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Design and construction of the social environment. Start in science

Social Design Technology

L.M. Chabak

MBOU "School No. 9 with in-depth study of the English language"

Kazan

Social Design - it is a creative process of constructing a system of social actions aimed at overcoming existing social problems, at positive changes, at the development of the social situation.

Subjects of social design(i.e., those who carry out the design) can be both individuals and organizations, labor collectives, social institutions, specially created design teams, etc. A necessary feature of the design subject is its social activity.

Objects of social design(i.e. what will the projected social actions be aimed at) can be:

1) a person as a social individual with his needs, interests, value orientations, attitudes, social status, prestige, roles in the system of relations;

2) various elements and subsystems social structure societies (work collectives, regions, social groups, etc.);

3) a variety of social relations (political, ideological, managerial, aesthetic, moral, domestic, interpersonal, etc.).

Today, social design is one of the most effective waysdevelopment of civil society, and, consequently, the development of LSG .

Idea participation population in the development and adoption of decisions on projects, their adjustment, in the prevention of arbitrary social decisions of the authorities, administrations of all levels or individuals has become one of the generally accepted foundations of the practice of social design in many countries.

Inclusion of the public in various forms in the development and implementation of social projects significantly increasescivic engagement population and the effectiveness of local problems.

Technology involves a certain sequence of procedures to achieve certain goals. Below is a sequence of steps in the process of working on a social project.

Project preparation

Step number 1. Creation, training of the project team, studying its capabilities.

Main tasks

Expected results

Assemble the design team and engage with the preliminary concept

The presence of a group of people who are ready to engage in social projects.

Conduct training aimed at rallying and forming a creative team spirit. Explore the capabilities of each team member.

Having a creative team focused on positive social change. Understanding by each participant of their capabilities and their contribution to the common cause.

Form the norms and rules of communication and interaction in the team (further, in any team activity, train their observance).

Interaction skills in the process of common activities

Teach team members the basics of project activities

Understanding the specifics of social design. Availability of the necessary knowledge and skills

Comment. The group includes socially active, caring people who are personally interested in activities aimed at developing the social situation in their region. In addition, the selection criteria are: a) sufficient intellectual level, b) sufficient creative potential, c) ability and desire to work in a team.

Step #2. Studying the social situation

Main tasks

Expected results

Collect information about the social, political and cultural life of the region

An objective idea of the social situation in the local community, of real problems, of resources for the development of the region.

Analyze the information received in terms of problems

"Problem field" of the region (a list of problems and unfulfilled needs inherent in different social groups).

Make forecasts of various scenarios for the development of the situation:

a) while maintaining existing trends,

b) in case of impacts on them for the purpose of optimization.

Forecasts of the development of the situation.

Prepare a detailed report on the study

Systematized report materials

Comment. Forecasts of the development of the situation allow: a) to assess the significance of certain problems, b) to assess the possibility of negative consequences of interventions in the natural course social processes, c) to form an "image of the desired future".

Step #3: Prioritize social problem

Main tasks

Expected results

Rank the problems according to their importance

Highlighting a priority problem

Determine the "audience" of the project, i.e. the social group that is the bearer of the priority social problem and to which the social project.

A list of persons and organizations, carriers of the problem, with whom the main interaction will take place within the framework of the project.

Formulate a social problem (or problems).

A clear statement of the problem (or several problems)

Determine the reasons for the existence of this social problem

List of reasons for the problem

Comment. The "audience" should be involved in the development and implementation of the project. This will allow: a) to eliminate errors in the design process, to choose the most effective methods solving certain problems, b) to use the resources of the “audience” as much as possible, c) to turn the process of project implementation into a kind of social movement.

Step number 4. Defining the goal and objectives of the social project

Main tasks

Expected results

Formulate the main goal of the social project

A clear statement of the purpose of the project.

Carry out the process of searching for methods and means of solving a social problem.

Design decision

Formulate specific tasks that reveal the content of work to solve a social problem

A list of specific tasks, the solution of which will lead to the achievement of the goal

Step number 5. Drawing up a work plan

Main tasks

Expected results

Determine the list of main activities to achieve the goals and objectives of the project

Written document - work plan

Set the timing of both preparatory and main activities of the project

Accurate schedule for the implementation of the plan

Determine who is responsible for each item in the plan

List of persons responsible for the implementation of each item of the plan

Specify the necessary resources and sources of their receipt

List of necessary resources and sources of their receipt.

Step number 6. Drawing up a work schedule

Main tasks

Expected results

Make a schedule for the implementation of all points of the plan

Work schedule

Arrange the graph in the form of a table

Written work schedule

Step number 7. Defining responsibilities and their distribution in the team

Main tasks

Expected results

Consider the responsibilities needed to implement the plan

List of responsibilities

Describe the main content of each responsibility

Description of responsibilities

Distribute responsibilities between team members who will be directly involved in the implementation of the project

List of team members with the responsibilities of each

Step number 8. Determination of resources and sources of their receipt

Main tasks

Expected results

Make a list of required resources (material, financial and human)

List of required resources

Make a list of resource sources

List of sources for obtaining each type of resource

Step #9: Budgeting

Main tasks

Expected results

Determine sources of income Money(income)

A specific list of sources of income with an indication of the amounts for each of them

Make a list of upcoming expenses

List of estimated expenses with indication of their amount

Determine the difference between income and expenses

Project implementation

Step #11: Drafting Project Proposals

Main tasks

Expected results

Revision of the drawn up plan, taking into account the social situation

Final version of the project implementation plan

Drafting a short summary of the project

Project Summary

Drawing up proposals for the joint implementation of the project various organizations

Options for proposals for joint activities

Drafting the text of an agreement on joint activities

Contract Options

Step #12. Search for business partners

Main tasks

Expected results

Determining the list of organizations and persons that can help in the implementation of the project

List of organizations and individuals

Collection of information about prospective business partners

Information about business partners

Establishment of addresses, telephones, expected date of negotiations

detailed information

Step #13: Conducting Formal Negotiations

Main tasks

Expected results

Determination of the equity participation of each partner in the implementation of the project

Text of the agreement (oral agreement)

Sign a cooperation agreement

Signed text of the treaty

Step #14: Obtaining the Required Resources

Main tasks

Expected results

Get the resources needed to implement the project in a timely manner

Availability of the necessary resources in the right amount and the time specified in the plan

Step number 15. Carrying out planned activities

Main tasks

Expected results

Carrying out the activities specified in the work plan for the implementation of the project

Accurate and complete implementation of all points of the plan

Step #16: Adjust project progress

Main tasks

Expected results

Collect and analyze information about the social changes that have occurred as a result of the project.

An objective view of the progress of the project and the social effectiveness of the chosen methods and means.

Correct the design solution and the work plan in accordance with the identified miscalculations.

New (corrected) version of the project

P error warnings

1. It happens that designers, "fascinated" by their design, forget to explore the possibility of negative consequences of the social actions inherent in the design.

Don't skip the forecasting process.

2. Often, designers are subject to the desire for "gigantomania", that is, they aim at a project designed to "bring happiness to all mankind." As a rule, such projects are fundamentally unrealizable.

Match your desires with your capabilities.

3. In Soviet times, there appeared, and still appear now, many"imitation" projects. If an activity is unfolding to achieve a goal that is not intended to be achieved, then such an activity can be called a single word - imitation.

For the imitator, the ideal project is a long-term large-scale program that consumes huge resources, with the most delayed result and the inability to control the progress of its implementation in practice. In Soviet times, such an ideal project, developed for decades, was the “turn of the northern rivers”. In this case, the determining factor is the orientation towards participation in the distribution of the resource. In reality, this manifests itself in the fact that, being located in the space of a costly, distributive system, any project (with the exception of those aimed at overcoming this particular mechanism) in the organizational and activity aspect is, first of all, project ways to participate in the distribution of resources.

Think about what you really want.

4. It makes no sense to invent non-standard methods for solving standard problems. Before "reinventing the wheel" it is worth looking existing methods solutions and choose the best one for your social situation. Creativity can lead either to a brilliant result, or to a complete failure.

5 . Any leader always tempted to feel like "the navel of the earth." Your team (you create it) deserves to be heard.

Listen, and hear the opinions and considerations of your team members. Then make a decision and take responsibility for that decision.

social engineering- this is a systematic description of a social experiment, one of the forms of anticipatory reflection of social reality, containing proposals for this development in practice.

The result of social design - these are scientifically substantiated definitions of options for the planned development of new social processes and phenomena. Without carrying out social design, it is impossible to assess the correctness of the forecast, to develop a scientifically based plan social development. The design also takes into account the possibility of an unsuccessful experiment to test ideas. In this case, a thorough analysis of the reasons is needed: what caused the discrepancy in solving the tasks set? The process of social design is also called social construction.

Social design is used as one of the components of purposeful activity, when various options for solving new social problems are being developed. It is also used in the preparation social plans and programs to regulate transformable processes and phenomena that previously did not need detailed study and management.

Determining the rational parameters of the organization of relations in developing or created social objects, social design acts as an intermediate link on the path of objectification of social knowledge. First of all, through design, the creative activity of our consciousness is manifested, which not only reflects the world, but also creates, taking into account objective laws, in accordance with the needs of people. It is through the design and subsequent implementation of projects that the truth of our knowledge is decisively tested. Social design is able to be one of the criteria for the truth of our knowledge about society, because it is practice-oriented and is a necessary element of it.

Allocate the following conditions that allow you to design a social future. First, along with the most probable trend, there are less probable, but really possible development trends; secondly, in social objects there is usually a stock of internal social resources that can be mobilized to solve a given social problem; thirdly, social structures tend to experience significant deformations, which can be used to implement the preferred option for future development; fourthly, promising goals that are related in content can be replaced by one another, and the same goal can be realized by various means.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account determination, its features in public life, where each of the components of the system is relatively independent, but at the same time interconnected with other components. Changes in one component directly or indirectly lead to changes in others, and these, now secondary, changes through feedback in turn affect the original component, changing it. The behavior of each component of the system and the system as a whole largely depends on the nature and direction of the feedback, and the totality of these links is preserved, which significantly determines the behavior of the system. Before us, therefore, is the most complex form of non-linear causal dependence, which is inherent in integral systems in general and the social system in particular.

Social design as a special type of social engineering activity turns out to be one of the most promising technologies use of sociological knowledge. It is an effective tool for the practical development of all types scientific information, a new way of relatively isolated, integral innovation activities, a method for solving economic, organizational, social and cultural problems.

Social design has been talked about quite recently. Back in the 1970s. preferred to write about social planning, programming, innovation. But the emergence of a class of new complex tasks in the field of economics, culture, urban planning, design, among other types of social engineering activities, singled out social design.

It must be characterized in terms of the relationship between design methodology and the social sciences, as well as in terms of social action. Only in this case will it be possible to overcome the two main shortcomings of social design. One is low project fit (social projects are either utopian or are replaced by social manifestations), the other is the loss of social parameters.

Social design, like any specific field of knowledge, has a categorical (conceptual) apparatus. Categories act as steps of human knowledge of the world. The level of development of science can be judged by its categorical apparatus.

Categorical structure of social design - this is a set of definitions aimed at the scientific reflection of the main parameters, characteristics of future systems, processes, phenomena, their blocks, etc.

The main elements of project activity, its most important theoretical categories are: system, subject and object of social design, social technology(as a set of acts), conditions, methods of social design, etc.

An important place in the design activity is occupied by the concept of "system". AT contemporary literature one can find a large number of system definitions. Let's take one of them.

The system is an integrity organized by a set of functions and their corresponding managerial actions for decision-making and their implementation. An element and a structure are distinguished in the system. Under element usually understood as an object that represents the limit of division within the framework of the quality of the system, under structure - a relatively stable, orderly way of connecting elements, giving their interaction a holistic character.

The subject of social design are various media management activities- both individuals and organizations, labor collectives, social institutions that set as their goal an organized, purposeful transformation of social reality. The necessary attributive side of the subject of design is his social activity, direct participation in the design process. From knowledge and skills, creativity and skill, culture and level of thinking of the subject of project activity, from the specific abilities of people to analyze and synthesize information and issue original ideas The quality of the developed models and projects largely depends.

The objects of social design are understood as systems, processes of organization social connections, interactions included in the design activity, exposed to the influence of design subjects.

Objects of a very different nature fall into the field of social design:

elements, subsystems and systems of material and spiritual production that are amenable to organized influence (means and objects of labor, social technology, technology - as a set of tools, spiritual culture, social activity, etc.);
man - as a social individual and the subject of the historical process and social relations with his needs, interests, value orientations, attitudes, social status, prestige, roles in the system of relations;
elements and subsystems of the social structure of society (labor collectives, regions, social groups, etc.);
various social relations (political, ideological, managerial, aesthetic, moral, family and household, interpersonal);
lifestyle elements (life positions, ways of life, quality and style of life, etc.).

The number of objects of social design in the era of the scientific and technological revolution has increased markedly. Its main objects are social systems. Each has specifics, special features, has various, often very complex, elements, blocks, subsystems, structure, original system-forming factors.

One of the elements social activities is an social Action, those. the impact of a person as a subject of social activity on a controlled subsystem (social structure), environment, region, team, group, personality, aimed at implementing the developed project, achieving the goal.

When designing systems social activity represents a functional-temporal sequence of social actions (social technology of the design process), and project - a special form of displaying needs, interests, attitudes, aspirations, expressed in a certain symbolic form.

Social technology is a sequence of acts of social activity ordered in time and space, a set of skills, methods, techniques aimed at achieving a specific goal, the implementation of a social order. By means of technology, the abstract definitions of science are translated into a specific language of instructions, decisions, instructions, standards that direct people's social activity to the effective implementation of the necessary actions.

Among the characteristics of social design, a condition occupies a special place - a system of social phenomena and processes that has a certain impact on project activities. The conditions of project activity include many components: relationships, processes, environment, actions, things, activities, means, etc.

Project background - this is a set of conditions external to the design object that significantly affect its functioning and development.

It is possible to get rid of subjectivism in design only by relying on scientific methods.

A method is a way to achieve a goal; building a social project - in a certain way, the ordered activity of the subject of design.

The following methods of social design are distinguished: "brainstorming", business game, getting used to the role, analogy, association, synectics.

Brainstorming method associated with the generation of ideas, their equal competition, the possibility of resistance. With the help of this method, the disadvantages of traditional ways of solving problem situations are overcome, for example, holding a meeting, where the various activity of the participation of individual members of the group, empty speeches, the strong influence of conflicts and inconsistency of participants negatively affect the course of work. These shortcomings are overcome due to the presence of a specialist - the organizer of group work.

Business game method - a comprehensive method covering all stages of the process of preparing and making a decision. It is used in cases of complex problematic situations (for example, environmental ones), which require the interaction of many interested departments, organizations, and public forces for their resolution. The main goals of the business game are to organize the joint activities of the participants in solving the problem in such a way as to reveal the real inconsistency of their interests in relation to the problem situation, to identify positions that force them to defend common or group interests, to achieve disclosure necessary information, to help participants hear and understand each other, to find a way to agreement.

The method of getting used to the role helps to get a more accurate idea of what needs to be done in the design process. This is not just a peek into the projected future, but the desire to better understand how the project will be implemented. Today, any problem requires taking into account the interests and desires of people, and this is best achieved when the designer carefully studies the conditions in which the process takes place.

analogy method provides that effectively functioning enterprises, towns, cities, in which certain social problems are rationally solved, to a certain extent serve as a model, a standard for constructing social tasks and goals.

Association method lies in the fact that when preparing a project, it often becomes necessary to make new decisions, which are caused by the insufficiency of existing practice. In this regard, the question arises of how to improve the situation, find a more rational and effective method management. Taking into account the accumulated knowledge, approaches are being developed that allow to seriously modify the existing practice. The association method involves a combination of adaptation, modification and complete reorganization techniques.

Synectics method is based on the fact that several proposed ideas are considered separately from each other, and then a certain relationship and interdependence is established between them.

Social engineering and forecasting in the field social work used to develop social programs, social proposals and projects, working out methods, techniques and technologies of specific forms of socionomic activity.

Social design as a branch of sociological science began to take shape in the 20th century, when it became obvious that ignoring social aspects led to serious social deformations. At the first stages of its formation, it was derived from scientific and technical design, which arose and became widespread in the 19th century, especially in architecture and mechanical engineering. Then it began to be used in solving the problems of resettlement, as well as in improving management systems. Gradually, along with traditional types, new independent areas of design began to take shape - human-machine systems, ecological, demographic, engineering-psychological, etc. In its essence, design covers almost all areas of human activity and society.

According to Zh.T. Toshchenko, its initial principles were developed by J. Dietrich, T. Tiori, D. Fry, P. Hillosh, F. Khanika and other researchers. In Russian sociology, the first ideas about the design of social systems were expressed in the works of I.I. Lyakhova, V.N. Dubrovsky, A.G. Rappoport, V.M. Razina, B.V. Sazonova, G.P. Shchedrovitsky, O.I. Genisaretsky. In aspect social management these problems were considered by V.G. Afanasiev, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, P.N. Lebedev. The theoretical foundations of design were analyzed in the works of N.A. Aitova, G.A. Antonyuka, N.I. Lapina, A.I. Prigogine, Zh.T. Toshchenko, N.G. Kharitonov, in the studies of T.M. Dridze, Yu.A. Kryuchkov as one of the forms of anticipatory reflection of reality, the creation of a prototype (prototype) of the proposed object, phenomenon or process through specific methods. Design in a concrete form expresses the predictive function of control when we are talking about future material or ideal reality. Its purpose is to implement one of the options for transforming objective reality, associated with the desire to give the desired properties and features to the designed object.

The essence of social design is that a person or organization, before taking any action, always first considers several options, one of which, after comparison, is given preference. K. Marx's statement about the difference between an architect and a bee is widely known, who, starting to create, prepares a preliminary project for his future offspring.

social engineering- this is an autonomous creative activity for the scientifically grounded determination of options for the development of new social phenomena and processes, as well as for the purposeful change of existing social objects on fundamentally different bases. In other words, this is an activity to create specific images of the future, specific details of programs and plans being developed, the result of which is often a new (or modernized) social object with a new mechanism and new means of regulating social relations 1 .

The main concept of social design is the project. Project(from lat. projectus- thrown forward, protruding, protruding forward) - the idea and its implementation in the form of a description, justification, calculations, drawings that reveal the essence of the idea and the possibility of its practical implementation. The project develops the object being designed, the schemes of its functioning, as well as the main stages and methods of its manufacture. According to the material, the project is drawings and calculations, layouts and other graphic and text materials presented either on paper or in electronic form.

Social project- this is a system of "project" goals and objectives for improving social systems, social institutions and processes, containing relevant documents - programs, plans, calculations, estimates, etc.

Design- component control, which allows you to ensure the implementation of controllability and controllability of a certain process. The term "design" means the process of developing a project, the implementation of which acts as a necessary result. Any project begins with a plan, an idea. In order for the idea to turn into reality, this process must be managed. Social design implies a relationship between the management of design and the design itself. It is closely related to social construction(I.I. Lyakhov, 1970) (since constructive activity is a field for the creative development of social reality) and with social engineering(R. Pound, 1922), is a way of organizing the impact on human activity, aimed at its transformation with the help of social technologies. The multidimensional nature of the design of social facilities imposes requirements on the parameters that form the basis of social design (Fig. 10.1).

Any design in broad sense, as well as any construction of models of the future, is associated with the creation of a project picture of the world, and how decision-making is an element of activity

Rice. 10.1.

on the creation of social institutions, relations, norms of behavior, socially significant aspects of any human activity, since in such creation the satisfaction of social, human needs is projected. And since it is also a response to needs community development, and the instrument of this development, is conditioned by it and carried out by people both individually and collectively, then it is entirely social in its origin, manifestations, features, in its essence. In a narrower sense, social design can be a link in activities aimed precisely at the preservation, development or change of social relations and situations, i.e. we can talk about social design as special form activities .

Speaking of design, it is necessary to single out the objects and subjects of social design (Fig. 10.2).

To objects we can include elements and subsystems of material and spiritual production (means and objects of labor, social technologies, material tools of labor, means of life, spiritual culture, social activity, etc.); elements and subsystems of the social structure of society - labor

Rice. 10.2.

lectures, regions, social groups, etc.; a person as a social individual, a subject of a concrete historical process and social relations with his needs, interests, value orientations, attitudes, social status, prestige, roles, etc.; as well as different kinds social relations and elements and subsystems of lifestyle - life positions, ways of life, quality and style of life, etc. Subjects are individuals, organizations, labor collectives, social institutions, etc.

Social design is implemented in the following forms:

? creation of new objects, processes, phenomena, social networks;
? introduction of fundamentally new relationships, procedures or components in existing structures that need fundamental changes (partial modernization);
? reconstruction, a fundamental restructuring of existing public relations, when the entire management scheme is changed to ensure the achievement of the intended goals (complete modernization).

Designing means consciously sorting out options and a scheme for future action. For all their diversity, there are a number of general principles necessary for the preparation, development and implementation of the project. They are focused on achieving the final result and on ensuring that the main issues are not lost sight of in everyday current affairs and operational plans. This is:

? the principle of minimum obligations, which focuses attention on the main goal, rejecting to a certain extent everything that can slow down or divert forces from its implementation;
? the principle of attracting a large number of creative, professionally trained people;
? the principle of careful analysis of ideas; Thus, social design also takes into account the possibility of an unsuccessful experiment. In this case, it is necessary to understand what caused the discrepancy between the solution and the tasks set, what objective circumstances caused this or other factors.

If we consider subjective conditions, then much depends on the personality of the designer, on his professional skills, his skill and interest in the implementation of the intended goals.

Ideas about social forecasting are constantly enriched and developed. Thus, various approaches to the classification and explanation of the essence of social design are discussed in the scientific literature: an objective-oriented approach (G.A. Antonyuk, N.A. Aitov, Zh.T. Toshchenko), a problem-oriented approach (T.M. Dridze , E.A. Orlova, O.E. Trushchenko) and subjective-oriented approach (V.A. Lukov). Each of these approaches has its own specifics (Fig. 10.3).

Rice. 10.3.

In practice, it is necessary to implement a systematic, A complex approach in which the problems of social reality would be combined to the maximum extent with no less real needs, interests and values of people.

Design, being one of the forms of development and decision-making, acts as important element management cycle, to a greater extent than other functions associated with the implementation of modernization and innovation processes.

Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. General course. M.: Prometheus: Yurayt-M, 2001. S. 321.
Penkov R.V. Social forecasting and design: [textbook, manual for bachelors in the areas of training 040100 "Sociology", 080200 "Management"] / R.V. Lenkov. - M.: DSP and M, 2013, p. 98.
Kurbatov V.I., Kurbatova O.V. Social Design: tutorial. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2001.
Social technologies of society management: regional level / edited by Ya.A. Margulyan. SPb. : St. Petersburg Academy of Management and Economics, 2010. S. 65.

Social design is a scientific, theoretical and at the same time substantive practical activity to create projects for the development of social systems, institutions, social objects, their properties and relationships based on social foresight, forecasting and planning of special known the right qualities and properties that are a significant social need. The predicted, modeled and constructed qualities and properties of social objects make it possible to control social processes and are an expression of the socially new that characterizes the trends of modern social development.

The design of social processes is aimed at making changes in the social environment of a person. It ideally defines these changes, which are carried out by the subsequent implementation of the project. In this capacity, social design acts as a kind of engineering activity, which, according to a number of indicators, is identical to design activities. technical systems. Speaking about the activities of a social designer as a kind of social engineering activity, one should keep in mind the specifics of determining the field of creative development of social reality.

When designing a social future, consider that:

firstly, along with the most probable trend, there are less probable, but really possible development trends;

secondly, in social objects there is usually a stock of internal social resources that can be mobilized to solve a given social problem;

thirdly, social structures tend to experience significant deformations, which can be used to implement the preferred option for future development;

fourthly, promising goals that are related in content can be replaced by one another, and the same goal can be realized by various means.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarity of the determination of social life, where each of the components of the system is relatively independent, but at the same time interconnected with other components. Changes in one component directly or “indirectly lead to changes in others, and these, now secondary, changes through feedback, in turn, affect the original component, changing it. The behavior of each component and the system as a whole largely depends on the nature and direction of feedbacks, and the preserving set of these links is essential.

Socially constructive creativity is a process that takes place in an ideal form in the psyche of the subject of creativity. Therefore, the subject operates not with material objects, but with ideal forms, which are the otherness of real objects. Accordingly, the direct product of creativity is an ideal object that is expressed in a certain sign form. This ideal product is the primary form of the reality that is to be materialized in the forms of social life. However, being temporally primary in relation to the future purposefully created reality, the ideally constructed object has its roots in the material reality itself. It determines his birth and provides the means for subsequent materialization.

Social design as a special type of social engineering activity turns out to be one of the most promising technologies for using sociological knowledge. In this sense, it is an effective tool for the practical development of all types of scientific information.

Social design has become a scientific and practical problem not so long ago. Back in the 70s. preferred to write about social planning, program-target methods, and innovations. But the emergence of a class of new complex tasks in the field of economics, culture, urban planning, design, among other types of social engineering activities, singled out social design as a kind of social technology.

Among the most common definitions of design in domestic and foreign literature, I would like to dwell on the following: design is the design of options for the optimal future state of an object in terms of goals; design - adaptation of available means to fulfill the required goal, coordination of constituent parts or individual actions to obtain the desired result; design is the design of the optimal satisfaction of the sum of true needs under a certain set of conditions; design is the simulation of the proposed actions before their implementation, until there is complete confidence in the final result; design is decision making under conditions of uncertainty.

Summarizing these definitions of design and taking into account the specifics of all of them, it seems that social design is design in social activity. It can be defined as a reasonable construction that meets the given requirements and is planned to build the organization of social ties in various spheres and at different levels of life.

There is a point of view that social design is being formed only now, since only now has it been realized, and its images are being formed, taking into account various approaches and methods, based on sociological knowledge. Another point of view is related to the fact that social design is justified by spreading some type of ideology to predict purposefully achieved social prospects. This inevitably leads to certain social deformations, due to the discrepancy between what is desired and what is, to social and political doctrinairism, under which various social projects fit. Indeed, often in the course of project activities, the initial social requirements and values imposed on the projected object are either distorted or simply not implemented. For example, social design in the 1920s and 1930s, which aimed at creating a new culture and a new person, actually made it possible to create not new social relations or a person, but new factories, communal houses, clubs, palaces of culture; projects of microdistricts or experimental residential buildings in the 60-70s. led not to new forms of communication and socialization (as planned), but only to new planning and improvement, projects of regional socio-cultural transformations in the countryside turned out to be utopian, etc.

Social design is closely related to the technology of project implementation. The technology of social design should be constructed on the basis of the ideas of design methodology and the methodology of social sciences. Only in this case will it be possible to overcome the two main shortcomings of social design. One drawback is low project fit (social projects are either utopian or are replaced by social manifestations), the other is the loss of social parameters.

Social design, like any specific field of knowledge, has its own categorical (conceptual) apparatus. Categories act as steps of human knowledge of the world. The level of development of science can be judged by its categorical apparatus.

The categorical structure of social design is a set of definitions aimed at the scientific reflection of the main parameters, characteristics of future systems, processes, phenomena, their blocks, etc.

The main elements of project activity, its most important theoretical categories are design, system, design subject, object, social technology (as a set of operations), social design methods, design conditions, social design mechanisms, etc.

Speaking of social construction, it should be emphasized that it takes place in any activity that requires the creation of a new one: in cognitive, artistic, technical, etc. Design is an intellectual activity consisting in the purposeful construction in an ideal form of an object that is a deliberate reproduction of another object. It is carried out through the mental combination of various factors, their selection and linking into a new object. Both feasible objects and objects that cannot be created can be constructed. It can be aimed at practical needs, and can also be playful.

From design as the ideal creation of an object, one should distinguish the reconstruction and deconstruction, or decomposition, of an artificial object. Reconstruction often refers to both intellectual and practical activities. This term is used in several senses: 1) a radical reorganization or restructuring of any artificial object; 2) restoration of the original appearance of any object according to its remains, traces, written sources. In this sense, reconstruction can be applied both to artificial objects, for example, the reconstruction of an architectural monument, and to natural objects (restoration of the appearance primitive man). The first sense presupposes practical activity. The second one necessarily involves the creation of ideal models, and in some cases also practical activities. The concept of reconstruction complements the concept of design. Reconstruction in the field of social cognition is used, for example, to identify the features of social relations in a particular type of community. Reconstruction in this sense resembles a cognitive process, since in cognition we also, as it were, ideally reproduce an object. Reconstruction is the restoration of an object in an ideal form from incomplete information.

Deconstruction is the construction of an ideal model, which defines the procedures for dismantling an artificial object, its disassembly into parts or even destruction, or disruption of normal functioning. This ideal model is of a normative nature.

From the point of view of content, features of the flow, construction, reconstruction and deconstruction are varieties of creative activity of thinking on the part of its pragmatic function. Design is used in the formation of goals and the definition of an activity plan, the development of technologies, the determination of the parameters of future results of actions, etc. Design is one of the varieties of design.

An important place in project activities is occupied by the concept of "system", which is relevant in various fields of science, for example. In modern literature, one can find a large number of definitions of the system. One of them: the system is an integrity, hierarchically organized by a set of functions and their corresponding management actions for decision-making and their implementation. If functions are purposeful human actions, and their management is aimed at achieving socially significant actions, then their set, organized into integrity, is a system that exists in society.

An element and a structure are distinguished in the system. An element is usually understood as an object, which is the limit of division within the framework of the quality of a system, and a structure is a relatively stable, ordered way of connecting elements, giving their interaction a holistic character.

Design(lat. "projectus" - thrown forward) - the process of creating a prototype, a prototype of an alleged or possible object, state, a specific activity, the result of which is scientifically theoretically and practically reasonable definition options for the predicted and planned development of new processes and phenomena; an integral part of management, which allows you to ensure the implementation of controllability and controllability of a certain process.

Social design - it is the design of social objects, social qualities, social processes and relationships. Social design should take into account the following parameters:

inconsistency of the social object;
multi-vector development of a social object;
the impossibility of describing a social object by a finite number of terms of any social theory(fundamental non-formalizability);
the multifactorial nature of the existence of a social object;
the presence of many subjective components that determine the ratio of what should be and what is in relation to the development of a social object;
subjective factors in the formation of social expectation, social forecast and social design;
factors that determine different criteria for assessing the maturity of the development of a social object.

Social design makes it possible to assess the validity of the forecast, to develop a scientifically based plan for social development. The design also takes into account the possibility of an unsuccessful experiment to test ideas, the so-called negative result. Upon receipt, a thorough analysis of the reasons is necessary, which caused the discrepancy in solving the tasks. The process of social design is also called "social construction".

Social design is closely related to the technology of project implementation. The technology of social design should be constructed on the basis of ideas about design methodology in the social sciences. Only in this case it will be possible to overcome its two main shortcomings. One drawback is low project fit (social projects are either utopian or are replaced by social manifestations), the other is the loss of social parameters.

Speaking of social construction, it should be emphasized that it takes place in any activity that requires the creation of something new: in cognitive, artistic, technical, etc.

Construction - this is an intellectual activity, consisting in the purposeful construction in an ideal form of an object that is not a deliberate reproduction of another object.

It is carried out through the mental combination of various factors, their selection and linking into a new object. Both feasible objects and objects that cannot be created can be constructed. It can be aimed at practical needs, or it can be playful in nature. From design as the ideal creation of an object, one should distinguish the reconstruction and designing, or decomposition, of an artificial object.

From the point of view of content, features of the flow, design, reconstruction and design are varieties of creative activity of thinking from the side of its pragmatic function. Design is used in the formation of goals and the definition of an activity plan, the development of technologies, the determination of the parameters of future results of actions, etc. Design is one of the varieties of design

The subject of social design are various carriers of managerial activity - both individuals and organizations, labor collectives, social institutions, etc., which set as their goal an organized, purposeful transformation of social reality.

The object of social design call systems, processes of organizing social ties, interactions included in the design activity, exposed to the influence of design subjects and serving as the basis for this impact.

Social systems act as the main objects of social design. Each social system has specific features, special features, has various, often very complex elements, blocks, subsystems, structure, original system-forming factors. Therefore, the design various types and systems requires, in addition to general principles and laws, the use of a special methodology. At all levels of design, it is important to identify the links, patterns characteristic of this level, determine the system-forming factors and take them into account when designing and constructing.

All scientifically developed social projects have the following:

1) the presence of such characteristics that a projected object does not have without a clear design;
2) parameters that can ensure the implementation of the social order;
3) characteristics that can be built for only a certain period of time.

The project of future possible states of social systems, processes and phenomena must comply with the following conditions for its development:

- it must be created on a scientific basis,
- do not violate moral standards
- express generally accepted social values,
- to express social order,
- be effective in terms of implementation,
- do not contain contradictions,
- must be intended for implementation.

The social project sets the parameters, the main characteristics of the development of social systems for a limited, clearly defined period of time.

Depending on the goals of design, its types are distinguished: organizational, operational-activity, temporal, structural-functional, spatial modeling.

organizational design suggests a change

the goals of the organization;
content of work and management structure, production technology;
problem solving methods;
personnel policy(whom and how much to accept) organizations.

Operational and activity design - this formation

system as some optimal activity system. A significant part of the systems are optimal activity algorithms implemented in space and time. In some systems, activity is not the main, but an auxiliary component, but it is always necessary to solve a set of tasks of operational-activity design (selection of operations, establishment of their order, formation of an algorithm, its optimization, etc.).

Temporary design involves the placement of processes in social time, when the direction in the technology of the time vector, its development, synchronism, rhythm, etc. is determined. This is a progressive type of technology. The society that uses them is developing, mastering the advanced achievements of civilization. But technology can also be traditionalist, i.e. her mission is to preserve the present. In some cases, such technologies are very important and progressive, for example, the preservation of the cultural values of small peoples. But the dominance of these technologies in society lays its stagnation, lagging behind the advanced countries.

Spatial design- placement of fragments of an object or process in space. Space acts as the most important characteristic of the system. Yes, in any locality one can distinguish a huge number of varieties of social space: from the space of recreation ( object world, recreation areas for people) and spaces labor activity people to the waste space associated with all the components of the generation, collection, disposal and processing of waste. The social system must correspond to its space, cover all its objects and, most importantly, optimize it, bring it into line with the achievements of civilization.

Structural-functional modeling object or process is focused on creating systems. The very creation of the system, or structural and functional design, usually occurs through the formation of requirements for technology, i.e. defining its functions at the "input" of the project, then its structures are identified, which at the "output" of the project act as the final result of the design. From the point of view of the principle of cybernetics, called the “black box principle”, the essence of design is to make the “black box”, which is the technology model, “light” by revealing its structure.

Organizational technology design - development of an organizational procedure, organizational chart, which is a detailed model of the future organizational system. There are two main approaches to the development of an organizational chart, which P.M. Kerzhentsev called conditionally "German" and "English". With the "German" approach, excessive importance is attached to the harmony and consistency of the organizational chart. Having created such a scheme, its author tries to put it into practice down to all the smallest details, without violating unity and logical completeness. organizational plan. The "English" type in his organizational work attaches less importance to general, theorized schemes, and, based on everyday practice, seeks to find an organizational scheme that is most adequate to the situation. Hence the extremely colorful, diverse organizations in English-speaking countries.

Regardless of the strategic options for an organizational chart, several requirements for its development can be formulated:

the organizational chart should be clear and understandable not only to its creators, but also to all participants in the organization;
elements of the organizational chart should be unified as far as possible;
the organizational chart should be built so that the proposed work can be done quickly, accurately and economically;
the organizational chart must be sufficiently stable and at the same time flexible to be easily adapted to changing conditions.

General methodological principles design analysis:

alternative approach to project selection;
development and analysis of projects in several aspects (sections);
identifying and presenting the benefits and costs arising from the project;
use of indicators of the value of projects accepted in world practice, taking into account the time factor;
analysis and assessment of risks and uncertainties.

Designing a social experiment- a method of scientific knowledge and optimization of social systems, which is carried out through the observation of their behavior under controlled conditions. The design of a social experiment performs two functions - research and management - and therefore belongs to the scientific field in the field of social management. The use of the experimental method requires:

1. A clearly formulated hypothesis of causal relationships, according to which this theoretical proposition can be presented in the form of empirically verified statements.
2. An object that allows:
- a) the possibility of describing a system of variables that determine its behavior;
- b) the possibility of quantitative and qualitative measurements of his activities and behavior;
- c) control over the factors that affect the state of the object, and the conditions during the experiment.

The general logic of designing a social experiment is to select an experimental group (or groups), influence it with specific factors and trace the direction, magnitude and persistence of the changing characteristics that are of interest to the researcher. Depending on the specifics of the research task, the design of a social experiment is divided into research and practical. The former are aimed at obtaining scientific data, the development of theories, the latter - at solving problems in the management of social processes.

Building a social project - it is an ordered activity of the design subject in a certain way, in the process of which specific methods are used.

Program-targeted planning - this is one of the types of planning, which is based on the orientation of activities to achieve the goals. In fact, any planning method is aimed at achieving some specific goals. But in this case, the planning process itself is based on the definition and setting of goals, and only then are the ways to achieve them selected.

Program-target planning is built according to the logical scheme "goals - ways - ways - means". First, the goals to be achieved are determined, then the ways of their implementation are outlined, and then, more detailed methods and means. Ultimately, having set some goals, the organizer develops a program of action to achieve them. It follows that a feature of this planning method is not just forecasting future states of the system, but drawing up a specific program to achieve desired results. The program-target planning method is “active”, it allows not only to observe the situation, but also to influence its consequences, which distinguishes it favorably from most other methods.

A feature of program planning is also a way to influence the planned system. The focus is not on the system itself, but on its constituent elements and the existing organizational structure, and the management of program elements, program actions.

So, the program-target method of planning consists in the selection of priority goals of economic, social, scientific and technological development, development of interrelated activities to achieve them within the specified time frame with maximum efficiency with the required resources. The method includes the development of programs taking into account strategic goals, the identification of ways, means and organizational measures upon their achievement.

Among the design methods, the following should be highlighted.

goal tree. AT major projects the goal is formed as a “tree of goals”, which allows you to accurately record the final result. Social goals can be represented as a "tree of goals", where the final goal (end in itself) is logically derived from its components of the first, second, etc. orders. The division of the goal into subgoals is a logical procedure that determined the direction of movement along the steps of the target hierarchy.

Idea matrix technique is based on the use of several independent variables, making it possible to find different solutions. Usually, the development of a social project depends on the complexity and priority of the tasks set, on the time frame within which the plan is required to be implemented, as well as on material, labor and financial resources. By calculating the options from these variables, you can determine the most efficient way project implementation under given conditions. This important technique is used, as a rule, with limited possibilities.

The method of getting used to the role(helps to get a more accurate idea of what needs to be done in the design process). This is not just a peek into the future that is being designed, but a desire to understand more deeply how the project will be implemented. Today, any problem requires taking into account the interests and desires of people, and this is best achieved when the designer carefully studies the conditions in which the process takes place.

analogy method(is a general scientific and logical method by which, based on the similarity, similarity of objects in any properties, features or relationships, an assumption is formulated, a forecast about the presence of these properties, features or relationships in a phenomenon that acts as an object of design). The analogy can be simple, widespread, strict and non-strict. The statement (forecast and design) by analogy is more reliable if the following circumstances are taken into account:

a) the more common features (PI; P2, ...., PJ) are known for the compared objects, the higher the degree of probability of inference by analogy;
b) the more significant the common features found in the compared objects, the higher the degree of probability;
c) the deeper the mutual regular connection of the compared objects is known, the higher the degree of probability;
d) if the object in relation to which we make predictions by analogy has some property that is incompatible with the property that is predicted, then the general similarity does not matter).

association method. When preparing a project, it often becomes necessary to make a new decision, which is caused by dissatisfaction with the existing practice. In this regard, the question arises of how to improve the situation, find a more rational and efficient way of managing. Taking into account the accumulated knowledge, approaches are being developed that allow you to seriously modify the object of influence, that is, not only the forms are affected, but also the essential content elements. The association method involves a combination of adaptation, modification and complete reorganization techniques.

Brainstorming technique implies a connection with the generation of ideas, with their equal competition, with the possibility of comparison. " Brainstorm» is carried out through communicative interaction, during which various projects are discussed, assessments are made, an examination of the facts is carried out, and various opinions are expressed.

Methodology of siiectics. According to this technique, several proposed ideas are considered separately from each other, and then a certain relationship and interdependence is established between them.

The period of time between the moment the project appears and the moment it is liquidated is the life cycle of the project. Life cycle The project consists of stages. With regard to social projects V.A. Lukov formulates the following stages: project development, evaluation

project viability, project planning, budgeting, project protection, preliminary control, project implementation stage, project correction based on monitoring results, project completion and project liquidation. A significant part of the work is carried out before the implementation phase of the project.

IN AND. Kurbatov, O.V. Kurbatov, V.M. Safronova and other scientists distinguish the following design stages:

Comparison of many projects shows that their textual description is built approximately according to the same scheme. Let's compare two variants of the structure.

First option - standard structure used in the preparation of federal targeted programs.

Program Passport:

a) name;
b) the date of the decision;
c) the customer;
d) the main developer of the program;
e) goals and objectives of the program;
f) the timing of implementation;
g) list of main subprograms;
h) executors of subprograms and main events;
i) volume and sources of financing;
j) expected outcomes of the program implementation;
k) a system for organizing control over the execution of the program.
1. The content of the problem and the rationale for the need to solve it through the implementation of the program.
2. Main goals, objectives and terms of the program implementation.
3. System of program activities.
4. Resource support for the program.
5. Mechanism for the implementation of the program.
6. Organization of program management and control over its implementation.
7. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the socio-economic and environmental consequences of the implementation of the program.

Applications:

a) Volumes and sources of financing of the program (broken down by year and content of expenses, sources of financial resources; broken down according to this scheme by subprograms);
b) Additional Information according to the program (graphs, diagrams, domestic and world experience, literature on the topic, etc.)

Second option structure is based on a synthesis of several hundred competitive projects that have been submitted by youth and children's public associations to the federal executive body since 1995.

1. The problem that the project is aimed at solving.
2. Goals of the project.
3. Description of the work (services) to be performed within the framework of the project, and the requirements for them.
4. Terms of project implementation and expected results. The procedure for using the results obtained and the circle of persons in whose interests they should be used.
5. Personnel, financial and logistical support.
6. The procedure for the implementation of management and control over the implementation of this project (including a list of persons directly responsible for its implementation).
7. Cost estimate.

Protection algorithm the project is described by V.A. Lukov. In design practice, a technique has been developed that makes it possible to simplify the task of getting to know the project. The description of the project is built on concentric circles.

The most wave circle - project presentation. The presentation takes two to three pages, and it contains in the most concise form information about the organization implementing the project (goals of the organization, its readiness to implement the project), and the concept of the project (relevance of the project; its purpose and objectives; legal, economic, organizational justification ; need for funds, model and sources of financing; project participants, their functions; places and time; material, technical, intellectual and other resources; expected consequences of the project).

This information should be sufficient for the person to whom the project is addressed (for example, a potential investor) to become interested in it. If there is no interest, the project is put aside; if interest is shown, they read further.

Second round- a presentation of the concept of the project, as well as the most general assessment of its viability and basic calculations. The text of this part is the same in structure, the formulations of the initial provisions are the same, but here there is an argumentation of the presented provisions. The text takes 25-30 pages. The project decision maker reads this part to clarify what could not be gleaned from the project summary.

Third circle, which is built according to the same structure as the two previous ones, contains detailed information and all the calculations performed for the project. This part can be as large as you like. In large projects, it can be multi-volume, contain tables, figures, diagrams, drawings, diagrams, etc. But this does not prevent us from seeing the project as a whole: a brief description (the first circle) and its version with the argumentation of the provisions (the second circle) allow us not to be distracted from the main thing.

Various documents can be attached to the text: the charter of the organization, project recommendations, research reports, etc.

The text of the project, organized according to this model, makes it multifunctional, easy to adapt to various tasks presentations without additional work.

Social design is one of the implementation tools scientific management or a specific kind of social planning concerning the intended development of a social facility that has not yet been created.