Coursework: Designing a logistics system on the example of the company LLC RollTeks. Introduction Formation and development of the logistics system of a trading enterprise

Coursework: Designing a logistics system on the example of the company LLC RollTeks. Introduction Formation and development of the logistics system of a trading enterprise

The concept and properties of logistics systems, their classification and management. Formation of the information and logistics system Radio Beacon WMS at a trading enterprise. Methods for improving the organization of the process of logistics customer service.

The concept and properties of logistics systems, their classification and management. Formation of the information and logistics system Radio Beacon WMS at a trading enterprise. Methods for improving the organization of the process of logistics customer service.

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home Interpreter Coursework: Designing a logistics system on the example of the company LLC RollTeks. Introduction Formation and development of the logistics system of a trading enterprise

Kaliningrad State Technical University

Faculty of Economics

Department of Production Management

_____________________ ___________________

date, signature date, signature

Course work

in the discipline "Logistics"

subject: "Designing a logistics system on the example of the enterprise LLC "RollTeks""

I've done the work

student of group 04-EU-1

Golovanov A.A.

Work checked:

Parshina L.P.

Kaliningrad

Introduction
Chapter 1. Technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise under study
1.1. General information about the company LLC "RollTeks"
1.2. Dynamics of the main indicators of the enterprise's activity
Chapter 2 logistics system on the basis of the researched enterprise
2.1. Definition and a brief description of members of the logistics system.
2.2. Characteristics of material flows
2.3. Logistics activities
Chapter 3. Logistical optimization of the enterprise
3.1. Inventory optimization by ABC-XYZ method
3.2. Modeling the inventory management system according to the Lean Pruduction system
Conclusion
List of used literature
Appendix

Content

Introduction

In the context of increased competition, among the measures that can be used to ensure the rationalization of production and improve its technology, one should single out a reduction in the time for the passage of products and stocks in workshops and warehouses. The production management systems used today for this purpose do not always meet the requirements of the market. Their main disadvantages include:

Too large deviations of budget planning from the real state of affairs, despite the significant costs of electronic data processing and the system as a whole;

The lack of opportunities to effectively influence productivity, cycle times and required level stocks;

Insufficient freedom of action for planning structures and planning staff.

At present, the market requirements for the parameters of products, and, above all, for their quality, have increased significantly. This happened due to the predominance of supply over demand, the presence of excess production capacity, etc. It follows from this that success in competition can be achieved by the one who has built his production in the most rational way, so that his economic indicators are at the optimum level. This goal is achieved, among other measures, by:

a) reducing the costs associated with the creation and storage of stocks;

b) reduction of delivery time;

c) more precise observance of delivery terms;

d) increasing the flexibility of production, its adaptability to market conditions;

e) improving the quality of products;

e) increase productivity.

AT last years there was a noticeable improvement in production methods, which reduced production costs. Further cost savings, as noted above, can be achieved if the reserves built into the rationalization of supporting processes are realized.

Specifically, in this work, the analytical emphasis will be placed on the inventory management system at the RollTeks LLC enterprise.

As foreign experience shows, in industrialized countries, the effective processing time of a part is a maximum of 20% of the cycle time. This indicates a very long stay of the part in production in a semi-finished form and leads to the creation of large stocks, and, accordingly, an increase in their costs. Studies conducted in a number of Western countries suggest that the expected profit from each percent reduction in inventory levels can be equated to a 10 percent increase in turnover. From this follows the conclusion that production and the stock system become interdependent. Analyzing the system of production orders, many firms began to proceed from the method of complex regulation, which allows harmoniously connecting all the links and commensurate the volumes of production and stocks. The above justifies the relevance of the problem of optimizing stocks at the enterprise within the framework of the work of the logistics department.

The paper gives a brief description of the company LLC "RollTeks", shows the dynamics of its main technical and economic indicators. Then, along with a small theoretical block, a description of the logistics system operating at the enterprise is given. The third chapter of the work is devoted to the analysis of ways to optimize the inventory management system at the enterprise under study.

Chapter 1. Technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise under study.

1.1. General information.

RollTeks is a leading Russian enterprise in the development and production of technological equipment for the light and textile industries: spreading tables, cut-off end rulers, spreading carriages, measuring grading machines, measuring splitting machines. RollTeks equipment successfully works at textile and clothing enterprises, at factories for the production of upholstered furniture, at suppliers of fabrics for clothing, furniture and curtain groups.

The company traces its history back to 1997, when in Kaliningrad, in a small workshop, the first machine for rewinding, quality control and measuring the length of fabric was developed and manufactured. Today "RollTeks" is a successful, dynamically developing enterprise, producing more than 22 pieces of equipment per year of various complexity classes. Moreover, these are both mass-produced and non-standard machines.

In the process of designing and manufacturing equipment of the RollTeks tm brand, the company's specialists always take into account the individual wishes of customers, thanks to which many interesting projects have been successfully implemented. Some special models, which were designed according to the technical specifications of customers, entered mass production. Other machines exist in one or two copies and are maximally adapted to the technological processes of specific enterprises.

All documentation is developed by the RollTeks Design Bureau using automated design tools. The use of modern proven technical solutions in the design allows us to produce high-quality and reliable machines of various complexity classes. Specialists of the Design Bureau are constantly looking for more and more advanced technical solutions that increase the productivity of manufactured equipment.

Important advantages of equipment brand "RollTeks tm": high ergonomics, quiet operation, colors of painting machines, functionality of equipment controls, economic payback and low cost during operation. It was revealed that the maximum payback period for the equipment of the RollTeks company lies within 8-11 months for organizations working with materials costing from 12 c.u. per meter or more. For organizations working with materials worth up to 12 c.u. per meter, the payback period is 10-18 months, taking into account the work in one shift.

The low cost part during the operation period is created due to the use of fewer human resources when working on machines, low power consumption of machines, and minimal use of production areas.

During the ten-year period of activity, the company "RollTeks" has established and built business relationship not only with the best domestic, but also with foreign component suppliers all over the world, from Osaka in Japan to Manchester in the UK. This made it possible to find ideal solutions for the introduction of advanced technologies in the production of equipment that provide high quality its manufacture and durability. This is confirmed by the high consumer demand for RollTeks products.

Proximity to customers instills trust and confidence on their part. In addition to the standard warranty conditions, "RollTeks" offers service packages for the expansion and extension of technical support. Additional service services can significantly reduce the recovery time of equipment and minimize losses from equipment repair downtime.

RollTeks specialists constantly study the organization technological processes production at textile, clothing and furniture factories, get acquainted with how the wholesale warehouse is organized at fabric suppliers. Therefore, the company develops and offers its customers only the equipment that will be in demand for its official purpose and technical characteristics and fully satisfy all the needs of the client.

The mission of the RollTeks company is to increase the customer's profit by supplying him with high-quality and efficient equipment. Provision of appropriate service. Collaborate with textile and light industry on the Russian market so that the company gains an international reputation for quality, price and service.

1.2. Dynamics of the main performance indicators of the enterprise.

The following indicators serve as a generalizing characteristic of the efficiency and intensity of the use of fixed assets:

1) return on capital (the ratio of profit from the main activity to the average annual cost of fixed assets);

2) capital productivity of fixed production assets (the ratio of the cost of manufactured products to the average annual cost of fixed assets);

3) capital intensity (the ratio of the average annual cost of the OPF to the cost of production for the reporting period.

The most general indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets. Its level depends not only on capital productivity, but also on the profitability of products.

We will analyze the above indicators in order to determine how various factors influenced the change in capital profitability and capital productivity.

Table 1

Initial information for the analysis of return on assets and return on assets of the company LLC "RollTeks" for 2006-2007.

Indicator	Conditions designation

Profit from the sale of products, thousand rubles.
Output volume, thousand rubles
The average annual cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles.
Capital return, %
Product profitability, %
Capital productivity of OPF, rub.
Capital intensity of OPF, rub.

According to table 1, we see that profit during 2006-2007. increased by 7,819.2 thousand rubles, which is directly related to a significant increase in the volume of output, namely, this figure increased by 22,354.8 thousand rubles.

As mentioned earlier, at the beginning of 2006, the management of RollTeks LLC decided to expand production, in connection with which, over the next two years, large amounts of financial resources were invested in the construction of new fixed assets, in the purchase of new equipment, repairs and replacing the old one. Consequently, the average annual cost of fixed production assets during this period also increased significantly.

The relationship between the above indicators is expressed as follows: P opf \u003d FO opf x R VP; (one)

Let us calculate the influence of factors by the method of chain substitutions:

R opf 05 \u003d FO opf 05 x R VP 05 \u003d 2.72 x 0.35 \u003d 0.952;

Conditional data 1 \u003d FO opf 06 x R vp 05 \u003d 2.65 x 0.35 \u003d 0.928;

R opf 06 \u003d FO opf 06 x R VP 06 \u003d 2.65 x 0.35 \u003d 0.928;

ΔР opf FD = Rel. data 1 - Р opf 05 = 0.928 - 0.952 = - 0.024 (- 2.4%);

ΔР opf Р = Р opf 06 - Rel. data 1 = 0.928 - 0.928 = 0.

The analysis showed that the return on capital of fixed assets decreased by 2.4% only under the influence of changes in the return on assets.

Let's study changes in the volume of gross output under the influence of an increase in the average annual cost of OPF:

VP \u003d OPF x FD; (2)

Thus, the relationship between the above indicators is expressed. To assess the impact of the factors of the average annual cost of fixed assets and capital productivity on output, we will use the chain substitution method:

VP 05 \u003d 201,195.6 thousand rubles;

Catch. data 1 = OPF 06 x FO OPF 05 = 84,295.5 x 2.72 = 229,283.8 thousand rubles;

VP 06 = 223,550.4 thousand rubles;

ΔVP opf = Rel. data 1 - VP 05 = 229,283.8 - 201,195.6 = 28,088.2 thousand rubles;

ΔVP pho = VP 06 - Rel. data 1 = 223,550.5 - 229,283.8 = - 5,733.3 thousand rubles.

The results of the analysis showed that, due to the increase in the cost of fixed production assets in 2007, the volume of output increased by 28,088.2 thousand rubles, but at the same time it decreased under the influence of a decrease in capital productivity by 5,773.3 thousand rubles. Thus, we see that the expansion of production, the replacement of old equipment with new ones, the construction and development of new production facilities contributed to the growth in production by 28,088.2 thousand rubles. At the same time, the negative trend in the return on assets indicator reduced the value of output by 5,773.3 thousand rubles.

As part of the analysis of the use of the production capacity of the RollTeks LLC enterprise, we study the influence of such indicators as the production area of the enterprise, the share of workshop area in the total production area, output per 1 m 2 of workshops, on the change in production volume in 2007.

table 2

Data for the analysis of the use of the production area of the enterprise LLC "RollTeks" for 2006-2007.

Indicator

The volume of production, thousand rubles.
Production area, m 2
Including workshop area, m 2
The share of the area of workshops in total. prod. sq.
Production output per 1 m 2 prod. sq.
Production output per 1 m 2 prod. sq. workshops

To assess the influence of factors on the volume of production, we use the method of absolute differences. So, the volume of production in 2007 compared to 2006 increased by 22,354.8 thousand rubles:

By increasing the production area of the enterprise:

ΔVP \u003d ΔPP x UC 05 x VIC 05 \u003d 450 x 0.84 x 300.29 \u003d 114,108.9 thousand rubles;

By increasing specific gravity area of workshops in the total production area:

ΔVP \u003d PP 06 x ΔUC x VIC 05 \u003d 1250 x 0.08 x 300.29 \u003d 30,029.0 thousand rubles;

By changing the output per 1 m 2 of the workshop area:

ΔVP \u003d PP 06 x UC 06 x ΔVMC \u003d 1250 x 0.92 x (- 105.9) \u003d - 121,783.1 thousand rubles;

According to the results of this analysis, it was revealed that due to the increase in the production area of the enterprise and the share of workshop area in the total production area, the volume of production increased by 114,108.9 thousand rubles. and 30,029.0 thousand rubles. respectively. But since the new production areas are not fully used, the output per 1 m 2 of workshop area decreased in 2007, which led to a decrease in production by 121,783.1 thousand rubles.

Chapter 2

2.1. Definition and brief description of the participants in the logistics system.

A logistics system is a complex structured economic system consisting of elements-links interconnected in a single process of managing material and structuring flows, the totality of which, the boundaries and tasks of functioning are united by internal and (or) external goals of a business organization.

The composition of the participants in the logistics system of RollTeks LLC is as follows:

Suppliers;

Transport;

Production center;
LLC "RollTeks"
Buyers.

Functions of participants in the logistics system of RollTeks LLC:

The supplier - determination of the amount of necessary reserves for each type of resource, methods of their storage and provision for use.

Production center participates in the process of production of goods and services, depending on the adopted technologies.

Transport (carrier)- determination of the nomenclature, volumes, terms, methods of transportation and sources of supplied resources.

Stock- determination of the order of storage of finished products, means, terms and methods of its delivery to the consumer.

Company. Determination of the payment procedure for the supplied input resources, transport and storage services.

Buyer. Participation in the internal process strategic planning.

Logistics chain is a linearly ordered set of specified subjects (divisions, physical and/or legal entities, (manufacturers, intermediaries, public warehouses, etc.) carrying out logistics operations to bring the material flow from one logistics link to another (in the case of industrial consumption) or to the end consumer (in the case of non-productive or personal consumption).

On Fig. 1 and 2 are diagrams of the logistics system and the logistics chain that take place at the RollTeks LLC enterprise.

The supplier

Transport

Buyer

LLC "RollTeks"

Transport

Rice. 1. Simplified diagram of the logistics system of RollTeks LLC

Production

Supplier 1

Supplier 2

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

Rolltex Ltd.

Transport 1

Transport 2

Consumer 1

Consumer 2

Consumer 3

Consumer n

Rice. 2. Scheme of the logistics chain LLC "RollTeks"

The type of the logistics system of RollTeks LLC is micro-logistics, the subtype is external (physical distribution, distribution, supply). Because the entire logistics policy is carried out within the framework of one enterprise, when purchasing from foreign organizations and subsequently selling to consumers. This also follows from the definition of a micrologistics system.

Micrological control systems- intra-production logistics area of one enterprise or several enterprises united on a corporate basis.

Micrological systems include technologically related industries, united by a single infrastructure and working for a single economic result.

Logistics systems are characterized by 4 main properties inherent in any system.

The purpose of the logistics system, the so-called "system 7" symbolizes the seven conditions for the effective functioning of the logistics system in the enterprise (group of enterprises) and is formulated as follows:

1. Cargo (goods) - the desired product.

2. Quality - the required quality.

3. Quantity - in the right amount.

4. Time - must be delivered at the required time.

5. Place - to the right place.

6. Costs - with minimal costs.

7. Consumers - to a specific consumer.

2.2. Characteristics of material flows

material flow - material resources in a state of movement, work in progress and finished products, considered in the process of applying to them various logistics operations associated with physical movement in space (loading, unloading, transportation, sorting, etc.)

Information flow - this is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations .

financial flow- this is a directed movement of financial resources circulating in the logistics system, as well as between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary to ensure the effective movement of the reproduction process as a whole.

Production

The supplier

- material flow

Carrier

Information flow

LLC "RollTeks"

financial flow

Transport

Consumer

Rice. 3 Scheme of the movement of material, information

and financial flows

2.3. Characteristics of logistics activities

Logistic activities (logistics operations) - actions aimed at transforming the material flow. It is customary to divide logistics activities into elementary and complex ones.

Elementary logistic activity is any action that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the task of research or management associated with the emergence, transformation or absorption of material and accompanying information and (or) financial flow.

The elementary activities of the logistics system of the RollTeks LLC enterprise include: loading, unloading, sorting, acceptance and release of goods from the warehouse, collection, storage, transfer of information about the cargo (goods), settlements with suppliers and buyers, etc., carried out with material resources or finished products.

A complex logistic activity or a logistic function is a separate set of logistic operations aimed at the implementation of the tasks assigned to the logistic system.

Among the complex logistics activities, there are: basic, key and auxiliary (supporting) logistics.

The basic logistics activities include: supply, production and marketing.

The key logistics activities are: transportation, inventory management, purchasing, order management, physical distribution, and so on. That is, all activities of the considered classification.

Auxiliary (supporting) logistics activities include: information and computer support, warehousing, cargo handling, support for the return of goods and the provision of spare parts and services.

Chapter 3

3.1. Inventory optimization methodABC- XYZ.

This method allows, in accordance with a given criterion, to select the most significant from the entire set of objects of the same type. There are usually few such objects, and it is on them that the main attention should be focused. In particular, with the help of this method, selective inventory management of goods is carried out.

The following criteria can be chosen:

The volume of consumption;

Number of orders;

Profit;

Average stock for a certain period;

Analysis procedure ABC

Objects and criteria are selected on the basis of which the classification of control objects will be carried out (for example, the consumption of goods for a certain period of time).

Goods are distributed in descending order of their consumption.

Cumulative consumption is calculated.

The share (%) of consumption of each product in the total volume of consumption of goods is determined.

An ABC curve is built to identify three classes of goods A, B, C.

The division of the analyzed assortment into groups A, B, and C is proposed to be carried out as follows:

Group A includes elements of the highest importance according to the selected criterion (for example, 20% of goods that make up 80% of consumption);

Group B includes items of medium importance (for example, 30% of goods that make up 15% of consumption);

Group C includes all other goods, the degree of importance of which was assessed according to the same criteria as the previous groups of goods (for example, 50% of goods constituting 5% of consumption).

Analysis XYZ

The ABC analysis allows you to differentiate the assortment according to the degree of contribution to the intended result, and in the XYZ analysis, the assortment is divided into degrees of demand uniformity and programming accuracy.

Demand variation coefficient by individual positions range (ν) is calculated by formula (1):

(1)

Where x i is the i-th value of demand for the estimated position;

– average quarterly value of demand for the estimated position;

n is the number of quarters for which the estimate was made.

Analysis procedureXYZ

The coefficients of variation are determined for individual items of the assortment.

Control objects are grouped in order of increasing coefficient of variation.

The analyzed assortment is divided into groups X, Y, Z according to the algorithm proposed below:

4. The ABC-XYZ matrix is built and commodity items that require the most careful control are highlighted.

ABC-XYZ Matrix

To carry out this analysis according to the method described above, the average stock of components for assembling the measuring and rejecting machine mod. B - 02.4, which is most in demand among clothing manufacturers working with a wide range of fabrics.

Table 3

Initial data for ABC-XYZ analysis, m.

Accessory item	Average stock per quarter, pcs.	Sales per quarter, m.
Accessory item	Average stock per quarter, pcs.	1 quarter	2 quarter	3 quarter	4 quarter
1. automatic system tissue stretch control
2. automatic system roll edge alignment
3. roll density control system

Table 4

Conducting an ABC analysis

A - a system of constant control over stocks.

B - stock check once a week.

C - stock check 2 times a week.

Table 5

Performing XYZ Analysis

Thus, based on the analysis carried out and the compilation of the ABC-XYZ matrix, we obtain that:

AXandAY individual inventory management technologies should be selected and, in particular, consideration should be given to applying just-in-time and optimal order size technologies.

For products in a group BY both identical and individual technologies can be used. The intervals between checks should be short.

For group products CY- checking stock availability once a month.

3.2. Modeling the work of the inventory management system according to the system "LeanProduction».

The essence of the logistics concept "Lean Production" or "lean production" is expressed in the combination of the following components:

High quality

Small batch sizes

Highly qualified personnel

Low inventory

Flexible equipment

This concept is called "lean manufacturing" because it requires far fewer resources than mass production– less inventory, less time to produce a unit, less wastage because production batch sizes and lead times are minimized. Thus, among the main goals of using this system at the RollTeks LLC enterprise, the following can be distinguished:

high product quality standards

low production costs

quick response to consumer demand

short changeover times

In my opinion, the application of this concept of “lean production” at the RollTeks LLC enterprise is quite justified for a number of reasons:

1) the enterprise manufactures on average 22 units of equipment unique for the Kaliningrad region per year, or individual orders, or in very small batches;

2) Some machines exist in one or two copies and are maximally adapted to the technological processes of specific enterprises;

3) Specialists of the company "RollTex" constantly study the organization of technological processes of production at textile, clothing and furniture factories, get acquainted with how the work of the wholesale warehouse of fabric suppliers is organized. Therefore, the company develops and offers its customers only the equipment that will be in demand for its official purpose and technical characteristics and fully satisfy all the needs of the client.

4) A low cost part during the operation period is created due to the use of fewer human resources when working on machines, low power consumption of machines, and minimal use of production areas.

In the presence of the above conditions, the enterprise has a full range of opportunities to quickly respond to consumer demand. When manufacturing products to order in single copies, and therefore, in very close cooperation with the client, the quality control of the equipment produced must be carried out at the highest level, which is what happens at the RollTeks LLC enterprise.

In the theory and practice of logistics, there is also the concept of production to order, many of the principles of which are similar to the key components of the Lean Production model, but at the same time this concept has a number of its own features.

Currently, there is a reduction in the life cycle of products, accompanied by the expansion of its range and increased competition. One of the tools to improve the efficiency of the enterprise's logistics system is the use of the concept of production to order.

Production to order or delayed production is a company management concept that aims to delay resource-consuming activities (purchases, production, delivery, etc.) until a specific order is received.

The method of production to order provides that the range and quantity of manufactured products is dictated directly by the consumer, to whom the products are delivered from the company's warehouses. The presence of an electronic inventory accounting system allows you to determine the volume and range of products sold and place an order for its production. Thus, the signal for the start of production of a particular product will be the reduction of these products in the warehouse in connection with their sale.

The transition to the use of this concept reflects the changes that have taken place in the views of marketing scientists on the market: the concepts of improving production and improving the product have been replaced by the concept of marketing, which states that the key to achieving the goals of the organization is to determine the needs and requirements of target markets and provide the desired satisfaction with more effective and more productive than competitors in ways.

Using the concept of production to order allows you to achieve more effective use resources of the company, carrying out the production of components, and the assembly of finished products - only after receiving an order for a specific model. Previously, manufacturers tried to provide the maximum possible range of finished products at the point of sale and this led to a high level of stocks of finished products, now the main idea is to predict the demand for these products and produce enough components necessary to assemble the predicted volume of finished products. However, the assembly itself begins only after receiving the order. This approach allows you to keep a low level of stocks of finished products, and at the same time allows you to quickly assemble and supply the required number of ordered products.

Modern scientists argue that the use of the system of production to order is possible when the start of work on the production of products takes place after receiving the order. Supporters of this approach proceed from the assumption that the gain in saving resources that can be wasted on the production of products that have no demand will be greater than the time gain that the company will receive by having the finished product in stock and shipping it immediately after the order is received. . This approach is typical, as a rule, for enterprises that produce unique products, in accordance with the specific requirements of the client, and which can allow the supply contracts to indicate exactly the time required for the production of products. It is in such conditions that the RollTeks LLC operates, therefore, the use of a custom-made production model will become an effective tool for increasing its competitiveness in the market of machine-building enterprises.

Conclusion

In the last decade in Russia, there has been a constant increase in the interest of commercial structures in the theory and practice of logistics, which in the developed countries of the world has long become a practical and effective business tool. This is due to the fact that logistics technologies can achieve significant competitive advantages. They ensure the delivery of the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right place and time to a specific consumer at the best cost. The implementation of such, at first glance, a simple rule allows you to reduce all types of stocks by 30-50%. material resources, by 25-45% - the duration of the movement of products from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer, reduce the cost of production and distribution of goods, accelerate the turnover of the working capital of the enterprise, increase the level of satisfaction of consumer requests in the quality of goods and services.

The problem of the rational movement of raw materials, materials and finished products was the subject of close attention before. The novelty of logistics lies, first of all, in the change of priorities in the economic practice of the company, where the central place has become occupied by the management of product distribution processes, that is, bringing the finished product to a specific consumer. If earlier the processes of supplying material resources, production and physical distribution of finished products were considered separately, isolated from each other, then the logistics approach involves the synchronization and coordination of all operations, procedures and processes associated with the movement of material resources into a single business process of the enterprise. For example, keeping and storing goods in a warehouse in case they may someday be needed is too costly. After all, the maintenance of stocks in itself is expensive, and the products stored in the warehouse may become obsolete, cease to be in demand, etc.

The problem of effective inventory management was the basis of this course work, which examined the activities of the Kaliningrad machine-building enterprise RollTeks LLC. A brief description of the company was given and the main technical and economic indicators of its work over the past two years were given. Further, based on the results of the analysis of the main logistics activities and the material flow organization system at the enterprise, in the third chapter of the work, a number of proposals were made to improve the inventory management system.

Bibliography

Gadzhinsky A.M. Logistics: Textbook for Higher and Secondary Specialized educational institutions.- 3rd ed., revised. and additional M.: ITC "Marketing" 2001

Sergeev V.I. Logistics in business: Textbook. M.: INFRA. 2001.

Nerush Yu.M. Logistics: Textbook for High Schools. M.: UNITI, 2000.

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The composition of the participants in the logistics system of RollTeks LLC is as follows:

Functions of participants in the logistics system of RollTeks LLC:

The supplier - determination of the amount of necessary reserves for each type of resource, methods of their storage and provision for use.

The production center participates in the process of production of goods and services, depending on the adopted technologies.

Transport (carrier)- determination of the nomenclature, volumes, terms, methods of transportation and sources of supplied resources.

Stock- determination of the order of storage of finished products, means, terms and methods of its delivery to the consumer.

Company. Determination of the payment procedure for the supplied input resources, transport and storage services.

Buyer. Participation in the internal strategic planning process. logistic material activity

Logistics chain- this is a linearly ordered set of specified entities (divisions, individuals and / or legal entities, (manufacturers, intermediaries, public warehouses, etc.) that carry out logistics operations to bring the material flow from one logistics link to another (in the case of industrial consumption) or to the final consumer (in the case of non-production or personal consumption).

On Fig. 1 and 2 are diagrams of the logistics system and the logistics chain that take place at the RollTeks LLC enterprise.

Rice. one. Simplified diagram of the logistics system of RollTeks LLC

Micrological control systems- intra-production logistics area of one enterprise or several enterprises united on a corporate basis.

Micrological systems include technologically related industries, united by a single infrastructure and working for a single economic result.

Logistics systems are characterized by 4 main properties inherent in any system.

1. Cargo (goods) - the right product.
2. Quality - the required quality.
3. Quantity - in the right amount.
4. Time - must be delivered at the required time.
5. Place - to the right place.
6. Costs - with minimal costs.
7. Consumers - a specific consumer.

original document?

1. Theoretical foundations for the formation and rationalization of logistics systems

1.1. Basic concepts of logistics systems

In order to obtain the necessary quantitative assessments and take reasonable and specifically formulated management decisions within the framework of the concept of logistics, it is necessary to give precise definitions to the concepts used in logistics.

Logistics is the science of managing and optimizing material, financial and information flows, service flows based on the application modern technologies and the most progressive economic solutions, integrating internal and external material flows and aimed at achieving final results.

The object of study of logistics as a science and the object of logistics management as a business area is a system of material, information, financial and other flows. Fundamental difference The logistic approach from the previous management of the movement of material resources is that now the flow has become the object of management - a set of objects perceived as a single whole. The subject of logistics as a science is the organizational and economic relations in the field of commodity circulation at the stages of purchase, production and marketing of products. Logistics as a scientific discipline explores the general properties, laws and patterns of creating logistics systems.

The main idea of logistics is the organization within the framework of a single streaming process of moving materials and information throughout the entire chain from producer to consumer. The principles of the logistics approach require the integration of logistics, production, transport, marketing and transmission of information about the movement of inventory items in single system, which should increase the efficiency of work in each of these areas and cross-sectoral efficiency. Thus, the goal of logistics is to optimize the cycle of reproduction through an integrated, demand-oriented, formation of the flow of materials and information in the production and distribution of products.

Well-known researchers in the field of logistics E. Mate and D. Tisquier see the goal of logistics in optimizing the company's product offering in such a way that these products find their consumers in the most profitable overall profitability conditions.

Most often, the purpose of logistics activities is associated with the implementation of the so-called logistics rules. The most common approach is to highlight the "six rules of logistics", the so-called logistics mix or logistics complex:

- product - a necessary product;

- quantity - in the required quantity;

- quality - the required quality;

- time - must be delivered at the right time;

- place - to the right place;

- expenses - with minimal expenses.

Some authors expand the logistics complex somewhat, adding to it such elements as "consumer", i.e. to the right consumer and “personification”, which means the development of a service system for each order. The purpose of the logistics activity will be realized if the above rules are met, i.e. ensured the best and fastest response to market demand at the lowest cost. At the same time, it must be emphasized that the main objective logistics is a reflection of the ideal situation that you must try to achieve.

For the practical implementation of the goals of logistics, it is necessary to find adequate solutions to a number of relevant tasks, which are divided into two groups according to the degree of importance: global and private (local) tasks.

The global tasks of logistics include the following:

creation of complex, integrated systems of material, information, and, if possible, other related flows;

strategic coordination, planning and control over the use of logistics capacities in the spheres of production and circulation;

achieving high system flexibility;

continuous improvement of the logistics concept within the framework of the chosen strategy in the market environment.

One of the global logistics tasks for a domestic enterprise may be the introduction of a new management information technology. When solving global problems, the time component is very important. The fact is that the external environment changes quite quickly, therefore, if the solution of the global problem is slower than the changes in the external environment, the result of the solution will be negative.

Particular tasks in logistics are local in nature, they are more dynamic and diverse:

maximum reduction of product storage time;

reduction of transportation time;

rational distribution Vehicle;

quick response to customer requirements;

operational processing and issuance of information, etc.

The solution to such a particular problem as reducing the time of transportation in traffic jams (today, in the face of fierce competition, many companies begin to keep track of time by hours and minutes), for many organizations there is a transition to night delivery.

Logistics involves the formation and maintenance of the functioning of material flows at individual stages of the movement of materials. There are three functions of logistics:

integrating - the formation of the process of commodity circulation as a single integral system;

organizing - ensuring interaction and coordination of stages and actions of participants in the movement of goods;

control - maintaining the parameters of the material-conducting system within the specified limits.

integrating function. When goods are delivered from the supplier to the consumer, the material flow goes through the stages of purchasing materials, production and distribution (marketing) of products.

Each stage of distribution is characterized specific features and solves problems inherent only to it. However, none of them can be considered independently, outside the single process of commodity circulation.

Sales play a decisive role in this process. It is he who determines the organizational and economic features production, the volume and range of purchases of materials, as well as the relationship of these stages to each other. At the same time, each of the stages of commodity circulation, in turn, has an impact both directly on the production process and on the course of the commodity circulation process as a whole.

For example, the expansion of the sales market leads to an increase in the volume of production and purchases. A temporary interruption in the supply of materials or a sharp increase in their prices causes an increase in the level of stocks due to the purchase of materials in large quantities and for more low prices etc.

Logistics combines the stages of procurement, production and marketing into a single process. Through logistics, material flow management is carried out as the management of a single, integrated system, including the source of raw materials, a number of processing stages (manufacturing) and marketing of finished products. There is a transition from private, local tasks of subsystems to the global goals of a production organization.

organizing function. In the process of commodity circulation between suppliers, manufacturers and marketers, economic ties are established and implemented. objective basis economic relations there is a division of labor according to the stages of commodity circulation, which leads to the isolation of individual processes and causes the need to establish links that unite various spheres. The solution of this problem is carried out by organizing, within the framework of a single streaming process, the movement of materials and information along the entire chain from the producer to the consumer, ensuring the interaction of individual stages and coordinating the actions of all participants in the movement of goods.

control function. In order to achieve rational interaction and coordination of all parts of the process under consideration, it is necessary to manage it. Logistics management is aimed at saving all types of resources, reducing the cost of living and materialized labor at the junctions of the stages of commodity circulation. AT broad sense the controlling impact of logistics on the process of movement of materials is to maintain the parameters of the material-carrying system within the specified limits.

Thus, logistics ensures the formation of the process of commodity circulation, its effective functioning by establishing the necessary economic links between the individual stages and participants in the logistics process and managing the movement of material flows.

Logistics as a science of managing material, information and other flows includes a significant part of the sphere of the economic life of society in its circle of interests. For this reason, in order to formalize scientific research and practical developments, it is divided into several areas. According to the scale of the problems being developed, logistics is divided into macrologistics and micrologistics.

The scope of macrologistics research includes processes that take place at the regional, interregional, national and interstate levels. Logistics at this level is expressed in the implementation of a global logistics strategy, which consists in the formation of sustainable trade and economic relations between individual countries and regions based on the territorial distribution of labor within the framework of the formed specialization and intersectoral cooperation.

The effectiveness of the global logistics strategy is characterized by various indicators. For example, the ratio of the volume of interregional or foreign trade to the volume of the corresponding gross product, the share of imported components in the total output, etc.

A global logistics strategy, which is carried out not by one, but by a group of countries, can be shaped into the most important political decisions. A prime example This is the creation of the EU with a single internal market (simplified and abolished customs formalities, accelerated implementation of common European standards, proclaimed equality of firms and companies of the participating countries when receiving government contracts in each country of the union, etc.).

Micrologistics deals with a set of issues related to the management of material, information and other flows, based on the interests of an individual enterprise or a corporate group of enterprises, united by common goals of optimizing economic ties.

According to the nature of the control zones, logistics is divided into external and internal. External logistics deals with the regulation of flow processes that go beyond the scope of activities, but are in the sphere of influence of the business entity. Internal logistics is aimed at coordination and improvement economic activity associated with the management of streaming processes within an enterprise or corporate group of enterprises.

In the economic literature, the most common principle of structuring logistics is the nature of economic activity. In accordance with this principle, the following types of logistics are distinguished:

1. Logistics of stocks, acting as a buffer between production, transportation and sale. Stocks allow the entire chain to function productively. Products can be concentrated at the manufacturer or storage can be close to the consumer. The sizes of production stocks should be optimal for the entire system. This will allow the structure to quickly respond to changes in demand and ensure the uniform functioning of vehicles.

2. Transport logistics, which includes the transportation of products from the supplier to consumers, from the organization to the warehouse, from one warehouse to another, from the warehouse to the consumer.

3. Warehouse logistics, including placement in a warehouse for the purpose of storing materials, packaging, warehouse processing, etc. Warehousing is inextricably linked with both raw materials and stocks of finished goods.

4. Information logistics. The logistics system is controlled by the control and information subsystems that transmit orders, requests for transportation, shipment, and maintain the required level of stocks.

5. Production logistics that reduces costs and is focused on dynamic work with the maximum allowable production cycle time and order execution times.

Logistics has its own conceptual apparatus, which includes its inherent categories, concepts, terms.

material flow. The concept of material flow is key in logistics. Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, warehousing and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished goods– starting from the primary source of raw materials and ending with the final consumer.

The material flow is a set of inventory items related to the time interval, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them.

The totality of resources of the same name, located all the way from a specific source of production to the moment of consumption, forms an elementary material flow. The set of elementary flows that are formed at the enterprise constitutes an integral (general) material flow that ensures the normal functioning of the enterprise. The flow diagram of material flows is shown in Figure 1.

Allocate external and internal, incoming and outgoing material flows.

An external material flow is a flow that flows in an environment external to this logistics system.

The internal material flow is the flow that flows in the internal environment in relation to this logistics system.

The incoming material flow is an external flow included in this logistics system.

The outgoing material flow is the outgoing flow from this logistics system to the external environment.

Material flow management provides for the determination of the parameters of the trajectory of the movement of materials, which include: the name of material resources; the amount of material resources; starting point (supplier selection); endpoint (customer's choice); time (order lead time).

The information flow is a set of messages circulating within the logistics system, between it and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations.

The information flow corresponds to the material flow. In real logistics systems, material and information flows can partially outpace each other. The information flow can have the same direction with the material (direct) and opposite to it (counter). The advancing information flow in the forward direction contains preliminary messages about the upcoming arrival of goods, and in the opposite direction - information about the order. Simultaneously with the material flow, parallel to it, there is information about the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the resources being moved. Following the material flow in the opposite direction, information on the results of the acceptance of goods, as well as claims and confirmations, may pass.

A logistics operation is a separate set of actions aimed at transforming the material and (or) information flow. Logistics operations with a material flow include warehousing, transportation, packaging, etc. Logistics operations with an information flow include actions to collect, process and transfer relevant information.

Allocate external and internal logistics operations. External logistics operations include all activities in the field of supply and marketing of finished products, and internal - operations to manage the material flow in production. In addition, logistics operations can be unilateral or bilateral, associated with the transfer of ownership of the goods from one legal entity to another.

logistics chain. The supplier and consumer of the material flow in the general case are two micrologistics systems connected by the so-called logistics chain.

A logistics chain is a linearly ordered set of individuals and (or) legal entities that carry out logistics operations to conduct an external material flow from one logistics system to another in the case of industrial consumption or to the end consumer in the case of personal non-productive consumption. The main links of the logistics chain are: suppliers of materials; warehouses; transport; distribution centers; goods manufacturers; product consumers.

As with many other basic concepts of logistics, there is no well-established definition of a logistics system.

The most common definition in Russian literature reads: “A logistics system is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics operations and functions. It, as a rule, consists of several subsystems and has developed connections with the external environment.

As a logistics system can be considered industrial enterprise, territorial production complex, trading enterprise, etc. The purpose of the logistics system is the delivery of goods and products to a given place, in the right quantity and assortment, prepared to the maximum extent possible for industrial or personal consumption at a given level of costs.

Foreign scientists and specialists in the field of logistics often use the concept of "Logistics chain or supply chain", and the logistics system is interpreted as the process of "planning and coordinating all aspects of the physical movement of materials, components and finished products to minimize overall costs and provide the desired level of service."

From the standpoint of a systematic approach to business organization, the following definition can be given.

The logistics system is a relatively stable set of links (structural / functional divisions of the company, as well as suppliers, consumers and logistics intermediaries), interconnected and united by a single management corporate strategy business organization.

Using the concept of "logistics network" allows for a shorter definition. Logistics system - a set of logistics network and administration system, formed by the company to implement its logistics strategy (tactics).

Logistics management systems, like any system, in reality can be at different stages of development and differ in the degree of completeness of coverage. various components production and marketing.

Logistics systems are very diverse in terms of the scope of the enterprise's activities (and in terms of the understanding of modern Russian management). For some, logistics is just the ability to work with databases, for some it is supply or warehouse activities. But according to its purpose (and its main purpose is to reduce costs, subject to the fulfillment of planned targets, and therefore increase efficiency production activities) logistics systems should cover almost all (except for accounting, personnel, etc.) areas of activity

1.2. Fundamentals of the formation of logistics systems

The effectiveness of the organization of logistics in the enterprise depends on the formation of the enterprise logistics system.

The use of a logistics system allows you to integrate various enterprise processes and organize internal processes at minimal cost while optimally adapting the internal environment of the company to external factors that affect its activities.

The process of forming an enterprise logistics system is complex, so it is advisable to divide it into several stages:

1st stage - determination of the main aspects of the formation of the logistics system;

2nd stage - taking into account the main factors in the formation of the logistics system;

3rd stage - the formation of the logistics system of the enterprise.

At the first stage, the process of forming an enterprise logistics system must be considered from several points of view. Logistics methods are known for their multidimensionality in practice, therefore, when forming an enterprise logistics system, great importance must be attached to this.

It is necessary to form an enterprise logistics system from the point of view of the main and secondary aspects. The main aspects include: organizational, functional, informational. It is expedient to refer to the secondary aspects of the formation of the enterprise logistics system: personnel, financial. Taking into account all the above aspects in the formation of the enterprise logistics system will ensure the versatility of logistics and confirm its universality as a science in practice. The result of this approach will be the flexibility, mobility of the system, and most importantly, its successful operation in future. Having determined all aspects of the formation of the enterprise logistics system, you can proceed to the second stage of its formation. The basis of this stage is to take into account the main factors in the formation of the logistics system.

The main factors in the formation of the enterprise logistics system should be:

Mission of the enterprise;

Enterprise strategy;

Risks of the enterprise activity;

Factors of the external environment of the enterprise;

Components of the functioning of logistics in the enterprise;

Components of the organization of logistics in the enterprise.

Let us consider a detailed description of the main factors in the formation of a logistics system in an enterprise. The mission of an enterprise is a clearly defined reason for the existence of a particular enterprise. As a rule, the mission of a modern enterprise can be considered the production of products or the provision of services to meet market requirements and make a profit. It gives generalized guidelines for the functioning of the enterprise and its place in a particular area of business. Based on the mission of the enterprise, the goals of doing business are formulated. The mission of the enterprise has a huge influence on the formation of the logistics system. There must be a clear relationship between these elements. The logistics system should be formed in one direction with the mission and goals of the enterprise.

This will help:

2) identify actions and decisions that impede the efficient conduct of business activities;

3) ensure the implementation of mutually dependent (synergistic) functions of the logistics system;

4) will ensure the correction of the functioning of the logistics system in time, since all the goals of the mission of the enterprise have a short, medium or long-term forecasting period. The strategy of the enterprise is connected with the activities of the enterprise as a whole and is aimed at fulfilling its main mission. In the process of its implementation, material, labor, information, financial resources. Therefore, the connection between the processes of formation and functioning of the logistics system with the strategy of the enterprise is obvious. The main components of the functioning of logistics must be considered in the context of its main functions.

The main components of the functioning of logistics are supply, production, marketing, sales, warehousing, transport, personnel. Delivery ensures the flow of material flows into the logistics system.

Manufacturing is a process aimed at converting raw materials and materials into finished products. It includes material flow management at the production stage. Inventory allows you to optimize the functioning of the entire system and play an important role in the stages of exchange between supply, production, transportation and marketing.

Marketing is the identification of the requirements and preferences of consumers. In other words, this process can be characterized as market research.

Sales are processes aimed at bringing finished products to consumers.

Warehouses are special buildings and devices designed for receiving, accommodating, servicing and storing raw materials and finished products.

The transport economy is understood as vehicles and the material and technical base, with the help of which transport processes are implemented within the framework of the producer-consumer.

Frames - a certain way organized staff, which manages logistics, logistics operations and implements the implementation of logistics tasks to achieve logistics goals.

All components of the functioning of logistics are one of the factors in the formation of the logistics system of the enterprise. The material flow passes through each of the listed functional components of logistics. During this process, there is a gradual transformation of the material flow at various stages of its movement under the influence of other logistics flows and functions. All processes occurring in these components should be logically structured, and the basis of their functioning should be the maximum interaction between themselves and other factors in the formation of the logistics system. The buffer of interaction should be logistics at the enterprise. This principle of operation will provide effective management logistics flows at any stage of their movement in any functional area of logistics. Another factor in the formation of the logistics system is the components of the organization of logistics in the enterprise.

It is hard to imagine the commercial processes of a modern enterprise without computers and other information, electronic and technical means. In logistics, it is known that of all logistics flows, it is the information flow that underlies the transformation processes of all other logistics flows. Therefore, the formation of an enterprise logistics system without a logistics information system is ineffective.

Management of the logistics system, like any other economic system, should be carried out on the basis of well-known basic principles of management in the economy.

We believe that it is quite appropriate to apply the basic management functions to manage the enterprise logistics system and organize its main processes.

The mission of the enterprise, the strategy of the enterprise, the components of the functioning of logistics and the components of the organization of logistics in the enterprise are factors in the internal environment for the formation of the enterprise's logistics system, and the enterprise, as a rule, can influence their course. In our opinion, the factors of formation of the logistics system of an enterprise related to the external environment include the logistical risks of the enterprise and the processes of the external environment of the enterprise that affect its activities. The enterprise cannot influence these factors, but they directly or indirectly affect its activities. The processes of the external environment of the enterprise that affect its activities can be divided into two categories: processes of direct impact and processes of indirect impact, which in turn are divided into groups. Direct impact processes include consumers, suppliers, intermediaries, competitors, contact audiences, and other market entities. To the processes of indirect impact - economic, political, legislative, scientific, demographic, socio-cultural, technical and technological, natural resource and environmental processes. The magnitude of the influence of a particular factor is determined depending on the conditions of activity of a particular enterprise: the scope of its activities, size, location, scale of action, and the like. The logistics system in the course of its functioning falls under the influence of certain risks that can change its final result for the worse. Therefore, when forming a logistics system, in order to avoid unforeseen circumstances, this must be taken into account.

The main types of logistics risks, as we see, are the risks of low qualification of personnel (human factor), commercial, social, technical, economic, natural risks. Accounting for risks in the formation of the logistics system of the enterprise is required. In modern business conditions, which can vary significantly over short periods of time, an enterprise must have reserve resources, additional development options and possible ways adjustments to the mission, main goals and strategy of the enterprise in the event of a particular risk. The last, final stage in the formation of the enterprise logistics system is the formation of the system. Logistics like new science, has its own specific features of the organization in practice. In order for the logistics system to function effectively, the process of its formation should be based on a systematic approach, taking into account the aspects and factors of its formation developed above. The systematic approach is based on the principle of successive transition from the general to the particular. This approach to the formation of the system will ensure a smooth and conflict-free transition from one functional area of logistics to the next.

The structural and organizational model of the formation of the logistics system covers a significant list of structural units of the enterprise and structural units of the functioning of the market, in this case it is its elements or subsystems.

It is advisable to include the following structural units of the enterprise: supply department; marketing department; sales department; wholesale warehouse or distribution center; transportation department; logistics Department.

It is necessary to refer to the structural units of the functioning of the market: producers; intermediaries, transport and forwarding organizations; consumers.

In practical activities, the integration of these elements forms the enterprise logistics system. Each of the elements has its own structure and operates according to its organizational principles. The relationship of all elements is close and inverse, which makes it difficult to single out each of the structures separately. This approach to the formation of the enterprise logistics system ensures its flexibility. The flexibility of the enterprise logistics system is determined by its ability to quickly respond to changes in the micro and macro environment.

The formation of the enterprise logistics system should be carried out due to the consistency and synchronization of the functional areas of logistics: supply, production, marketing, transport, warehousing and external factors affecting the activities of the enterprise. Ignoring some factors will lead to conflict between the functional areas of the system, negative consequences in the planning and forecasting process.

The essence of the functioning of the structural and organizational model of the logistics system is to orient the development of the enterprise in those directions that correspond to its interests and capabilities of the organizational and economic development, improve performance and competitiveness through the formation of economic potential.

The formation of an enterprise logistics system will ensure a smooth transition from one intra-production process to the next, it is a universal tool for increasing competitiveness, with which you can remove obstacles to the formation of an intra-production commodity-information-financial system for a particular enterprise and optimally adapt it to external macroeconomic systems.

Due to the formation of the logistics system of the enterprise, the quality and productivity of workers increase, which indicates the motivational properties of logistics for personnel. The functioning of the logistics system allows you to combine all the internal processes of the enterprise into a single whole, coordinate their activities for optimization and seamlessly connect them with the processes occurring in the external environment in order to maximize profits.

Also, the implementation of logistics processes and operations needs centralized management, and management needs periodic optimization under changing conditions of the enterprise or the external environment.

To optimize logistics management, integration should be provided:

planning logistics operations with planning the activities of the entire enterprise;

logistics operations with other operations carried out by the enterprise;

information technologies used in the field of logistics, with information technology the entire enterprise;

information technology with partner companies.

The objectives of optimizing logistics management are to control, analyze and reduce the costs of distribution, including:

the cost of transportation by various modes of transport;

the cost of loading from senders, unloading from recipients and possible transshipments along the route;

storage costs directly related to transportation in connection with the transshipment, assembly or handling of cargo en route;

expenses associated with the presence of cargo and goods in transit, its unproductive storage during the delivery process (interest on capital, damage, loss, theft of cargo);

costs of formation and maintenance of stocks from trading and intermediary companies;

"deficit costs" associated with a shortage at certain points in some parts of the marketing network of certain goods, with the inability to manage stocks, with crisis phenomena in the economy;

costs for packaging, labeling, paperwork;

expenses for cargo insurance, transport and forwarding operations, icebreaking assistance, cargo fees;

labor costs for the number of goods received per shift, etc.;

administrative expenses and some other types of expenses.

Quality control of the organization of unloading and acceptance:

assessment of accuracy and accuracy in the performance of operations;

assessment of the nature and typicality of errors in the work.

Control of the logistics operations management process:

assessment of the clarity and productivity of the organization of daily work;

assessing the ability of staff to identify problems and solve them.

The acceleration of the movement of commodity flows is determined by the acceleration of the processing of goods and documents at all technological stages. For example, they try to “straighten” the ways of moving goods in the horizontal and vertical directions - this reduces the time of movement.

Dispatchers provide operational regulation of all operations - unloading, registration of acceptance documents.

Technological cards - detailed description the sequence and methods of performing operations and a list of documents drawn up in the course of work on the basis of relevant instructions and normative documents. They are designed for the efficient use of labor and work force, exceptions of errors when performing operations.

They are developed for individual stages of processing (acceptance, placement, storage, selection of goods, etc.) in relation to the functions of individual specialists or groups (teams) of specialists - drivers of lifting and transport vehicles, selectors, packers, etc.

Technological processes must be clearly organized - they plan the timing and volumes of receipt and release of goods, the use of working time, warehouse space and funds.

Loading and unloading schedules, goods arrival schedules, expedition schedules, etc. help to plan the loading of people and the execution of operations during certain periods.

Network planning with the help of network models and graphs, which are a graphical sequential representation of operations with calculated parameters and deadlines, helps to link the pace of execution of many operations to obtain the desired result in the desired time - for example, the selection and packaging of a large batch of goods to load a whole train or a sea vessel .

The timing of the movement of goods and document flow is proportional to the number of stock items and the number of accounting transactions between various structural units that are necessary to track the movement of goods and prepare the necessary documentation.

As a means of optimizing technological processes, they use logistics audit, process modeling, business process reengineering, staff training, lean technologies, process standardization, use dispatching, technological maps, network charts, operational planning, as well as technical means: computer systems, radio communication systems and other office equipment.

1.3. Rationalization of logistics systems of large enterprises

The study and application of logistics is based on understanding the basic idea of the logistics approach. Activities for the management of material flows, as well as production, trade and other types of economic activities, were carried out by man, starting from the earliest periods of his economic development. The novelty of logistics lies, first of all, in the change of priorities between different types of economic activity in favor of strengthening the importance of material management activities. It is only relatively recently that humanity has realized what potential for increasing efficiency has the rationalization of flow processes in the economy.

The system of views on the improvement of economic activity by rationalizing the management of material flows is the concept of logistics. Let us characterize its main provisions.

Implementation of the principle of a systematic approach. Material flows in the economy are formed as a result of the actions of many participants, each of which actually pursues its own goal. If the participants can coordinate their activities in order to rationalize the joint object of management - the end-to-end material flow, then they will all together receive a significant economic gain.

Rationalization of the material flow is possible within the same enterprise or even its division. However maximum effect can be obtained only by optimizing the total material flow throughout the entire length from the primary source of raw materials up to the final consumer, or its individual significant sections.

At the same time, all links of the material-conducting chain, that is, all elements of macrologistic and micrologistic systems, should work as a single well-coordinated mechanism.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to approach the choice of equipment from a systematic standpoint, to the design of interconnected technological processes in various areas of the movement of materials, to the issues of harmonizing often contradictory economic interests and other issues related to the organization of material flows.

Accounting logistics costs throughout the entire supply chain. One of the main tasks of logistics is to manage the costs of bringing the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer. However, costs can only be managed if they can be accurately measured. Therefore, systems for accounting for production costs and circulation of participants in logistics processes should highlight the costs that arise in the process of implementing logistics functions, generate information about the most significant costs, as well as the nature of their interaction with each other. If this condition is met, it becomes possible to use an important criterion the best option logistics system - a minimum of total costs throughout the entire logistics chain.

Refusal to produce universal technological and handling equipment. The use of equipment corresponding mainly to specific conditions. Optimization of flow processes through the use of equipment that meets specific operating conditions is possible only in conditions of mass production and the use of a wide range of various means of production. In other words, in order to apply a logistic approach to managing material flows, a society must have a sufficiently high level of scientific and technological development.

Humanization of technological processes, creation modern conditions labor. Personnel is one of the significant elements of logistics systems. However, work in the field of material flow management is traditionally not prestigious, which explains the presence of an “eternal” personnel problem in it. The logistical approach, enhancing the social significance of activities in the field of material flow management, creates objective prerequisites for attracting personnel with a higher labor potential to the industry. At the same time, if there are no modern working conditions and career prospects, then there will be no disciplined, capable, qualified personnel, which means that the “personnel” element in the logistics system will be the so-called “bottleneck”.

A niche in the market can be occupied by: improving the quality of the product; releasing a new product; improving the level of logistics service.

The use of the first two strategies is objectively limited by the need for large capital investments. The third way is much cheaper. Therefore, an increasing number of entrepreneurs are turning to logistics services as a means of increasing competitiveness.

The ability of logistics systems to adapt in the face of uncertainty environment. The emergence of a large number of various goods and services increases the degree of uncertainty in demand for them, causes sharp fluctuations in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of material flows passing through logistics systems. Under these conditions, the ability of logistics systems to adapt to changes in the external environment is an essential factor in a sustainable position in the market.

In solving the problems that today's economic reality poses for logistics, this science uses a large arsenal of methods and algorithms borrowed from other scientific disciplines, which once again emphasizes its interdisciplinary and integrated nature. These methods include:

Fundamental provisions of a systematic approach to solving logistics problems.

Implementation of the principles of cybernetics - in the creation of logistics systems in enterprises.

A wide range of statistical tools - when analyzing supplier markets and determining the need for material resources (regression analysis of demand and market trends).

Tools of economic and mathematical methods - in solving problems of process optimization (methods of linear programming, operations research, queuing theory).

The rationalization of the logistics system is especially important for large enterprises. For example, the Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant ships its products both to the regions of Russia and to many countries of the world. Among them: Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Germany, Denmark, Israel, Iran, Poland, Finland and a number of others. The plant ships the main volume of products to the regions of Russia - 76 percent, for export to non-CIS countries - 21 percent and to the CIS republics - 3 percent of the total output.

Feature of the logistics system large enterprise is a change in its state under the influence of control and perturbing influences. There is always a certain number of states from which the preferred one is selected.

Product inventory levels at a fixed interval between orders. In the logistics system great importance has a choice of optimal tactics for ordering material resources. In the logistics system, the number of orders and the amount of inventory determine the decisions regarding the number of customers served.

In the logistics system, both with horizontal and vertical integration, constant interaction and availability of feedback between areas and levels. This is the most important determining condition for the effectiveness of the processes of development and implementation of managerial and executive decisions.

Also, to rationalize the logistics process of a large enterprise, information logistics systems are used.

To create an information logistics system at the production level, it is necessary to form a model of such a system. Traditionally, in the practice of Western companies, the search for ways to rationalize logistics is limited mainly to the physical level of the enterprise. The technical means of material flow organization related to efficiency and economic viability are analyzed and, if necessary, they are modernized. The resulting potential savings are usually small, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. Here, for example, a small number of vehicles are mainly used inside and outside enterprises, and it is really difficult to improve the existing storage facilities. One of the ways out is to apply a logistic approach to creating a model, and then a real system for organizing the information flow in an enterprise taken as a whole. This requires a sufficient amount of detailed data, which can only be obtained using an integrated logistics information system.

The information system here is an essential component of the logistics structure, linking it together and serving to coordinate supply, production and marketing. The essence of the supply coordination system is, firstly, in the division of physical flows into independent periods of transportation and storage, and secondly, in the preparation of information about the phase and state of the flow in real time. Information logistics fits well into the framework of computer technology.

Thus, we can conclude that when choosing ways to rationalize the logistics system, it is necessary to take into account the size of the enterprise.

List of used literature

1. Alekseev Yu.S., Pustynnikova E.V. Basic concepts of logistics: Tutorial For university students. Ulyanovsk: UlGU. Institute of Economics and Business, - 2011.- 60p.

2. Alesinskaya T.V. Fundamentals of logistics. General questions of logistical management, Textbook. Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2010. - 79 p.

3. Anikin B. A., Fedorov L. S., Naimark Yu. Yu. - Logistics - M .: INFRA-M, - 2009. - 327 p.

4. Dzikovich N.G. International transport operations and logistics. Lecture course. Minsk, 2010. - 65 p.

5. Volgin V.V. Logistics, management, analysis. Publisher: Dashkov and Co, - 2009. - 734 p.

6. Gadzhinsky A.M. Logistics, 20th ed. - M.: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and Co", - 2012. - 484 p.

8. Kozlovsky V. A., Kozlovskaya E. A., Savrukov N. T. Logistics management: Textbook. 20th ed., add. St. Petersburg: Lan publishing house, 2011.

9. Logistics: Textbook / Edited by B. A. Anikin - M .: INFRA-M, 2011.

10. Logistics system. Technical dictionary. Volume I

11. Mate E. Material and technical support of the enterprise / E. Mate, D. Tisquier (translated from French). - M.: Progress, 1993. - 16 p.

12. Organisation management. Textbook for the preparation of the final interdisciplinary examination of the professional training of a marketer / T.V. Alesinskaya, L.N. Deineka, A.N. Proklin, L.V. Fomenko and others; Under the general editorship. V.E. Lankin. - Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2009. - 241 p.

13. Mirotin, L.B. Application of the concept of logistics in business // Logistics and business / L.B. Mirotin [i dr.]. - M. : Brandes, 2009. - 214 p.

14. Nerush Yu. M. Logistics: Textbook for universities. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: UNITI-DANA, 2009.

15. Nikolaichuk V.E. Logistics. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010 - 160 p.

17. Serbin V.D. Fundamentals of logistics. Tutorial. Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2010. - 39 p.

18. Filonov N.G. Logistics: Textbook. Tomsk: Tomsk Pedagogical University Publishing House, - 2009. - 250 p.

19. Shcherbakova T.S. Logistics. Textbook, M., RISRUDN, - 2010, 258 p.

The analysis of logistics systems is a procedure for developing, justifying and making decisions in the process of researching and forming the logistics systems of enterprises. The essence of the analysis is to turn the complex into simple, that is, to turn a hard-to-understand logistic problem into a series of tasks that have solution methods, to find effective means of managing complex logistic objects.

The order of the study of the logistics system:

the logistics system is divided into constituent elements in order to highlight tasks that are more accessible for solution;

the most appropriate special methods are selected and applied to solve individual problems;

private solutions are combined in such a way that a general solution to the global problem of the logistics system is built.

The main tasks to be solved in the analysis of logistics systems:

correctly and clearly describe the logistics system;

collect data on a specific logistics system;

identify the purpose of the element that solves the logistics problem in order to determine its composition, methods, forms and ways of interacting with other elements of the logistics system;

formulate the main goals of creating and developing a logistics system;

establish the degree of relationship between the goals of the logistics system and the means to achieve them;

develop several options for the development of the logistics system under the influence of various factors of the internal and external environment;

choose the optimal course for the development of the logistics system;

develop a program for the development of the logistics system;

check the effectiveness of the interaction of the elements of the logistics system, identify and eliminate bottlenecks;

identify the effectiveness of the organization of enterprise management, the functions and structure of management bodies;

develop specific indicators of the functioning of the logistics system.

The need for the analysis of logistics systems arises in the following cases:

when solving logistics problems:

when it is determined what the specialists of the logistics service and other functional departments of the enterprise need to know and understand;

when it is required to link the goal of the logistics system with a variety of means to achieve it;

when the elements of the logistics system have branched connections that can cause long-term consequences in various parts of the supply chain, and decisions on them require taking into account the total costs of the product supply chain;

when there are difficult to compare options for decisions or achieving a set of goals;

in the formation of new logistics systems;

when carrying out business improvement activities;

when making strategic decisions in the field of logistics, taking into account the factors of uncertainty and risk;

in the development of responsible decisions for the long term (15-20 years);

when developing optimality criteria, taking into account the goals of development and functioning of the enterprise's logistics system.

In other words, the need for the analysis of logistics systems arises when you want a lot, but the possibilities and means are limited. Under these conditions, it is important to streamline the procedure for determining goals - to find out their priorities and hierarchy. The analysis of logistics systems is used, in particular, to solve global problems in the field of logistics associated with the activities of large groups of people and with significant costs of enterprise resources.

System analysis in relation to logistics is a methodology for the perception or streamlining (structuring) of the logistics system. The logistics specialist first captures only visible structures, and then, by analyzing and transforming the logistics system, reveals hidden structures that determine the new quality of the system.

A universal means of system analysis methodologies is a clear allocation of structural elements in the process of studying logistics systems. These include:

goal or set (complex) of goals of the logistics system;
options for achieving the chosen goal;
required resources;
mathematical and logical models that reflect the system of links between goals, alternative means of achieving them, the external environment and resource requirements;
criterion for choosing the most preferred option. With the help of such a criterion, goals and logistics costs are compared, for example, achieving the goal of a logistics system with some planned or predetermined budget for resource costs.

The structure of logistics systems is distinguished by the following features:

purpose (functions);
quality;
reliability;
profitability;
layout;
degree of duplication;
efficiency;
effectiveness;
complexity;
organization.

The structuring of the logistics system is aimed at clarifying:

real goals of the functioning of the logistics system;

ways to achieve these goals;

relationships between elements of the logistics system;

limitations and consequences of one or another option (course) of action.

Structuring contributes to an in-depth understanding of the external conditions in which the logistical problem takes place.

Depending on the level of structuring, there are three classes of logistics systems:

well structured, or quantified;

unstructured, or qualitatively expressed;

poorly structured, or mixed, containing qualitative and quantitative indicators.

primary list

ordered list

Total stock, pcs.

Average stock

for the quarter

by position, m.

Average inventory for the quarter with cumulative total, pcs.

Position share in total stock, %