hour is at the table and about 15-30 minutes is for coffee (tea). Everyone has long known that the breakfast menu is prepared taking into account national traditions. It should be noted that the menu, therefore, can finally include one or two cold appetizers, one fish or meat dish and dessert. It's not a secret for anyone that serving at breakfast, as everyone knows, the first course or a hot appetizer, is not, as it were, excluded.
During the gathering of guests, they are finally offered an aperitif. It should be emphasized that during breakfast it is possible to serve dry grape wines, and in conclusion - champagne, coffee, tea. It is also possible that mineral water, juices are served during the entire breakfast. Please note that the leaving initiative is up to the main guest. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that guests, as a rule, come to breakfast in casual clothes, unless a different form of dress is specifically indicated on the invitation.
The "cocktail" starts between 17:00 and 18:00 and lasts about two hours. It would be bad if we did not note that the reception takes place while standing. Everyone knows that on the invitation, as it were, the start and end times of the reception are indicated (17.00-19.00, 18.00-20.00). It is also possible that, finally, it is considered normal to stay at the reception for about one hour. Of course, we all know very well that coming to a reception at the beginning and leaving it at the end is usually considered, so to speak, an expression, as we constantly say, of special respect for the hosts.
Reception type "Buffet" is held at the same time as the "Cocktail". Everyone has long known that the formal difference of this type of reception is that at the “Cocktail” reception, drinks and snacks are usually delivered, and at buffet receptions, the assortment of snacks is much wider. No matter how strange it may seem, tables with snacks, including hot dishes, can finally be set at the buffet reception.
The dress code for cocktails and buffets is a casual suit. No matter how strange it may be, but sometimes, depending on a specific case, in the invitation, in general, a different type of clothing may be indicated.
"Lunch" usually, to put it mildly, starts from 20 to 21 hours. Everyone knows that the lunch menu includes one or two cold appetizers, soup, hot fish or meat dishes, dessert. It's no secret that guests are also served an aperitif during lunch. It goes without saying that the duration of lunch is from 2.5 to 3 hours. It goes without saying that at the same time guests spend a little more than an hour at the table, and the rest of the time - in, as it were, living rooms. It goes without saying that in an invitation to dinner, as people are accustomed to expressing themselves, protocol practice just recommends indicating the form of clothing. It would be bad if we did not note that for men it is, as a rule, an evening suit, and, as it were, on solemn occasions, a tuxedo or even a tailcoat. Needless to say, for women - an evening dress.
"Dinner" differs from lunch only by the start time - no later than 21 hours. It would be bad if we did not note that in Russian protocol practice, as everyone knows, such a diplomatic reception as “Dinner” is currently used quite rarely. Everyone knows that the protocol time for the start of the official dinner is not as strictly, as we say, as before. Everyone knows that it can be held starting from 19:00.
In recent years, when organizing, as everyone knows, protocol events, such a kind of reception as a “lunch buffet” is often used, in which guests themselves, as it were, choose dishes with common table and then freely seated at their choice. It's no secret that this kind of reception is organized after a concert, a musical evening or some kind of solemn act. It should be noted that a good knowledge of the protocol is necessary not only for diplomats, but also, as most of us used to say, for every civil servant dealing with international economic cooperation, moreover, for every businessman who wants to successfully cooperate with our own, as most of us constantly say, foreign partners. It goes without saying that competent mastery of the rules and norms of modern diplomatic and business protocol creates a favorable climate for communication, increases the prestige not only of a diplomatic or, as everyone knows, economic department, but also of the state as a whole. .
Everyone knows that specific concepts in diplomacy
PaperPaper (translated from English, as we put it, “non-existent paper”) is a type of document that is widely used, as everyone knows, in modern diplomatic and political practice. It should be noted that this is a kind of impersonal memorandum - a brief note outlining the essence of the issue, proposed, as most of us constantly say, by the wording of the document under discussion. I would like to emphasize that usually such a document does not have a heading and a signature, although it may contain technical subheadings, as it were.
The use of such documents, after all, makes it possible to record in a fairly free form the proposal made, the situation that has developed during the negotiations, to introduce new elements for consideration, as most of us constantly say, by the opposite side. Undoubtedly, it is worth mentioning that, as a rule, such documents are not considered official and serve as working material. Indeed, it is possible to refer anywhere to the provisions of Non Paper only without indicating the authorship of the document. Non Paper is not, after all, meant to be quoted, much less publicized.
Doyen of the diplomatic corps (French doyen - elder) - the head of the diplomatic corps in the host country, who also represents all accredited diplomats; he, after all, has the highest diplomatic class and was accredited in the host country before other diplomatic representatives.
Finally, the doyen's functions are largely of a protocol nature. It's no secret that he just speaks on behalf of the diplomatic corps when conveying congratulations or expressing condolences, leads the diplomatic corps at protocol events, with the consent of other heads of missions, and finally, can enter into negotiations with the Foreign Office of the host country on matters of diplomatic privileges and immunities. And it is not even necessary to say that the doyen, to put it mildly, advises his newly arrived colleagues on the protocol of the host country. It would be bad if we did not note that upon arrival at a new duty station, the newly appointed ambassador usually, in general, pays the doyen, as we used to say, his first, to put it mildly, courtesy visit, and only after that, in general, visits other ambassadors.
Through finally the doyen, the authorities of the host country, as most of us constantly say, often disseminate, as most of us constantly say, information common to the entire diplomatic corps. It's no secret that in this case, the doyen must, to put it mildly, make sure that this information reaches as if every mission.
The doyen is always, therefore, a diplomatic representative of the highest class (ambassador, nuncio). Strange as it may seem, but according to established practice, the doyen is the head of the mission, the first among colleagues in the diplomatic corps to present his credentials. It must be emphasized that earlier in a number of Catholic countries a procedure was adopted when the doyen was a representative of the Vatican nuncio.
It happens that, as everyone says, some countries do not have diplomatic relations with the country represented by the doyen. I would very much like to emphasize that in such cases they, therefore, maintain contact with the next in seniority ambassador.
Special attaches
In diplomatic practice, along with the diplomatic position and the rank of "attaché", as a rule, the junior, as everyone knows, diplomatic officer, there is the practice of appointing special attachés:
· military, naval and, as most of us constantly say, air attaches, defense attaches - official representatives, as many people think, of the military department of the country that appointed them to the military department of the host country; at the same time, they are part of the embassy and, therefore, are advisers to the head of the mission on military issues;
· press attache - employees of the embassy who, by the nature of their activities, are responsible for relations with the press, bodies, as everyone knows, electronic media. It's no secret that this concept has stepped over from diplomatic practice into, as we put it, ordinary life, and now many firms and organizations have their own "press attaches";
· attaches - representatives of ministries and departments operating as part of the embassy of their state abroad and responsible for maintaining contacts with related departments and services of the host country. Please note that, as a rule, they just occupy one of the senior diplomatic positions in the embassy (adviser, first secretary, etc.).
Dragoman
Dragoman (French dragoman from Arabic - translator) is an outdated name, as people used to say, an official translator who was on diplomatic and consular missions in eastern countries. It must be said that, according to established traditions, the dragoman was considered a member of the diplomatic or consular corps.
Dragomaniacs, as a rule, were not just translators, but also authoritative specialists who knew the customs, customs and history of the host country. Of course, we all know very well that these specialists were highly valued, as it were, and, as we constantly say, sometimes they could, in fact, be in this position until their advanced years, so to speak.
In, as most of us constantly say, modern diplomatic practice, this term is gradually, eventually, disappearing from circulation, although, therefore, it can be used in a figurative sense - to characterize high-class specialists on staff of diplomatic missions who are fluent in how we are constantly talking in oriental languages.
acclamation
Acclamation (from the Latin acclamatio - exclamation) means a method of making decisions without voting in diplomatic practice, as well as according to the rules of some parliaments, conferences, congresses, forums, etc. It is also possible that the decision, at the end in the end, it is accepted on the basis of the reaction of the participants: exclamations, applause, remarks and statements of participants from the seats, etc.
In the official protocols of the events, as a rule, the note “the decision was made by acclamation” is made.
The term used in diplomatic practice (from the French agreer - consent), implies the consent of the government of the receiving state to the appointment of a certain person as a diplomatic representative of the sending state. It's no secret that agrement is requested only for the heads of diplomatic missions (in modern practice, for ambassadors) and, as a rule, through the foreign affairs department of the host country by the outgoing ambassador or a senior employee of a kind of diplomatic mission. I would like to emphasize that during a personal visit responsible person of the host country, in the end, the essence of the matter is verbally stated and, in general, a short, as everyone says, biographical note of the newly appointed representative is transmitted. Few people know that in some countries it is practiced to send an official note to the department of foreign affairs with, as everyone knows, a request for the issuance of an agrément.
In many cases, the rejection of the agrément is not reported - the expiration of the appropriate period (4-8 weeks), as many people say, is a signal that the proposed candidate is undesirable.
In the case of an oral request for an agrément, a positive answer is also given orally.
After receiving the agrement, the appointed candidate for the position of head of the diplomatic mission is considered as persona grata, a negative reaction or, to put it mildly, the answer of the receiving party means that this representative is finally persona non grata.
The host state, to put it mildly, is not obliged to report the motives for refusing the agrément.
In accordance with, as many say, international practice, possible correspondence or discussion of the issue of agrément is not made public.
Nuncio (from, as most of us constantly say, the Latin Nuntius - messenger) is the diplomatic representative of the Pope in countries with which the Vatican also has diplomatic relations. It would be bad if we did not note that the nuncio belongs to the highest level of diplomatic representatives. Imagine the fact that in a number of Catholic countries the nuncio was traditionally the doyen of the diplomatic corps, regardless of the date of presentation of credentials by other ambassadors. Few people know that at present this practice is a thing of the past.
Grant Person
Persona grata (from the Latin persona grata - a desirable person) - in, as people are accustomed to expressing themselves, diplomatic practice, a diplomatic representative in respect of which the host state agreed to his appointment and arrival. It must be emphasized that in relation to ambassadors or heads of consular missions, this is determined by the procedures for obtaining an agrément or exequatur. And it doesn't even need to be said that for other diplomatic workers, obtaining a visa to enter the country means recognizing them, as we constantly say, as persona grata.
Persona non grata (from the Latin persona non grata - an undesirable person) is a diplomat declared by the authorities of the host country, as we put it, an undesirable person. It must be emphasized that in this case the sending state also recalls him to his homeland and he must leave the country.
The motive for declaring a diplomat, as many people think, persona non grata may be his interference in the internal affairs of the host country, violation or disrespect for its laws and customs, abuse of immunity or privileges of a diplomat. Everyone has long known that often behind this, to put it mildly, lies the wording "for illegal activities incompatible with the status of a diplomat", which may just be accused of espionage.
At the same time, the authorities of the host country, in accordance with the international norms fixed in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, are not obliged to explain, as it were, the reasons why a diplomat is finally declared persona non grata.
Salute (from the Latin salus - greeting) - a solemn form of greeting, adopted in the practice of many countries, marking special respect for persons arriving on a visit or, as people are used to expressing themselves, symbolizing respect for a kind of national holiday, symbol, and also on the occasion death of prominent figures. Everyone knows that the salute is just given in the form of rifle or artillery volleys, it can also be given in the form of guarding weapons on guard. It is also possible that in maritime affairs, the salute, so to speak, can be given by flags.
Salute of the nations
The salute of nations is, as most of us used to say, a solemn form of greeting or saluting on the occasion of an official visit of a head of state or government, a visit by a foreign ship to a port with, as people used to say, an official friendly visit and a number of other cases .
As, in general, as a rule, this is an artillery salute, consisting of 21 volleys.
Gentlemen's Agreements
Accepted in international practice, the form of an agreement or agreement reached orally. It should be noted that in international law there is no obligation to conclude agreements in writing, and gentleman's agreements, in general, may have the same legal force as those recorded on paper. Everyone has long known that, by virtue of their very nature, gentleman's agreements usually concern, as everyone says, one or two specific issues of fundamental importance.
The main condition for achieving gentlemen's agreements is the unconditional availability of the necessary powers to the negotiating representatives.
The gentlemen's agreements reached, therefore, may in the future, in general, be reflected in a joint communiqué following the negotiations or in the press releases of the parties (sometimes this is a joint announcement agreed by the parties).
Departure from gentlemen's agreements is seen as a serious violation of the norms of international communication, which can sharply undermine the parties' trust in each other.
In many cases, gentlemen's agreements, to put it mildly, lead in the future to the conclusion between the parties of more specific and deeply elaborated documents - agreements, treaties, protocols.
The practice of gentlemen's agreements has become widespread in the business world. And it is not even necessary to say that the strict observance of such agreements is a matter of honor for the contracting parties.
In a number of countries, the legislation, after all, provides for the same liability for the violation of oral agreements as for the violation of written agreements. It would be bad if we did not note that this, of course, raises the question of proving the existence of gentlemen's agreements, but damage, as we used to say, business reputation the intruder is undeniable. Imagine one fact that such agreements are observed especially strictly in the USA, England, Germany and other European countries. Few people know that at the same time in many countries of the East and Africa in business practice it is preferable to fix the agreement on paper, so to speak.
Conclusion
At present, the process of interaction, communication between different peoples has become quite close. It would be bad if we did not note that the customs, traditions, rules of conduct of peoples have finally mixed up. Everyone has long known that, taking into account these circumstances, one can say so about, as we put it, international rules of good taste, i.e. about international etiquette, which also includes the moral and behavioral attitudes of various social groups and nationalities and generalizes them. It's no secret that the knowledge and observance of these elementary rules of etiquette, so to speak, makes life easier and helps you finally feel comfortable and confident in any situations, as everyone knows, everyday, business , as well as, as we put it, international communication.
In the USSR, to put it mildly, not enough attention was paid to this problem (in comparison with Western countries). It's no secret that a lot of literature has been published abroad on this subject, as everyone says, a lot of literature, the children are aware, as we constantly say, the school curriculum introduces certain classes, in which, in general, they teach good manners , as we used to say, role-playing games are also practiced in children's institutions and television programs on this topic are being broadcast. Imagine one fact that, and only in recent years in modern Russia, the ethics of business and, as most of us constantly say, international cooperation has been given more attention. And indeed, this is due to the fact that Russia has ceased to be a closed state, in broad sense of this word, that is, international relations are not limited to state contracts, but an increasing role in the economic portrait of the country is played by private individuals and non-state companies of various sizes, concluding contracts with foreign partners. Everyone knows that in order to be successful and productive, they need to adhere, as usual, to certain rules established by the protocol, as many say, business communication. Please note that although, in my opinion, every person should finally know the rules of good manners and be sure to apply them, because the degree of culture, as people are used to expressing themselves, of a whole society, in general, depends on how most of we used to say, each individual person.
List of used literature
1. All about etiquette. - M.: Veche, 2000.
Etiquette. - M.: Citadel-Triada, 1995.
Good manners rules. Moscow: Ariel LLP, 1993.
Solovyov E.Ya. Modern etiquette and business protocol. - 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing house "Os-89", 1999.
Molochkov F.F. Diplomatic protocol and diplomatic practice. M.: MID, 1979.
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Ethics of employees of the diplomatic service is a system of norms that establish and regulate the rules of conduct for employees of the diplomatic service.
Members of the Foreign Service must observe the following basic ethical principles:
- To fulfill the assigned duties at a highly professional level, to improve their general educational and professional level;
- In the performance of his official duties and in off-duty relations, an employee of the diplomatic service is obliged, in communication with management, colleagues, subordinates and citizens, to observe the generally accepted rules of conduct, to behave with dignity;
- be polite, correct, patient, principled, strive to deeply understand the essence of the issue, be able to listen to the interlocutor and understand his position, as well as weigh and argue decisions;
- · not to disregard the facts of violation of ethical norms by other employees of the diplomatic service;
- Do not force your subordinate to make illegal decisions or perform illegal actions;
- Do not distribute official information that is a state secret;
- not to discuss with citizens and other persons the actions of their leader, colleagues or subordinate, as well as their own actions in the public service;
- · it is forbidden to use one's official position for the purpose of resolving issues that directly affect the interests of the employee of the diplomatic service or members of his family, persons who are his close relatives.
Ethics is official duty each employee of the diplomatic service and is assigned to his functional duties. diplomatic conduct rule
The diplomatic protocol was officially approved in the 19th century at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). This is a set of generally accepted rules, traditions and conventions that must be observed by heads of state and government, foreign affairs departments, diplomatic missions, and officials in international communication.
The rules of diplomatic protocol are based on the so-called principle of "international courtesy" - a set of rules of etiquette, respect and respect generally accepted in international practice, observed in interstate relations. A breach of international comity, especially a deliberate one, is seen as damaging the prestige and authority of the state.
The diplomatic protocol has a rich history, its own peculiarities and traditions. But its foundation is stably and invariably an expression of deep respect for the distinguished foreign guest, for the country and people that he represents. The rules and norms of the diplomatic protocol that have developed to date regulate almost all forms of foreign policy and international economic cooperation.
One of the organic components of the diplomatic protocol is diplomatic etiquette. If the diplomatic protocol is "an expression of good manners in relations between states", then diplomatic etiquette is a manifestation of good manners in relations between officials, political and public figures representing their state. Diplomats communicate with their counterparts in government, public and business circles in compliance with long-established rules, deviation from which can cause undesirable complications in relationships.
The rules of diplomatic etiquette contain certain forms of address, correspondence, as well as a strict procedure for making visits, holding meetings and conversations, diplomatic receptions, etc. They impose rather strict requirements on the appearance of a diplomat, civil servant, businessman, their clothes, manners, behavior and so on. The norms of diplomatic etiquette and protocol are based on the principle that each diplomat is backed by the state he represents. All states are sovereign and enjoy equal rights and privileges in the practice of international communication.
The principle of reciprocity is of great importance in diplomatic practice. Strict norms of diplomatic etiquette prescribe observance of the rules of obligatory response (to a letter, note, sent business card, to a courtesy visit or congratulations), the need for the presence in official correspondence (notes, letters) of an introductory (at the beginning of a letter or note) and final (at the end) compliment. Missed, seemingly formal compliments can be regarded as disrespect or hostility and lead to international conflict.
Of great importance in diplomatic practice is the observance of the principle of seniority, which depends not on the significance of the country represented, but on the rank of the representative and his date of accreditation. The norms of diplomatic etiquette are based on strict and unconditional observance of the customs and rules of the host country, its legislation and established procedures. In fact, diplomatic etiquette only supplements the rules of general civil etiquette, which fully apply to all diplomats.
Official events include various receptions and ceremonies organized on the occasion of national holidays, historical anniversaries, the arrival of foreign delegations, heads of state and government. The rules and norms of protocol that have developed by our time govern almost all external forms of diplomatic practice. Depending on the relationship with one side or another, when applying the rules of protocol, they are given more or less solemnity, the number and level of participation of officials expand or decrease.
One of the important forms of international contacts between states are meetings and conversations of heads of state services with diplomatic missions. The parties agree on the day, hour, place of the meeting or conversation in advance, and also agree on the topics of negotiations and their participants. Any party can initiate a conversation. Receptions, as well as official breakfasts, lunches and dinners are held by heads of state, government, ministers, as well as embassies, consulates, trade missions of the country abroad.
Receptions are held by military attachés, commanders of ships on a friendship visit in foreign bases, as well as representatives of the local military command and civil authorities in order to show honors to the military guests who have arrived. Diplomatic receptions are also held independently of any events, in the order of daily diplomatic work. In the practice of diplomatic missions, these techniques are the most common. Not numerous in terms of the number of invited persons, such receptions are a convenient opportunity for making contacts, strengthening and expanding ties, obtaining the necessary information, influencing local circles in the right direction, and explaining the foreign policy of one's country. The types of diplomatic receptions are quite diverse, their preparation and conduct are based on the generally accepted rules and norms of the protocol, based on the principles of international courtesy.
Depending on the time and method of holding, receptions are divided into day and evening, and receptions with seating and without seating at the table. The type of reception is chosen depending on the reason for which it is arranged. The most solemn (and most honorable) are considered to be evening receptions. When choosing the appropriate type of reception, one should take into account the protocol rules, national customs and traditions of the country concerned.
The choice of the type of this or that reception is also associated with the need to comply with a number of protocol formalities related to its preparation and conduct (invitation and response to it, dress code, order of arrival and departure, meeting and seeing off guests, menu preparation, table setting, toasts).
It is customary to include "a glass of champagne" (or "a glass of wine") and "breakfast" as daytime meals. By the evening - "tea", "cocktail", "buffet", "lunch" (or "lunch-buffet" and "dinner"). Breakfast, lunch and dinner are held with strict seating, when each guest, taking into account protocol seniority, is assigned a special place at the table. When organizing a lunch buffet or tea, the seating arrangement is quite free.
"A glass of champagne" usually starts at 12 o'clock and lasts about an hour. During the reception, guests can be offered other drinks (wine, juices, mineral water) in addition to champagne. Reception takes place standing. The form of clothing is a casual suit (dress). From the point of view of the organization, this is the simplest form of admission that does not require complex and lengthy preparation.
"Breakfast" is arranged between 12 and 15 hours. Breakfast usually starts at 12.30-13.00. The duration is usually an hour and a half, of which about an hour - at the table and about 15-30 minutes - for coffee (tea). The breakfast menu is made according to national traditions. The menu may include one or two cold appetizers, one fish or meat dish and dessert. Serving a first course or a hot appetizer at breakfast is not excluded.
During the gathering of guests, they are offered an aperitif. During breakfast, dry grape wines can be served, and in conclusion - champagne, coffee, tea. Mineral water, juices are served during the entire breakfast. The care initiative is for the main guest. Guests usually arrive for breakfast in casual attire, unless otherwise specified on the invitation.
"Cocktail" starts between 17 and 18 hours and lasts about two hours. Reception takes place standing. On the invitation, the time of the beginning and end of the reception is indicated (17.00-19.00, 18.00-20.00). It is considered normal to stay at the reception for about one hour. Coming to the reception at the beginning and leaving it at the end is considered to be an expression of special respect for the hosts.
Reception type "Buffet" is held at the same time as the "Cocktail". The formal difference of this type of reception is that at the "Cocktail" reception, drinks and snacks are usually carried, and at buffet receptions, the assortment of snacks is much wider. Snacks, including hot meals, may be served at the buffet reception. The dress code for cocktails and buffets is a casual suit. Sometimes, depending on the specific case, a different type of clothing may be indicated in the invitation.
"Lunch" usually starts from 20 to 21 hours. The lunch menu includes one or two cold appetizers, soup, hot fish or meat dishes, dessert. During lunch, guests are served an aperitif. The duration of lunch is from 2.5 to 3 hours. At the same time, guests spend a little more than an hour at the table, and the rest of the time in the living rooms. In an invitation to dinner, protocol practice recommends indicating the dress code. For men, this is usually an evening suit, and on special occasions - a tuxedo or even a tailcoat. For women - evening dress.
"Dinner" differs from lunch only by the start time - no later than 21 hours. In Russian protocol practice, such a type of diplomatic reception as "Dinner" is currently used quite rarely. Not as strict as before, the protocol time for the start of the official dinner is maintained. It can be held starting at 19:00.
In recent years, when organizing protocol events, such a type of reception as a “buffet lunch” is often used, in which guests themselves choose dishes from a common table, and then freely sit down according to their choice. This kind of reception is organized after a concert, a musical evening or some kind of solemn act. A good knowledge of the protocol is necessary not only for diplomats, but also for every civil servant involved in international economic cooperation, moreover, for every businessman who wants to successfully cooperate with his foreign partners.
Thus, competent mastery of the rules and norms of modern diplomatic and business protocol creates a favorable climate for communication, increases the prestige not only of the diplomatic or economic department, but also of the state as a whole.
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Introduction
1. State symbols
2. Documents, powers
3. Consulate
4. Specific concepts in diplomacy
5. National features of business communication
List of used literature
Introduction
The concepts of protocol and etiquette are applicable not only in relation to diplomacy. The fundamental points of this knowledge have long become an integral part of a successful business. The benefits of a good command of etiquette and protocol skills have become obvious, since they form a link between foreign and Russian companies and help to negotiate with the authorities at the proper level.
Court etiquette gave rise to diplomatic etiquette, since it was at the royal courts that foreign embassies were received. In the early Middle Ages, the ceremonial of international communication in Europe was decisively influenced by the solemn and magnificent rituals of the Byzantine Empire, which aimed to convince of the power of their country, to demonstrate its wealth, strength and superiority. Later, when issues of primacy began to play an important role at court, it became necessary to clearly define the place of each diplomat and, accordingly, his country in the general ceremonial. The diplomat had to be even more punctual and strict in observing all the rules of etiquette than the rest of the courtiers, since he represented not so much himself as his country. Gradually, in order to avoid conflicts that could flare up due to real or imaginary insults, the forms of official contacts between representatives of different states become more and more regulated and remain so in our time. The diplomatic protocol, which contributed to the prevention of disputes between representatives of states, was officially approved in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, where it was decided to receive ambassadors by the date and hour of their presentation or alphabetically. This made it possible to eliminate the assumption of preference for one side or the other.
Is there a single global etiquette?
Etiquette accepts different kind depending on cultural characteristics, national specifics. Human culture is heterogeneous and breaks up into a number of subcultures. This refers to cultural differences between individual strata, parts, groups of society. Each social group has its own world outlook, system of values, its own image and style of life, traditions. It can be argued that there never existed and cannot exist a single etiquette for all communities. We can only talk about diverse etiquette cultures. The widest range of possible variants of human interaction leads to the fact that in one social environment, with its image and style of life, hierarchy of values, cultural tradition forms and consolidates over time some forms of behavior, and in another - completely different.
Reciprocity
Reciprocity is one of the fundamental principles of bilateral relations between countries, reflected in the norms of diplomatic protocol and etiquette. The legislation of many countries directly fixes the fact that many diplomatic privileges and immunities are granted to diplomatic and consular representatives of other countries on the basis of the principle of reciprocity.
Departure from reciprocity in observing diplomatic protocol and etiquette can be considered as an unfriendly act and entail retaliatory steps.
On the basis of reciprocity in the bilateral relations of the country, restrictive measures can also be taken - there are known cases of mutual actions to accuse employees of diplomatic missions of persona non grata with a subsequent offer to leave the host country. Usually, such steps lead to a crisis and tension in bilateral relations.
1. State symbols
There are more than two hundred sovereign states on Earth, and each has its own symbols, often reflecting the national ideas or religious beliefs of the inhabitants, or, for objective historical reasons, having one form or another.
There is a verbal or verbal form of designation of the state - this is its name. And there is its symbolic designation - this is its coat of arms and flag. There is a musical designation of the state - this is its anthem.
Russia has a long history and for many centuries had its own state symbols. The double-headed eagle personified our state from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 20th. It was a symbol of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Moscow kingdom, the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic in 1917 and the RSFSR before the adoption of a new coat of arms. There are documents dated 17 and 18 years signed by Lenin with a seal with a double-headed eagle. The white-blue-red flag has been a symbol of Russia since the 17th century, when, under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, white-blue-red flags were made for the first Russian warship Oryol. Thus, just as our state retains its historical name Russia, so in 1991 it was decided to restore the historical state symbols of our state. Russia is a country that does not remember its history, which at each stage of its development should come up with new state symbols. And we should preserve with dignity our historical memory, which is largely expressed in state symbols.
National emblem
The coat of arms is one of the main symbols of state sovereignty. It decorates buildings on official government residences, is placed on official government letterheads and documents. Respect for the emblem is on a par with the national flag and anthem. Any form of disrespect for the state emblem is offensive and is punishable by law in many countries.
In Russia, the image of a two-headed eagle with three historical crowns of Peter the Great is adopted as the state emblem. The Regulation on the State Emblem of the Russian Federation was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2050 dated November 30, 1993.
As a rule, in most countries there are certain restrictions and rules for using the image of the state emblem on letterheads or in other cases. This is the prerogative of the official state authorities.
Their coats of arms exist not only in states, but also in individual cities, state bodies, state entities. Individual firms and individuals have their own coats of arms. As for individuals, the presence of a family coat of arms in the practice of many countries indicates the antiquity of their family, often belonging to the nobility. Since ancient times, there has been a rule of obligatory respect for the coat of arms. Disrespect for the coat of arms is regarded as one of the most serious insults.
State flag
The national flag is the symbol of the state. There is an international flag protocol that should be strictly adhered to (especially if you have invited foreign guests). Any disrespect shown in relation to the national flag of a foreign state is considered as a deliberate insulting action directed at that state. There are even states according to the protocol of which the inverted flag symbolizes the state of war.
When flags of several states are displayed at the same time, the dimensions of the panels must be the same. Flags are hung in a row and at the same level. You can't fly two flags on the same flagpole, one above the other. The first place in a row or in the center of a row is considered honorary. As a general rule, the state flag of the guest country has the right to occupy the most honorable place, i.e. it should be the first if two flags are flown, and in the middle if there are several flags. Most often, the flags of foreign states, while being displayed at the same time, are placed alphabetically in accordance with the name of the states (in the Latin alphabet or in the alphabet of the language of the country where the flags are displayed).
The national flag is raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. If the flag must hang for several days, then it must be lowered every evening and raised again every morning. The flag is raised quickly and lowered slowly. On days of mourning, the flag is lowered to half-mast, that is, it is raised to the middle of the flagpole. The flag must not touch the ground, floor or water. The flag being flown must always be in good condition.
A small flag should not be used on a tall flagpole and vice versa. The ratio of the width of the flag and the height of the flagpole is 1:6. On the wall of an official institution, the flag is hung in expanded form with a cloth to the right of the back of the person sitting at the table, and if it is installed on a special flagpole, then to the right.
In some countries, a good tradition has developed from an early age to educate citizens in respect for the national flag. In the United States, for example, every day before classes in schools there is a solemn hoisting of the flag. The legislation of many countries provides for punishment for desecration of the flag and even for disrespectful attitude towards it.
The national flag is our history, a symbol of the unity of the people, a symbol of the motherland. And to treat him with reverence, deep respect is the duty of every citizen of his country.
National anthem
The national anthem, along with the coat of arms and the flag, is one of the important symbols of the state sovereignty of the state. As a rule, this is a solemn song performed during official state events, festive celebrations, when meeting and seeing off state delegations and guests.
When the national anthem is played, all those present stand up. Soldiers salute, civilians stand without headgear, straight, lowering their hands, or putting their right hand to their hearts.
In the Russian Federation, issues related to the performance of the National Anthem of Russia are regulated by Decree No. 2127 adopted by the President of the Russian Federation on December 11, 1993, which approved the Regulations on the National Anthem of the Russian Federation.
To my great regret, the National Anthem of Russia in recent history has changed so many times that it has lost due respect from some Russians.
2. Documents, powers
Visa, residence permit
A visa is a mark affixed to foreigners in a passport or on a separate insert about permission to enter the country and stay in it for a certain time. Visas are designed to regulate the flow of foreigners crossing the border, as well as to account for them.
Visas in the overwhelming majority of cases are issued in advance by consular institutions (consulates, consular departments of embassies). To obtain a visa, an application form is submitted to the embassy or consulate in advance (sometimes several weeks in advance) with a request for a visa. Many countries in this case carry out a certain visa fee.
Visas are issued for certain period(from a few days to a year or even more) and may allow a single entry into the visited country or multiple trips. As a rule, the text of the visa mentions the period for which this person can enter the country.
Visas are issued for tourism purposes, for business trips, for leaving for permanent residence, etc.
In accordance with bilateral or multilateral agreements, there are special agreements between a number of countries - for example, a visa to tourists can be issued directly upon arrival at the airport without contacting the embassy or consulate. A number of European countries have formed a single visa area (the so-called countries of the “Schengen group”), when entry into one country makes it possible to visit other countries of this group (this intention must be indicated when filling out the questionnaire).
In international practice, there are also diplomatic and service visas - respectively for persons with a diplomatic or service passport traveling on official business. Such visas are issued through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which itself contacts the embassy or consulate.
If a foreigner is going to live in another country for a long time, then he must obtain a special permit from the Ministry of the Interior or the Immigration Service - a residence permit. This permit must be renewed periodically. The basis for obtaining a residence permit may be study, contract work or long-term medical treatment.
Accreditation
Accreditation (from the Latin accredere - to trust) is the process of appointing a diplomatic, commercial or other official representative to the host country. Representatives of the mass media are also subject to accreditation when they are appointed to work in another country, as well as when covering official events, conferences, congresses, etc. diplomatic etiquette business consulate
Accreditation implies the recognition of certain representatives as official representatives of their state, company, mass media body, etc.
For heads of diplomatic missions, accreditation usually includes the granting of an agrément, and ends with the presentation of credentials. The head of an independent consular post is considered accredited after he receives the exequatur. In other cases, accreditation is completed by the process of notifying the official bodies of the host country about the arrival of the diplomat and that he has taken up his duties.
Journalists are accredited by the press services of parliaments, congresses, forums, other events or international organizations, or by the official state media relations services of the host country. During the accreditation process, they are issued certificates that give them the right to participate in press events.
Trade and commercial representatives are accredited at chambers of commerce and industry or associations, as well as at trade and trade and industry exhibitions, fairs.
Credentials
Credentials (used in the plural) - a document adopted in interstate practice confirming the authority of a diplomatic representative (usually an ambassador or head of a special state delegation). In common practice, the concept of credentials is applied overwhelmingly to appointed ambassadors. Credentials in form represent a personal letter executed on stamped paper to the head of the receiving state signed by the head of the sending state. This document is also sealed by the signature of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The text of the credentials states that the diplomatic representative is authorized to speak on behalf of the head of the state that sent him, and also contains a request to believe that he will speak on behalf of the leadership of his country.
The ceremony of presentation of credentials, as a rule, ends the official procedure for accreditation of a diplomatic representative in the host country; his seniority among colleagues in the diplomatic corps depends on the date of presentation of credentials.
Upon the final departure of the ambassador to his homeland, his successor, along with his credentials, also transfers the letters of recall of his predecessor. In some rare cases, it also happens that the departing ambassador himself presents his letters of recall. Recall letters are issued in the same way as credentials.
Powers
In international, especially diplomatic practice, a document certifying the right of the person (persons) indicated in it to speak on behalf of the state, government or other official body and negotiate, take part in international conferences, sign treaties and agreements, represent the state in international organizations, etc.
The text of powers indicates the full name of the authorized person and contains a description of the powers given to him (negotiating, signing an agreement, participating in a conference). The text of diplomatic credentials is usually printed on special paper and certified with a seal and signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs or his deputy.
When signing bilateral treaties and agreements, the representatives of the parties usually present their powers to each other, and when signing multilateral treaties and agreements, the powers of the parties are surrendered to the depositories. At conferences, sessions of international organizations, a committee for checking credentials is usually created. At the same time, representatives of states surrender their powers to the chief administrative person of the organization (general secretary, director general, etc.). The report of the credentials committee is usually one of the first items on the agenda, and the conference accepts or rejects the credentials of certain participants.
It is generally accepted practice that heads of state, heads of government, ministers of foreign affairs and, within their competence, heads of diplomatic missions have the right to negotiate and sign international agreements without additional powers.
Powers in the form of special letters are issued in practice modern business, as a rule, in those cases when negotiations are conducted not by the management of the company, but by its employees or representatives. Authorizations or special letters of attorney are also issued to lawyers negotiating on behalf of the firm or representing it in external relations.
Exequatur
An exequatura (from the Latin exequare, to find out) is an official document certifying that the host government recognizes a foreign consul (head of an independent consular office) in this capacity.
The issuance of the exequatur completes the process of accreditation of the consul for work in the host country. The exequatur implies that the consul has a consular patent issued by the state that sent him. The text of the exequatur may define the boundaries and composition of the consular district where the powers of the consul are valid (in a number of countries, the boundaries of the consular district are described in separate diplomatic correspondence).
The exequatur is affixed with the signature of the head of the host state (or, depending on local practice, the head of government, the minister of foreign affairs) and the seal.
According to diplomatic practice, in the event of refusal to issue an exequatur, the receiving state is not required to inform the appointing state of the reasons for such a step.
3. Consulate
Consulate - the official consular representation in the host country. The establishment of consulates is usually regulated by special intergovernmental bilateral agreements concluded on the basis of reciprocity. At the same time, classes of consular missions are determined - consulates general or consulates corresponding to the class of appointed heads of these institutions.
In some cases, the term "consulate" in everyday speech is also used in relation to the consular departments of embassies, which also provide consular services to citizens of their countries and foreigners.
Consul (from Latin consul) -- executive appointed as a permanent representative in any city or district of another state to perform functions within the framework of consular relations established between the two countries. Consular functions are determined by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963, a number of other multilateral agreements, as well as bilateral consular conventions and domestic legislation. As a rule, the consul takes measures for the fullest possible exercise by the citizens of his country of all the rights granted to them by the legislation of the host country, keeps records of the citizens of his country who are within his consular district, provides them with the necessary legal assistance, issues, extends or amends the statutory documents of citizens (passports, certificates and other documents), issues, cancels and extends visas for entry into his country, performs notarial acts, as well as consular legalization of documents issued in the state he represents.
The institute of consuls originated at the end of the 11th century - mainly to protect the interests of European merchants in the countries of the East. With the development of trade, it gained further distribution and by the end of the 18th century acquired features that are still preserved today.
There are regular consuls - government officials appointed to another country to serve, and non-staff (honorary) consuls, which may be citizens of the host country who perform their duties on a voluntary basis. Recently, the practice of appointing non-staff honorary consuls has been gradually narrowing down.
The consul and his staff are part of the consular corps in the host country. According to international practice, they are subject to consular privileges and immunities, as a rule, similar to diplomatic ones.
By seniority, consular officers are divided into consuls general, consuls and vice-consuls.
In diplomatic missions (embassies), consular duties are usually performed by one of the embassy employees, often heading a special consular department. He may also be called a consul.
In Russia, as in many other countries, consular officers are career diplomats and serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Consular patent
A consular patent is an official document indicating the appointment of a representative as the head of an independent consular institution, which is transmitted through official channels to the authorities of the host country. The consular patent indicates the full name, citizenship of the appointed person, his consular rank, and also contains a description of the composition of the consular district in which he is authorized
carry out their functions. The consular patent also indicates the location of the consular office where this consular representative is appointed.
A consular patent is issued by the head of state, head of government or head of the foreign affairs department of the sending state. AT Russian practice the consular patent of Russian consular representatives is issued with two signatures - the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia and the head of the Consular Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
consular circle
The consular district is the territory of the host state within which the consular representative is authorized to carry out the consular functions entrusted to him. The boundaries of the consular district are determined by mutual agreement between the state sending the consul and the receiving state. The boundaries of the consular district are indicated in the consular patent issued to the consul upon appointment or in another document on his appointment to the post. Changing the boundaries and composition of the consular district may be allowed only by mutual agreement of the two states.
According to accepted practice, within his district, the consul has the right to directly address the official authorities of the host country. When addressing the central authorities, he usually acts through the embassy of his state.
4. Specific concepts in diplomacy
Non Paper (translated from English as “non-existent paper”) is a type of document widely used in modern diplomatic and political practice. It is a kind of impersonal memorandum - a brief note outlining the essence of the issue, the proposed wording of the document under discussion. Usually, such a document does not have a title and signature, although it may contain technical subtitles.
The use of such documents makes it possible to fix in a fairly free form the proposal made, the situation that has developed during the negotiations, and to introduce new elements for consideration by the opposite side. As a rule, such documents are not considered official and serve as working material. It is possible to refer anywhere to the provisions of Non Paper only without indicating the authorship of the document. Non Paper are not meant to be quoted, let alone made public.
The doyen of the diplomatic corps (French doyen - elder) is the head of the diplomatic corps in the host country, which represents all accredited diplomats; he has the highest diplomatic class and was accredited in the host country earlier than other diplomatic representatives.
The doyen's functions are largely protocol-based. He speaks on behalf of the diplomatic corps when conveying congratulations or expressing condolences, leads the diplomatic corps at protocol events, and with the consent of other heads of mission, can enter into negotiations with the foreign affairs department of the host country on diplomatic privileges and immunity. Doyen advises his newly arrived colleagues on host country protocol. Upon arrival at a new duty station, the newly appointed ambassador usually pays the dean his first courtesy call and only after that visits other ambassadors.
Through the dean, the authorities of the host country often disseminate information common to the entire diplomatic corps. In this case, the dean must ensure that this information reaches each mission.
The doyen is always a diplomatic representative of the highest class (ambassador, nuncio). According to established practice, the dean is the head of the mission, the first among colleagues in the diplomatic corps to present his credentials. Previously, in a number of Catholic countries, a procedure was adopted when the doyen was a representative of the Vatican nuncio.
It happens that some countries do not have diplomatic relations with the country represented by the doyen. In such cases, they maintain contact with the next in seniority ambassador.
Special attaches
In diplomatic practice, along with the diplomatic position and the rank of "attache", as a rule, a junior diplomatic officer, there is the practice of appointing special attachés:
· military, naval and air attaches, defense attaches - official representatives of the military department of the country that appointed them to the military department of the host country; at the same time, they are part of the embassy and are advisers to the head of the mission on military issues;
· press attache - employees of the embassy who, by the nature of their activities, are responsible for relations with the press, electronic media. This concept has stepped over from diplomatic practice into ordinary life, and now many firms and organizations have their own "press attaches";
· Attaches - representatives of ministries and departments operating as part of the embassy of their state abroad and responsible for maintaining contacts with related departments and services of the host country. As a rule, they occupy at the same time one of the senior diplomatic posts in the embassy (counselor, first secretary, etc.).
Dragoman
Dragoman (French dragoman from Arabic - translator) is the obsolete name of the official translator, who was on diplomatic and consular missions in eastern countries. According to established traditions, the dragoman was ranked among the members of the diplomatic or consular corps.
Drahomans, as a rule, were not just translators, but also authoritative specialists who knew the customs, customs and history of the host country. These specialists were highly valued and sometimes could be in this position until their advanced years.
In modern diplomatic practice, this term is gradually falling out of circulation, although it can be used in a figurative sense - to characterize high-class specialists on staff of diplomatic missions who are fluent in oriental languages.
acclamation
Acclamation (from the Latin acclamatio - exclamation) means a method of making decisions without voting in diplomatic practice, as well as according to the rules of some parliaments, conferences, congresses, forums, etc. The decision is made on the basis of the reaction of the participants: exclamations, applause, remarks, and statements of participants from the field, etc.
In the official protocols of the events, as a rule, the note “the decision was made by acclamation” is made.
The term used in diplomatic practice (from the French agreer - consent), implies the consent of the government of the receiving state to the appointment of a certain person as the diplomatic representative of the sending state. Agrement is requested only for the heads of diplomatic missions (in modern practice, for ambassadors) and, as a rule, through the foreign affairs department of the host country, by the outgoing ambassador or senior employee of the diplomatic mission. During a personal visit, the essence of the matter is verbally stated to the responsible person of the host country and a brief curriculum vitae of the newly appointed representative is transmitted. In some countries, it is also practiced to send an official note to the department of foreign affairs with a request for the issuance of an agrément.
In many cases, the rejection of the agrement is not reported - the expiration of the appropriate period (4-8 weeks) is a signal that the proposed candidate is undesirable.
In the case of an oral request for an agrément, a positive answer is also given orally.
After receiving the agrement, the nominated candidate for the position of head of the diplomatic mission is considered as persona grata, a negative reaction or response from the receiving party means that this representative is persona non grata.
The host state is not obliged to report the motives for refusing the agrément.
In accordance with international practice, possible correspondence or discussion of the issue of agrément is not made public.
Nuncio (from the Latin Nuntius - messenger) - the diplomatic representative of the Pope in countries with which the Vatican has diplomatic relations. Nuncio refers to the highest level of diplomatic representatives. In a number of Catholic countries, the nuncio, by tradition, was the doyen of the diplomatic corps, regardless of the date of presentation of credentials by other ambassadors. This practice is now a thing of the past.
Grant Person
Persona grata (from the Latin persona grata - a desirable person) - in diplomatic practice, a diplomatic representative in respect of which the host state has agreed to his appointment and arrival. With regard to ambassadors or heads of consular missions, this is determined by the procedures for obtaining an agrément or exequatur. For other diplomatic workers, obtaining a visa to enter the country means recognition of their persona grata.
Persona non grata (from the Latin persona non grata - an undesirable person) is a diplomat declared by the authorities of the host country as an undesirable person. In this case, the accrediting state recalls him to his homeland and he must leave the country.
The motive for declaring a diplomat persona non grata may be his interference in the internal affairs of the host country, violation or disrespect for its laws and customs, abuse of immunity or privileges of a diplomat. Often behind this lies the wording "for illegal activities incompatible with the status of a diplomat", which may be charged with espionage.
At the same time, the authorities of the host country, in accordance with international norms set forth in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, are not required to explain the reasons why a diplomat is declared persona non grata.
Salute (from the Latin salus - greeting) is a solemn form of greeting adopted in the practice of many countries, marking special respect for persons arriving on a visit or symbolizing respect for a national holiday, symbol, and also on the occasion of the death of prominent figures. The salute is given in the form of rifle or artillery volleys, it can also be given in the form of guarding weapons on guard. In maritime affairs, the salute may be given with flags.
Salute of the nations
The salute of nations is a particularly solemn form of greeting or saluting on the occasion of an official visit by a head of state or government, a visit by a foreign ship to a port on an official friendly visit, and on a number of other occasions.
As a rule, this is an artillery salute, consisting of 21 volleys.
gentleman's agreements
The form of an agreement or understanding, accepted in international practice, reached orally. Under international law, there is no obligation to conclude agreements in writing, and gentlemen's agreements can have the same legal force as those recorded on paper. By their very nature, gentleman's agreements usually deal with one or two specific matters of principle.
The main condition for achieving gentlemen's agreements is the unconditional availability of the necessary powers to the negotiating representatives.
The gentlemen's agreements reached can later be reflected in a joint communiqué following the negotiations or in press releases by the parties (sometimes this is a joint announcement agreed by the parties).
Departure from gentlemen's agreements is regarded as a serious violation of the norms of international communication, which can drastically undermine the trust of the parties in each other.
In many cases, gentlemen's agreements lead in the future to the conclusion between the parties of more specific and deeply elaborated documents - agreements, treaties, protocols.
The practice of gentlemen's agreements has become widespread in the business world. Strict observance of such agreements is a matter of honor for the contracting parties.
In a number of countries, the legislation provides for the same liability for violation of oral agreements as for violation of written agreements. This, of course, raises the question of proving the existence of gentlemen's agreements, but the damage to the business reputation of the violator is undeniable. Such agreements are strictly observed in the USA, England, Germany and other European countries. At the same time, in many countries of the East and Africa, it is preferable in business practice to fix the agreement on paper.
5. Nationalth features of business communication
a). Traits of character and behavior of the peoples of Europe.
International business communication provides for the need to understand and take into account the characteristics of the character and distinctive features of behavior
different peoples. This task is simplified if business relations connect representatives of peoples and cultures that have common roots - linguistic, ethnic, religious, etc. It is obvious that in this context, the differences in the ethics of business communication in the east and west of Europe will not be so significant, as, say, between the Christian West and the Muslim East, or an East ethically oriented towards the values of Confucianism, Buddhism or Hinduism. There are a number of factors that determine the commonality of approaches to ethical issues for Western and of Eastern Europe. This is a single Christian culture, ethnic proximity and a long history of political, economic and cultural ties.
All this gives grounds to assert that this course On the whole, he briefly formulates the foundations of the ethics of business communication, characteristic of European culture, which, of course, in different countries have national characteristics.
There are certain traits of character and behavior that affect the ethics of business communication, common to entire groups of peoples. Thus, the German psychologist H. Günther conditionally divided the peoples of Europe into four subtypes - Nordics, Dinarians, Mediterraneans and Ostians.
He refers to the Nordics the peoples of Scandinavia, Great Britain, Belgium, Holland, Northern Germany and Northern France. By temperament, they are cold, restrained, stubborn, stingy with words, alien to any familiarity, have willpower. Character traits- self-confidence, critical mind, love of truth, common sense, loyalty to power, love of order, understanding of the sublime, aristocratic inclinations, constancy in affections, love of freedom. Nordics have a high sense of duty and responsibility to themselves and others, have a creative spirit, are distinguished by the will to power and the ability to lead others.
The German psychologist refers to the Dinarians the peoples of Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Austria. These are people who are prone to cheerfulness and the open manifestation of their moods. They are distinguished by a sense of pride, courage, honor, militancy, adherence to their own way of life, customs and love for folk art. Dinarians are touchy and at the same time good-natured people, prone to rude jokes. They lack the discipline and clarity of thought inherent in the Nordics.
The Mediterranean subtype includes the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (Spaniards, Portuguese), Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, the south of France, the south of the Balkan Peninsula, as well as northern Africa and the Spanish-speaking peoples of Latin America. These people are restless by temperament, energetic, changeable in mood, loving life, prone to change, addicted, resourceful, quick to grasp ideas and talented. The judgments of the Mediterraneans are sensual or intuitive, they often get into funny situations because of their restlessness. Many of them devote themselves to art or poetry. In social and political life, these people are prophets, renovators of morality, organizers of the spiritual life of the nation.
The Ostian subtype extends to the peoples of Eastern Europe. According to H. Gunter, with whom it is difficult to agree, but it is necessary to quote, since it reflects a fairly common stereotype in the West, the Ostians are characterized by the absence of clearly expressed attachments, firmly formed feelings, inability to control oneself, a tendency to succumb to temptations, love for monotony and a fixed salary. Often there is a lack of sharp thought, unreliability in business and enterprises, love for bureaucratic positions, bureaucracy.
In life they are realists, in their views they are democrats, but, as a rule, they join the majority party. In art, they love vague forms, warmth and softness of lines. The work of the Ostians is of low quality.
b). The system of moral attitudes and the hierarchy of values of the peoples of the East.
The apt remark of the famous movie hero that "the East is a delicate matter" has serious grounds. Specific, "subtle" features of the peoples of the East are most clearly manifested in the sphere of communication. It seems that it cannot be otherwise, since there are too great differences in the moral, religious and cultural orientation of the peoples of the East from European norms that are understandable and close to us. Acquaintance with the culture of another people for many people, as a rule, begins, and often ends, with communication in a business or informal setting with its representatives. At the same time, knowledge and consideration of the accepted rules and norms of behavior, ethics and etiquette of this or that people are of great importance, and especially in the East.
Let us refer to the opinion of an orientalist. "The system of moral attitudes that determine the nature of communication includes universal, universal values (respect for elders, parents, women, hospitality, the concept of honor, dignity, such character traits as modesty, tolerance, benevolence, etc.). In principle, such a set is characteristic of any people.However, the hierarchy of values cultivated and traditionally supported in a particular society, as a rule, has its own specifics.The principle of hospitality is included in the moral codes of any people, but not all of them come first.Respect for elders and parents takes one one of the first places in the system of moral values of most peoples of Asia, and is very weakly expressed among Europeans ... In addition, the ethical systems of a number of peoples of the East contain specific norms. The ethics and aesthetics of the Indonesians are based on the opposition "coarse-soft". which should be manifested in everything: in gait, in gestures, in facial expressions, in dancing , in a manner of speaking."
The specific norms of ethics and etiquette that have developed over the centuries among many peoples of the East are enshrined in sets of rules that are strictly observed in communication with compatriots, and often have a significant impact on the nature of relations with foreigners. Thus, the code of honor of the Afghans "Pushtunvalai" provides for the provision of hospitality and patronage to travelers of any nationality. The detailed etiquette rules regulating accommodation, refreshments, entertainment and seeing off guests. However, the Afghan will never reconcile himself to the presence of "uninvited guests" or occupation on his territory, as evidenced by history, including recent ones.
The ethical system of the Japanese includes the concept of "amae", which justifies the principle of subordination, dependence on parents. It, however, applies only to a limited circle of persons, including relatives. In relations with acquaintances, the main principles for the Japanese will be restraint and foresight. The Japanese are quite indifferent to strangers as long as they do not invade his world. Thus, the Japanese use one or another model of behavior, depending on who he is dealing with.
“In every society, the image of a morally ideal person is being formed and intensively promoted. What should be the ideal person in Burma, Iran or India? Naturally, the answers to these questions will be different, and they depend on the ethical values that have developed over the centuries. more in America such qualities as initiative, enterprise, non-standard are valued, then for the Japanese they are more likely to be negative.The ideal Japanese is the person who, first of all, observes the established order, lives in peace with his neighbors and does not show his individuality in any way. kindness is most valued among peoples (Malays), while others have stamina and tolerance for all sorts of hardships (Bedouin nomads)."
The diversity of ethnic types, religions, ethical systems and moral attitudes of the peoples of the East does not allow the development of universal norms for business and informal communication with them, because accounting require the listed features of each of them.
General principles, however, may be as follows: respect for religious beliefs and culture; interest and attention to national peculiarities; the inadmissibility of the manifestation of a sense of national, cultural or other superiority; correctness and tact in difficult communication situations. It will never be superfluous to first familiarize yourself with the available materials that tell about the people and their customs. Invaluable assistance in preparing for communication with foreigners can be provided by an interpreter, who, as already noted, should be not only a philologist, but also a country specialist.
China and countries with a predominance of the Chinese population. The Chinese population absolutely predominates in China, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. A number of other countries in Southeast Asia also have large and economically active groups of Chinese.
The national-psychological characteristics of the Chinese are noticeably manifested in the field of business relations, in particular in the negotiation processes. In these countries, great importance is attached to the observance of the rules of business etiquette, so knowledge of the peculiarities of the local culture of communication can be positively assessed by Chinese partners.
Here are the basic elements of Chinese business etiquette:
It is necessary to avoid a situation in which you can embarrass the Chinese in the presence of his compatriots. When criticism is unavoidable, express it face to face. You can also use the services of an intermediary, especially if we are talking about a person with a high social status;
It is considered correct to respond as quickly as possible to all requests, proposals, correspondence and invitations. At least immediately send messages that you will reply as soon as possible. One of the most common complaints from Chinese partners is the slowness with which Western companies respond to their requests and requests;
It is not recommended to skip rituals and protocol events. Joint banquets, receptions, and the like create the closer relationships that are so important to Chinese business practices. It is recommended to come to any such event with a gift (a fruit basket or a bottle of wine can be a good gift for most situations). Wrapped gifts are not usually unpacked until the guests leave, which is the exact opposite of our custom. For a wedding, birthday or funeral, it is customary to give a small amount of money in an envelope (in red - for the living, in white - on the occasion of death);
An obligatory attribute of business relations in Chinese society is the exchange of business cards. It is recommended to have business cards printed in both English and Chinese;
The Chinese put the surname first when addressing. In Western practice, on the contrary, the surname is often put in second place, which can create confusion. If you have just met a Chinese, call him (her) by his last name. Some Chinese who constantly deal with the West take on a Western-style middle name, such as Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan;
Clothing and appearance in Chinese society mean much more than in the West, especially at business meetings and protocol events. Traditional business attire - a conservative gray or navy blue suit, formal tie, white shirt and black or blue boots;
At banquets and receptions, rice wine (shaoxin) is served at the table, which is supposed to be drunk after toast. In this case, the glass is held in the right hand, supporting it with the left. According to Chinese etiquette, the guest of honor tastes the new dish first and gets up from the table.
Features of communication with representatives of business circles in Japan. The Japanese have particularly stringent requirements for the ethics of business communication. Like the Chinese, they carefully adhere to the rule to appear at the service and protocol events in a strict business suit. The main requirements for clothing are neatness, accuracy and even some pedantry. During negotiations, as a rule, jackets are not removed and ties are not loosened. Clean socks without holes are of particular importance in Japan: it is customary to enter a house or a traditional Japanese restaurant without shoes.
The Japanese value solidity and strive for closer, more trusting relationships with partners. They are favorably impressed by the attention to the affairs of their firm. An important attribute of establishing a trusting relationship can be gifts and souvenirs. According to Japanese etiquette, during the first meeting, gifts are given by the hosts, not guests.
The first business contacts in Japan are impossible without the exchange of business cards, which are of great importance. As with dealing with Chinese partners, it is desirable that the card be printed in two languages (English and Japanese). During contacts as part of delegations, the exchange of business cards takes place strictly according to subordination. Violation of subordination is tantamount to an insult.
The Japanese should always be called by their last names, adding the invariable "san" (master), for example, Kaneko-san, Takeshita-san. Calling by name and other familiarity in communication is not accepted.
A feature of negotiating processes with Japanese partners is a detailed consideration of all issues, including seemingly unimportant ones. Discussions tend to be slow and with pauses, which the Japanese arrange to eliminate differences of opinion in their circle. Any manifestation of impatience or nervousness is regarded by the Japanese as a sign of weakness and non-compliance with etiquette. Fairly frank and uninhibited conversations during joint visits to entertainment establishments can be considered a continuation of the negotiation process. In restaurants and bars, the same issues are usually discussed as at the negotiating table. Those are the generally accepted rules of the game."
Listusedliterature:
1.Laktionov A. "History of diplomacy" - "AST", 2006
2.www.etiquette.ru
3. "State symbols": http://www.statesymbol.ru/
4. Golovnin V. ABC of business etiquette. - Echo of the planet. - 1991. - N 47. - S. 30.
5. Sukharev V.A. Be business man. - Simferopol, 1996.
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